Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Государственное образовательного учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«РОСТОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
Утверждено
на заседании кафедры
иностранных языков
22 мая 2010 г.
Методические указания
По профессионально-ориентированному чтению для студентов ДТИ
(английский язык)
Часть
Ростов - на - Дону
2010
UNIT 1
TRANSPORT MEANS: AUTOMOBILES
Topic 1: Development of the Automobile
I. Answer the questions:
- What outstanding personalities in the sphere of car industry do you know?
- What inventions in the automobile history can you mention? How did they influence the further development of industry?
- What are the most popular car models according to sociological surveys?
New words and phrases to learn:
Automobile (car, auto, motor-car) – автомобиль
Vehicle (self-propelled vehicle) – транспортное средство
Carriage (steam-driven carriage) – паровая повозка
Speed - скорость
Internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
To steer – управлять
Two-stroke engine – двухтактный двигатель
1. Read and translate the text:
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The automobile has a long history. The French engineer Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built the first self-propelled vehicle (Paris, 1789), a heavy, three-wheeled, steam-driven carriage with a boiler that projected in front; its speed was 3 mph (5 kph). In 1801 the British engineer Richard Trevithick also built a three-wheeled, steam-driven car; the engine drove the rear wheels. Development of the automobile was retarded for decades by over-regulation: speed was limited to 4 mph (6.4 kph) and until 1896 a person was required to walk in front of a self-propelled vehicle, carrying a red flag by day and a red lantern by night. The Stanley brothers of Massachusetts, the most well-known American manufacturers of steam-driven autos, produced their Stanley Steamers from 1897 until after World War I.
The development of the automobile was accelerated by the introduction of the internal-combustion engine. Probably the first vehicle of this type was the three-wheeled car built in 1885 by the engineer Karl Benz in Germany. Another German engineer, Gottlieb Daimler, built an improved internal-combustion engine in 1885. The Panhard car, introduced in France by the Daimler company in 1894, had many features of the modern car. In the United States, internal-combustion cars of the horseless buggy type were manufactured in the 1890s by Charles Duryea and J. Frank Duryea, Elwood Haynes, Henry Ford, Ransom E. Olds, and Alexander Winton. Many of the early engines had only one cylinder, with a chain-and-sprocket drive on wooden carriage wheels. The cars generally were open, accommodated two passengers, and were steered by a lever.
The free growth of the automobile industry in the early 20th century was threatened by the American inventor George Selden's patent, issued in 1895. Several early manufacturers licensed by Selden formed an association in 1903 and took over the patent in 1907. Henry Ford, the leader of a group of independent manufacturers who refused to acknowledge the patent, was engaged in litigation with Selden and the association from 1903 until 1911, when the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the patent, although valid, covered only the two-stroke engine; most cars, including Ford's, used a four-stroke engine. The internal-combustion engine used by Henry Ford was introduced in his Model T in 1908. In the 1930s European manufacturers began to make small, affordable cars such as the Volkswagen. In the 1950s and '60s U.S. automakers produced larger, more luxurious cars with more automatic features. In the 1970s and '80s Japanese manufacturers exported their small, reliable, fuel-efficient cars worldwide, and their increasing popularity spurred U.S. automakers to produce similar models. Sport-utility vehicles (SUVs) and minivans, with their greater cargo and passenger capacities, became highly popular in the U.S. during the 1990s and led to resurgence in sales of domestic vehicles. By the start of the 21st century, China had surpassed all European nations to become the third largest automobile market behind the U.S. and Japan.
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The mass production of automobiles and the creation of highways linking cities to suburbs and region to region, transformed the global landscape and society forever.
2. Answer the questions:
- Who invented the first self-propelled vehicle?
- What is the first speed limit imposed to car manufacturers?
- What was the main reason for the rapid development of car manufacturing?
- Who was Henry Ford and why is he so famous?
- What are the leading countries in automobile production?
Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.
| 1. vehicle | a. to guide, to direct |
| 2. carriage | b. a machine by which power is used to do work |
| 3. steer | c. a person who studies, plans and builds machines, ships, docks, roads, bridges, forts, etc. |
| 4. speed | d. a round frame or disc which turns on an axis. Carts, carriages, etc. run on it. It is used for numerous mechanical purposes and in machines |
| 5. engine | e. delay, make slow or late |
| 6. engineer | f. one who owns a workshop or factory and employs persons to make goods |
| 7. wheel | g. any kind of carriage or conveyance on land, e.g. a cart, a lorry, a motor-car, a ricksha, a bicycle |
| 8. manufacturer | h. swiftness, quick motion |
| 9. retard | i. the privilege granted by the government of having the sole right to make and sell something which one has invented |
| 10. patent | j. a vehicle with wheels in which people may travel, esp. one with four wheels and pulled by a horse |
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