Make up a detailed plan of the text.
Retell the text according to your plan.
Types of roads
New words and phrases to learn:
alley – пешеходная дорога
pedestrian lane – пешеходная зона
blind alley (dead end) – тупик
arterial (high-capacity) road – дорога с высокой пропускной способностью
neighborhoods – пригороды
intersections – перекрестки
collector (low-capacity) road – дорога с низкой пропускной способностью
suburban layout – дорожная схема пригородной дорожной сети
beltway (loop, ring road, orbital motorway) – кольцевая дорога
circumferential highway – объездная трасса
bypass – объездная дорога
congestion – пробка
high-quality dual carriageway – высокоскоростная магистраль (автобан)
central reservation – разделительная полоса
junction – перекресток
roundabouts – кольцевая развязка
highway – высокоскоростная трасса
1. Read and translate the text:
- Alley
An alley or alleyway is a narrow, pedestrian lane found in urban areas which usually runs between or behind buildings. In older cities and towns in Europe, alleys are often what is left of a medieval street network, or a right of way or ancient footpath in an urban setting. In older urban development, alleys were built to allow for deliveries such as coal to the rear of houses. Alleys may be paved, or simply dirt tracks. Blind alleys have no outlet at one end and are thus a cul-de-sac.
- Arterial road
An arterial road is a moderate or high-capacity road which is immediately below a highway level of service. Much like a biological artery, an arterial road carries large volumes of traffic between areas in urban centres. They are noted for their lack of residential entrances directly onto the road (except in older or denser communities); they are designed to carry traffic between neighborhoods, and have intersections with collector and local streets. Often, commercial areas such as shopping centers, gas stations and other businesses are located on them. Arterial roads also link up to expressways and freeways with interchanges. The category is often subdivided into principal arterial roads and minor arterial roads, with the former category being for the more important and busier roads.
|
|
|
- Collector road
A collector road is a low or moderate-capacity road which is below a highway or arterial road functional class. Collector roads tend to lead traffic from local roads or sections of neighborhoods to activity areas within communities, arterial roads or (occasionally) directly to expressways or freeways. Collector roads can have many different characteristics. Some urban collectors are wide boulevards entering communities or connecting sections. Others are residential streets, which are typically wider than local roads, although few are wider than 4 lanes wide except in extremely dense areas. Some small-scale commercial areas can be found on collector roads in residential areas. Key community functions such as schools, churches and recreational facilities can often be found on residential collector roads. The same description, substituted for industrial or rural purposes, can be found on collector roads in those areas.
Collector roads can originate in different ways: most often they have been planned along with the suburban layout and built especially for that purpose. Occasionally they can fill gaps in a grid system between arterial roads.
· Beltway
A beltway, loop (American English), ring road, or orbital motorway (British English) is a circumferential highway found around or within many cities.
Beltway, orbital motorway, perimeter loop, beltline, and similar terms refer to an expressway/motorway/freeway style standard road that often originally enclosed the built up area and was later encroached upon by developed areas.
Ring road may sometimes refer to a beltway-style road, but more commonly indicates a road or series of roads within a city or town that have been joined together by town planners to form an orbital distributor style road, but where the standard of road could be anything from an ordinary city street up to an expressway level. The principal difference is that a ring road is an orbital distributor road system designed from already existing roads, as opposed to a beltway which is designed from new as such a road system. A ring road designation also implies a more inner-city road designed to route traffic around a city centre, as opposed to routing traffic around a larger conurbation.
|
|
|
· Bypass (road)
A bypass is a road or highway that avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village, to let through traffic flow without interference from local traffic, to reduce congestion in the built-up area, and to improve road safety.
If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are built along a bypass, converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as congested as the local streets it was intended to avoid. Shopping centers and some other companies often are built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise reasons.
- High-quality dual carriageway
A dual carriageway (British English) or divided highway (North American English) is a road or highway in which the two directions of traffic are separated by a central barrier or strip of land, known as a central reservation (British English) or median (North American English). This type of road is usually able to carry a great deal more traffic than normal single carriageways (British English) or two-lane roads (North American English) and boulevards.
· Junction (road)
A road junction is a location where vehicular traffic going in different directions can proceed in a controlled manner designed to minimize accidents. In some cases, vehicles can change between different routes or directions of travel.
However, with the 20th century advent of road traffic, roads became much busier and junctions became clogged with vehicles unable to cross each other's paths. In modern practice, bypasses and ring roads are used to keep through traffic out of major population centers.
There are two different types of junction between roads:
- Interchanges are junctions where roads pass above or below one another, preventing a single point of conflict by utilizing grade separation and slip roads. The terms motorway junction and highway junction typically refer to this layout.
- Intersections do not use grade separation (they are at-grade) and roads cross directly. Forms of these junction types include roundabouts and traffic circles, priority junctions, and junctions controlled by traffic lights or signals.
|
|
|
- Highway
A highway is a main road for travel by the public between important destinations, such as cities, large towns, and states. Highway designs vary widely and can range from a two-lane road without margins to a multi-lane, grade-separated expressway, freeway, or motorway. In English, British, and American law, the word "highway" is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether major highway, freeway, street, lane, alley, pathway, dirt track, footpaths, and trails, and navigable waterways. However, in practical and useful meaning, a "highway" is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably-heavy to extremely-heavy traffic.
In the United States, "highway" is a general term for denoting a public way, including the entire area within the right-of-way, and includes many forms:
1. a high-speed, limited-access road like expressways, freeways, and large toll highways.
2. an important road that connects cities and large towns.
3. any road or street, or a travel way of any kind, including pedestrian ways, trails, and navigable waterways, to which the public has a perpetual right of use.
In some places, "highway" is a synonym for "road" or "street", and in some cases, the word "highway" is simply used in cases of carelessness and laziness on the part of the speaker, who believes that "street", "road", and "highway" are all synonymous and uses them accordingly.
2. Answer the questions:
- What is the difference between the arterial road and the collector road?
- Why is the construction of a beltway preferable in a city road network?
- What is the busiest type of road according to the given classification?
- How many types of junctions are there?
- Give the definition of highway.
3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F). If the statement seems to be wrong, correct it.
- An alley or alleyway is a narrow, pedestrian lane found in urban areas.
- The terms “collector road” and “arterial road” are the total synonyms.
- The principal difference is that a ring road is an orbital distributor road system designed from already existing roads, as opposed to a beltway which is designed from new as such a road system.
- "Highway" is a general term for denoting a private way, including the entire area within the right-of-way.
- Roundabouts and traffic circles, priority junctions and junctions controlled by traffic lights or signals are the forms of interchanges.
Дата добавления: 2018-05-12; просмотров: 291; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!