For-to-Infinitive Construction
1. Our seats were too far away from the stage for anything to be properly seen, and to make the matters worse, the noise was too loud for anything to be heard. We badly regretted not buying tickets in advance.
2. There is hardly any need for you to come so early. We may as well start working on it in the afternoon.
3. The best thing for you to do now is to let the matter rest and pretend to have forgotten about what has happened, for a while at least.
4. There was nothing for us to wait for and we couldn't but leave empty-handed. We tried to cheer up a bit thinking that the point was not to win, but to get some useful experience.
5. No sooner had I entered the office, than the boss urged for the calls to be made to arrange a special shareholders’ meeting one hour later.
6. I waited for him to stand up for his little sister, but he didn't seem to intend to do so, so I spoke up myself.
7. It is for you to take care of the puppy. Have you forgotten being the one to persuade us to take it home to keep?
8. That was utterly disappointing for her, to say the least, to hear the news. The point was to control her temper as long as possible to avoid unnecessary complications.
9. The manager gestured for Mr. Gibbs to follow him, and they both disappeared in his office not to be seen for another few hours. They were believed to have been good friends before the war burst out and to have never seen each other since.
10. It is obligatory for the students of our university to keep to the University Conduct Code and to meet the requirements of the curriculum.
11. When I was crossing the street I noticed an old friend of mine waving for me to come over to her from across the road. I hadn't seen her since we graduated in 1999 and was pleased to have a little talk with her and to remember going to university together.
12. It was desirable for me to catch that train if I didn't want to spend the night at the railway station, so I took a taxi to take me there well in advance of the train departure. I thought I would rather wait for half a hour now than be compelled to a night in the waiting room.
13. After losing her husband there was nothing left for her to live for. Needless to say that she had no children to care for and to be looked after by. That's why she sold her house and went on a round-the-world trip never to return.
Complex Subject
1. The Buckingham Palace Officer is suspected to have stashed away a fortune of stealing savings and pensions of 57 victims.
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2. The couple moved into their five bedroom villa with a swimming pool eight years ago, but are believed to have recently put it up for sale.
3. 3.The suspects are thought to have used the back door to enter and leave the house. They are then believed to have run along the back courtyard into a nearby street to flee from the scene.
4. The only two countries to veto the treaty are Czech Republic and Poland - but both countries parliaments are believed to have now approved the treaty.
5. They were reported to have split after neighbours called cops to a row at their North London flat earlier this week.
6. The colour green is said to relieve homesickness.
7. Maggie is said to be making a good recovery from the emergency surgery she had.
8. The party of Benazir Bhutto was unofficially declared to be leading in today's parliamentary vote in Pakistan.
9. The hearing is being held at a secret location. Yet if Collins continues claiming he is being made to pay for Jerome’s mistakes, it could end the truce between the two.
10. Pupils are rumoured to be allowed to use banned mobile phones, MP3 players and gaming devices in class to help them learn.
11. After losing his only form of transport, Derek was forced to leave his farm job and move back to Dundee.
12. Vegetarian women are thought to be more likely to give birth to baby girls than boys.
13. Experts at National Statistics cautioned that unemployment was likely to rise again over the coming months.
14. According to research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, children living with one parent are more likely to have behavioural problems, do less well at school, and turn to drugs and heavy drinking.
15. “When you referee 30 or 40 games a season, you are bound to make one or two errors,” confessed the football referee in one of his interviews.
16. If she opts/chooses to come to England, he is unlikely to be welcomed with open arms.
17. “The rest is a mystery. There were no signs of violence or evidence of suicide or any obvious evidence pointing to another probable cause of death, like drugs use. But we're unlikely to be able to shed any further light on what's happened until after a post-mortem,” said the investigator in his interview to the Times.
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18. But experts claim unemployment is almost certain to hit three million by next Spring.
19. Under the circumstances the prices for real estate are still uncertain to stay the same and are even more likely to drop.
20. I can’t but agree that they very much seem to be enjoying the life they have now. This change turns out to have done them more good than harm.
21. Businesses seem to have been behaving in a different way – it does look as if the economy were behaving in a different way compared to the early 1990s.
22. I can't help noticing that you seem to have some problems. Why not confide them to me? And then we’ll try to solve (find a solution to) them together.
23. I want other parents to be aware of symptoms that can turn out to be signs of brain tumours. And I want kids to have scans sooner, not later."
24. If you want a love message to be heard, it has got to be sent out. To keep a lamp burning, we have to keep putting oil in it (Mother Teresa)
25. We've all heard that we have to learn from our mistakes, but I think it's more important to learn from successes. If you learn only from your mistakes, you are inclined to learn only errors (Norman Vincent Peale).
26. Astrology is one of the earliest attempts made by man to find the order hidden behind or within the confusing and apparent chaos that exists in the world (Karen Hamaker-Zondag)
27. Life's challenges are not supposed to paralyze you, they're supposed to help you discover who you are (Bernice Johnson Reagon).
28. Mystical explanations are thought to be deep; the truth is that they are not even shallow (Friedrich Nietzsche).
29. People care more about being thought to have taste than about being thought either good, clever or amiable (Samuel Butler).
30. Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and choice, is thought to aim at some good; and for this reason the good has rightly been declared to be that at which all things aim (Aristotle).
31. Human beings must be known to be loved; but Divine beings must be loved to be known (Blaise Pascal).
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32. I am known to be able to take care of myself when I become angry. I don't mince words (Ethel Merman).
33. Wealth is well known to be a great comforter (Plato).
Arakin, Unit 3 + Grammar
1. Have you ever heard him talk about applying for a scholarship to this university? – Never. But I admit noticing him displaying some curiosity about the admission requirements. – That would be great! To tell the truth, I would want him to enter this university and take up something useful instead of wasting his time surfing the Internet. He is a clever boy and is sure to be successful in his studies.
2. I have always thought Jane to be an even-tempered girl (Jane has always been thought to be an even-tempered girl). I've never seen her lose her temper or display anger or irritation at anything. – Neither have I. In fact, I believe her to have a pretty good idea of how to take advantage of a situation and how to make it play into her hands.
3. To cut a long story short, it was up to Jane to back the project and to provide the necessary references, but she is gossiped to have turned her back on her colleagues at the last moment and displayed neither respect nor decency to admit failing to meet the requirements of the task set.
4. He is reported to be keeping in the background at the moment. Strange to say, that indecent act of his turned out to have made his patrons turn their back on him and even deny ever having anything to do with him.
5. She waited for him to give her a reasonably fair explanation, to justify himself, to refer to some emergency or danger, but he didn't seem to regret or repent of anything. How could he have gone back on his every word and display no decency at all to even make any comment? Needless to say, it took her great pains to keep her temper. He dared display utter disrespect for her after she had wasted so much effort to try to help him out of the mess he was in. Though she was not the person to easily lose her temper, she couldn't help feeling angry and frustrated. Unable to say a word, she simply gestured for him to leave and he did never to cross her path again.
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6. “You were heard saying indecencies about me behind my back. The fact doesn't seem to be playing into your hands and can hardly be regarded to your advantage now, does it?” said Tina with a threat in her voice. Jake backed a little and then began to walk back and forth with an earnest and thoughtful air as if trying to collect his thoughts to make a reasonably fair comment to turn it to his advantage.
7. She was believed to have left school to run away with her boyfriend never to be seen in this small town again. To be honest, I used to think that she of all people was sure to succeed in her life, and when I chanced to see her many years later, she was hard to recognize and by the look of hers her life seemed to have been wasted. Backbreaking work seemed to have made her lose her former charm and cheerfulness, yet she was unlikely to return to her native town. To say the least, she was not the type of person to admit her mistakes and failures, not to mention, to display how humiliated she felt.
3.2. Key to The Noun + Subject-Predicate Agreement
TASK 1. Revision: The Noun. Sort out the nouns in the box in to the categories given in the table.
| Always countable | Always uncountable | Both |
| sheep, mice, sun, tooth, funeral, watch, people | research, accommodation, furniture, dust, advice, information, news, police, scissors, music, secrecy, health, traffic, weather, money | travel, hair, work, beauty, talk, ice-cream, sky, experience, difficulty, technology, politics, talent, time, success |
TASK 2. Revision: The Noun. Revise the use of quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns given in the table and choose the right word in brackets.
1 – fewer; 2 – less; 3 – a lot of; 4 – a lot; 5 –a great deal of; 6 – many; 7 – most of the; 8 – most; 9 – most; 10 – a little; 11 – a few; 12 – several; 13 – any; 14 – any; 15 – enough; 16 - hardly any; 17 – neither; 18 – both; 19 – no; 20 – no / a great deal of.
TASK 3. Revision: The Noun. Fill in the gaps with the quantifiers given in the box. The first one is done for you. You can use some words more than once.
1 – many; 2 – few; 3 – few; 4 – some; 5 – plenty of/enough; 6 – none/ few/ hardly any; 7 – enough; 8 – some; 9 – very little; 10 – some; 11 – any; 12 – no; 13 – any;
14 – some.
TASK 4. Revision: The Noun. Decide if the sentences below are correct or have mistakes. Make the necessary corrections.
| 1. research has not; 2. Draughts is played 3. correct 4. correct 5. Mumps is 6. aircraft 7. money – it 8. heavy traffic 9. was 10. correct | 11. glorious weather; such a hot April 12. fruit 13. The advice you gave me was really useful. 14. correct 15. are 16. swine 17. parentheses are sentences/ Parenthesis is a sentence 18. nucleus 19. Correct 20. are |
TASK 5. Revision: The Noun. Give the plural forms of the nouns given below.
| a bamboo – bamboos a focus – foci a forget-me-not – forget-me-nots a trout – trout a kilo – kilos a leaf – leaves a hairdo – hairdos a story-teller= tellers a mosquito – mosquitoes a path – paths a Negro – Negroes a grouse – grouse a thief – thieves a dragonfly – dragonflies a louse – lice a goodbye – goodbyes a bath – baths a photo – photos a sheaf – sheaves a woman-hater – woman-haters a taboo – taboos a nucleus – nuclei a hoof – hoofs/hooves a cuckoo – cuckoos a half – halves | a phenomenon – phenomena a volcano – volcanoes a gulf – gulfs a woman-journalist – women-journalists a cello – cellos a Swiss – Swiss a leaf – leaves a doe – does a stay-at-home – stay-at-homes a chief – chiefs a zero – zeros a go-between – go-betweens a calf – calves a canoe – canoes a brother-in-law – brothers-in-law a still life – still lifes a buffalo – buffaloes Jenny – Jennys a chessman – chessmen a booth – booths a looker-on – lookers-on a Hindoo – Hindoos a scarf – scarfs/scarves a youth – youths a an analysis – analyses |
TASK 6. Cherry Reid is a famous explorer. Below you can read part of a diary she kept when she was travelling. Open the brackets and fill in the gaps in her diary.
Feet, pages, men, sheep, oxen, fish, fish, women, kerchiefs, potatoes, tomatoes, babies, geese, women, fruit, teeth, knives, radios, matches, people, photos.
TASK 7. Use the nouns given in brackets in their plural form.
People, analyses, boxes of matches, churches, glasses, skies, cargoes, cargoes, potato/ potatoes, mangoes, machines, toys, silks, teas, colours, armies of customs-officials, port-authorities, others, oxen, mice, geese, savings, handkerchiefs, belongings, sheep, wives, children, deer, criteria, authorities, lice, spirits, hangers-on, phenomena.
TASK 8. Fill in the gaps with is, are, has or have. Give two forms where possible. Explain your choice.
1. is 2. are 3. have 4. is 5. Are 6. is / are.7. is /are 8. Are 9. Have 10. has /have 10. Is 11. are 12. are 13. is 14. are 15. is 16. Are 17. is 18. are 19. are 20. have 21. Has 22. is/ are 23. has 24. Are 25. is 26. Are 27. have 28. Are 29. does 30. are 31. have 32. Are.
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