III.Find in the text the equivalents of the following words and expressions.
Солиситоры и барристеры, вести дела в низших судах, насильственная смерть, подсудимый, слушать улики, платить зарплату, отличительная черта, виновный или невиновный.
IV. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
1.Overcome evil with good (Bible). Побеждай зло добром ( Библия).
2.When in Rome do as the Romans do. В чужой монастырь со своим уставом не ходят.
TEXT 8
I. Read and translate the text.
THE JURY
A jury is a body of lay men and women randomly selected to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding. Such a body traditionally consists of 12 people and is called a petit jury or trial jury. The exact origin of the jury system is not known; various sources have attributed it to different European peoples who at an early period developed similar methods of trial. Trial by jury was brought to England by the Normans in 1066.
In medieval Europe, trials were usually decided by ordeals, in which it was believed God intervened, revealing the wrongdoer and upholding the righteous. In 1215, the Catholic church decided that trial by ordeal was superstition, and priests were forbidden to take part. As a result, a new method of trial was needed, and the jury system emerged.
A trial by jury was first introduced in the Russian Empire as a result of the Judicial reform of Alexander II in 1864, and abolished after the October Revolution in 1917. They were reintroduced in the Russian Federation in 1993.
In the judiciary of Russia, for serious crimes the accused have the option of a jury trial. A juror must be 25 years old, legally competent, and without a criminal record. The 12 jurors are selected by the prosecution and defense from a list of 30-40 eligible candidates. They are similar to common law juries, and unlike lay judges, in that they sit separately from the judges and decide questions of fact alone while the judge determines questions of law. They must return unanimous verdicts during the first 3 hours of deliberation, but may return majority verdicts after that, with 6 jurors being enough to acquit. They may also request that the judge show leniency in sentencing. Juries may be dismissed and skeptical juries have been dismissed on the verge of verdicts, and acquittals are frequently overturned by higher courts.
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II. Answer the questions.
1. What is a jury?
2. How were cases resolved before jury system emerged?
3. Why was there a need for jury system?
4. What was the function of the first juries?
5. When was a trial by jury introduced in Russia?
III.Find in the text the equivalents of the following words and expressions.
Происхождение суда присяжных, вопросы права, ордалии, освобождать от обязанностей, запрещать принимать участие, подходящий кандидат, отменять, единогласный приговор (присяжных), проявлять снисходительность.
IV. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
1. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Око за око, зуб за зуб (Библия).
2. It is unlawful to overcome crime by crime. Бороться с преступлением посредством преступлений- противозаконно.
TEXT 9
I. Read and translate the text.
THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE
The Prosecutor’s Office is a state organ that ensures the correct application and observance of state laws by all ministries, organizations, persons in office and citizens. It also protects the personal rights of citizens. It investigates criminal cases, collects evidence against criminals and sees to it that other investigating organs act according to the law.
The prosecutor has the right to appeal against any unlawful decisions and actions of state organs and persons in office.
The Prosecutor General of Russia is the highest prosecutor in Russia, and both he and his office are independent from the executive, legislative and judicial branches of power. The Prosecutor General remains the most powerful component of the Russian judicial system.
The Prosecutor General is entrusted with: prosecution in court on behalf of the State; representation of the interests of a citizen or of the State in court in cases determined by law; supervision of the observance of laws by bodies that conduct detective and search activity, inquiry and pre-trial investigation.
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The Prosecutor General is nominated by the President of Russia and appointed by the majority of Federation Council for a term of five years. If the nomination fails, the President must nominate another candidate within 30 days. The resignation of the Prosecutor General before the end of his term should be approved by both a majority of Federation Council and the President.
II. Answer the questions.
1. What does the Prosecutor’s Office ensure?
2. What are the functions of the Prosecutor’s Office?
3. What rights has the prosecutor?
4. Who is the Prosecutor General appointed and dismissed by?
5. Who is the present Prosecutor General?
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