III. Find in the text the equivalents of the following words and expressions.
Учреждать конституцией, три ветви, принадлежать, состоять из двух палат, подписывать договоры, накладывать вето, обеспечивать соблюдение законов.
IV. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
1. Oder is heaven’s first law. Порядок – первая заповедь Господня.
2. Truth will conquer. Правда победит.
TEXT 4
I. Read and translate the text.
THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Russia’s judicial system is composed of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, federal courts, constitutional courts and justices of the piece of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The Constitutional Court of Russia is responsible for cases concerning conformity with the Constitution, judicial disputes between 2 or more federal bodies, between a federal body and a member of the Federation, and between members of the Federation.The Supreme Court of Russia is the highest court, and supervises inferior courts of general jurisdiction. It occasionally sits as a court of first instance in cases where important interests of state are at issue.
Regional courts are the courts at the regional level. This includes the supreme courts of the Republics of Russia, courts of the krais, courts of the oblasts, city courts of the federal cities of Russia (Moscow and Saint Petersburg), courts of the autonomous oblasts, and courts of the autonomous okrugs.
District courts, which were called People's Courts until 1996, are primarily courts of first instance but sometimes hear appeals from magistrate courts. Arbitration courts hear cases dealing with a wide matter of contractual issues, such as rights of ownership, contract changes, performance of obligations, loans, bank accounts, and bankruptcy. Magistrate courts (also called Justices of the Peace Courts) handle criminal cases where imprisonment is for less than three years such as petty hooliganism, public drunkenness, and serious traffic violations of a non-criminal nature, minor civil cases such as simple divorces, some property cases, disputes over land, and some labor cases.
II. Answer the questions.
1. What types of courts do you know?
2. What is the role of each court?
3. What is the Constitutional Court of Russia responsible for?
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4. What are the functions of an arbitration court?
5. What cases does a Magistrate court consider?
III. Find in the text the equivalents of the following words and expressions.
Судебный спор, слушать дела, осуществлять надзор, рассматривать жалобы, мировой суд, в соответствии с Конституцией, заниматься уголовными делами, исполнение обязательств, мелкое хулиганство.
IV. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
1.A good face is a letter of recommendation. Честная репутация – лучшая рекомендация.
2.An open door may tempt a saint. Плохо не клади, вора в грех не вводи. Соблазн испытывает святого.
TEXT 5
I. Read and translate the text.
THE COURT SYSTEM OF ENGLAND AND WALES
The most common type of law court in England and Wales is the magistrates’court. There are 700 magistrates’courts and about 30 000 magistrates. The magistrates’courts deal with some 98 per cent of all criminal work which includes motoring offences, minor thefts, criminal damage and public order cases.
More serious criminal cases then go to the Crown Court, which has 90 branches in different towns and cities. Justice in minor civil cases is administered in the County courts. Ninety per cent of all civil cases are started and finished in the county courts. Typical proceedings in the County courts include debt recovery mortgage, repossession cases, bankruptcy, insolvency and divorce matters.
Appeals are heard by higher courts. For example, appeals from magistrates’ courts are heard in the Crown Court, unless they are appeals on points of law. The highest court of appeal in England and Wales is the House of Lords. Scotland has its own High Court in Edinburgh, which hears all appeals from Scottish courts. Certain cases may be referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, individuals have made the British Government change its practices in a number of areas as a result of petitions to the European Court of Human Rights.
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The legal system also includes juvenile courts which deal with offenders under seventeen. Coroners’ courts investigate the death of any person which has been sudden, violent, or unnatural, deaths of prisoners, and deaths of persons in mental institutions where there is no satisfactory medical evidence as to the cause of death.
There are administrative tribunals which make up quick, cheap and fair decisions with much less formality. Tribunals deal with professional standards, disputes between individuals, and disputes between individuals and government departments (for example, over taxation).
II. Answer the questions.
1.What types of courts are there in England and Wales?
2.What are the functions of the magistrates’ courts?
3. What kind of cases does the House of Lords hear?
4.What do Coroners’ courts deal with?
5. What court considers bankruptcy cases?
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