XIII. Read the text, answer the questions and render it in English
Ice-creamSundae (Сливочное мороженое «Сандей»)
The ice-cream sundae is an original American dish. It is ice cream with chocolate or syrup over it. There are many kinds of toppings today. You put the toppings on top of the syrup. These can be nuts, fruit, and whipped cream.
Ice-cream sundaes started in the 1890s. At that time people went to ice-cream parlours to eat ice cream. One day in Wisconsin a customer went to an ice cream parlour. He wanted chocolate syrup on his vanilla ice cream. The owner of the parlour said this was a bad idea. But the customer insisted and finally got what he wanted. Soon many customers wanted syrup on their ice cream. Other ice-cream parlours started to have this new ice-cream dish.
The sundae its name from an ice-cream parlour in another town in Wisconsin. Here the owner of an ice-cream parlour only served the unusual ice-cream dish on Sundays. The ice-cream with the syrup was a special order and it was more expensive. It was a Sunday special. That is how it got the name sundae. Nobody knows why the spelling changed from Sunday to sundae.
1. What is an ice-cream sundae?
2. What kinds of toppings are there today?
3. When did ice-cream sundae start? How did it happen?
4. How did ice-cream sundae get its name?
Разговорные фразы для студентов 1 курса, 2 семестра
(заочной формы обучения)
Translate the following sentences into English.
Где остановиться. Выбор гостиницы. Услуги и удобства.
1. Где можно получить информацию о гостиницах?
2. Мне нужна недорогая гостиница.
3. Где находится гостиница «Плаза»?
4. Есть ли у вас свободные номера?
5. Для меня забронирован номер.
6. Я забронирован номер по Интернету. У меня есть номер подтверждения.
7. Мне нужен одноместный номер на неделю.
8. В номере есть телевизор, холодильник, кондиционер?
9. Сколько стоит двухместный номер на сутки?
10. Что входит в стоимость номера?
11. Этот номер мне подходит.
12. Какую скидку Вы предоставляете при длительном проживании в гостинице?
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13. В какое время нужно освободить номер в день отъезда?
14. Я уезжаю завтра в 10 часов утра. Можно оплатить номер сейчас?
15. Я бы хотел, чтобы в номер поставили раскладушку.
16. Как можно узнать, где сдаётся квартира?
В ресторане. За столом.
1. Где можно быстро пообедать?
2. Извините, не можете ли вы сказать, есть ли здесь где-нибудь поблизости ресторан?
3. В какое время работают кафетерии?
4. Здесь занято?
5. Можно, пожалуйста, меню?
6. Что вы можете порекомендовать?
7. Какие у вас фирменные блюда?
8. С чего начнём?
9. Что вы порекомендуете из мясных блюд?
10. Какая рыба у вас есть?
11. Это можно заменить?
12. Хотите что-нибудь на закуску?
13. Как насчёт основного блюда?
14. Мне, пожалуйста, стакан фруктового сока.
15. Налить ещё? Не хотите ли ещё?
16. Передайте мне соль, пожалуйста. Угощайтесь, пожалуйста.
17. Положите мне немного салата.
18. Не хотите ли? Возьмите ещё.
19. Ещё хлеба, пожалуйста.
20. Всё очень вкусно.
21. Приятного аппетита.
22. За ваше здоровье.
Вас пригласили в гости. Приём гостей
1. Что вы собираетесь делать в выходные?
2. Я приглашён к другу.
3. Сегодня вечером я собираюсь пойти на вечеринку к Джону.
4. Как до вас добраться?
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5. В какое время я должен приехать?
6. Я буду рад прийти.
7. Что принести с собой?
8. Привет! Надеюсь, я не опоздал. Эти цветы для вас.
9. Где мне повесить пальто?
10. Я могу вам чем-нибудь помочь на кухне?
Supplementary reading
Text 1.Billy always listens to his mother. He always does what she says. If his mother says, “Brush your teeth,” Billy brushes his teeth. If his mother says, “Go to bed,” Billy goes to bed. Billy is a very good boy. A good boy listens to his mother. His mother doesn’t have to ask him again. She asks him to do something one time, and she doesn’t ask again. Billy is a good boy. He does what his mother asks the first time. She doesn’t have to ask again. She tells Billy, “You are my best child.” Of course, Billy is her best child. Billy is her only child.
Text 2.Nancy wants to live a long time. She wants to live for one hundred years. She is five years old now. She wants to live 95 more years. Then she will be 100. Her father is 30 years old. He wants to live a long time, too. He wants to live for one hundred years. He wants to live for 70 more years. “Daddy, we will grow old together, okay?” Nancy said to her father. “Yes, honey, we will grow old together,” he said to Nancy. Then Nancy smiled. She gave her daddy a big hug.
Text 3.Chocolate milk
James took the milk out of the refrigerator. He put the carton of milk on the counter. He took the cap off the carton of milk. He opened the kitchen cabinet. He took a glass out of the cabinet. He put the glass on the counter next to the milk. He poured some milk into the glass. He put the cap back on the carton of milk. He put the milk back into the refrigerator. He took the chocolate syrup out of the refrigerator. He poured some chocolate syrup into the glass of milk. He stirred the milk with a spoon. He licked the spoon.
Text 4.Mark bought a new car last week. He is happy with his new car. He got a good deal on his new car. It was on sale. His new car is green. The four tires are black. His new car has four doors. It has one trunk. The spare tire is in the trunk. All new cars have a spare tire. His new car has one hood. The engine is under the hood. All new cars have an engine. His new car has two big seats. One seat is in the front. One seat is in the back. Mark sits in the front seat when he drives his new car. He always buckles his seat belt.
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Text 5.Kenneth cleaned his apartment. He emptied the trash. He washed the dirty dishes. He looked in his bathroom. The sink and bathtub were dirty. He scrubbed the sink and bathtub. He looked in his bedroom. Clothes were on the floor. He picked up the clothes. He put the shirts on hangers. He folded the pants. He put the pants in the dresser. He washed the dirty clothes. He looked in his living room. Papers were on the floor. Books and newspapers and magazines were on the floor. He picked them all up. He put them on the book shelves. Then he vacuumed his whole apartment.
Text 6.Brian has a fast car. He drives his car fast. He never gets a ticket. His car is too fast for the police. They chase him, but they can’t catch him. Brian always escapes from the police. The police want to catch him. But their cars are too slow. Brian’s car is very fast. He likes to drive over 100 mph. When he sees the police, he waves to the police. The police turn on their sirens. They turn on their red lights. They chase after Brian. Brian speeds up. He passes all the other cars on the road. He escapes from the police.
Text 7.A simple salad
George is going to make a salad. He is going to make a simple salad. It will be a simple salad, but it will also be delicious. His salad will have only two ingredients. One ingredient is fresh cucumber. A cucumber is dark green and long. George will peel the skin off the cucumber. He will throw the skin in the trash. He won’t eat the skin. He will slice the cucumber into little pieces. Each piece will be about the size of a nickel. He will put all the pieces into a big bowl. Then he will pour salad dressing on the pieces in the big bowl. That’s it—a cucumber, and salad dressing.
Text 8.The big clock on the tower of the Palace of Westminster in London is often called Big Ben. But Big Ben is really the bell of the clock. It is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons.The clock tower is 318 feet high. You have to go up 374 steps to reach the top. So the clock looks small from the pavement below the tower. But its face is 23 feet wide. It would only just fit into some classrooms.
The minute hand is 14 feet long. Its weight is equal to that of two bags of coal. The hour hand is 9 feet long. The clock bell is called Big Ben after Sir Benjamin Hall. He had the job to see that the bell was put up. Sir Benjamin was a big man. One day he said in Parliament, "Shall we call the bell St. Stephen's?" St. Stephen's is the name of the tower. But someone said for a joke, "Why not call it Big Ben?" Now the bell is known all over the world by that name.
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Text 9.The London of the middle of the 17th century was a city of narrow, dirty streets. Indeed, the streets were so narrow that it was often possible for a person at a window on one side of the street to shake hands with a neighbour on the other side. There was little light and air. Rubbish lay piled up in dark corners. It is no wonder that epidemics were common. The greatest epidemic of the plague broke out in 1665.
It was a sad time for London. The streets were empty, shops were closed and there were few boats on the Thames. Every house in which there were sick people was shut up, and no one was allowed to go in or out, and the door of the house was marked with a red cross. The following year the Great Fire took place. It broke out late on a Saturday night in a street not far from London Bridge. The summer had been dry, a hot east wind blew and the fire spread quickly. This is what we read in the diary of John Evelyn, who saw the terrible fire with his own eyes. The Thames was covered with boats full of people. On the other side one could see carts carrying out the saved goods out into the fields and people putting up tents. At night the fire could be seen ten miles away. The fire burned for five days and destroyed the greater part of the city. But it did the city good, as it cleared away the old wooden houses and dirty, narrow streets. A monument near London Bridge still marks the spot where the fire broke out. Sir Christopher Wren, the famous architect of that day, took part in rebuilding the city. The greater part of it had been of wood, but after the fire wider streets and brick houses were built. The old church of St. Paul was among the buildings destroyed by the fire. In its place Wren built the present St. Paul's Cathedral. He lies buried under the roof of his own great work. These words are written on his grave: "Reader, if you want to see this monument, look around."
Text 10.Houses are buildings. Schools and clubs are buildings, too. A shop is a building or a part of a building. When there are many houses and other buildings together, they make a town. A city is a very big town.
When there are few houses and other buildings together, they make a village.
Cities, towns and villages have names. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk, London, Cambridge, Oxford, etc. are the names of cities.
Cities, towns and villages have streets between their buildings, that is, the buildings are on each side of a street. On each side of the street, in front of the buildings there is a pavement. Between the pavements there is the road. People walk on the pavements, buses and cars drive on the roads. We can get from one place to another by different means of communication. We can go by train, by airplane (or plane), by ship, by bus, by car, etc. How can we get from Moscow to Vladivostok? We can get there either by train or by airplane. If we go by train, it takes us about seven days. If we go by airplane, it takes us about 12 hours only. How can we get to the nearest town? We can get there either by bus or by train. How can we get from one village to another? We usually use a bicycle, a motorcycle or a bus to get from one village to another.
Text 11.The conquest of England by the Normans began in 1066 with the battle of Hastings, where the English fought against the Normans. The conquest was complete in 1086. Who were these Normans who conquered England?
They were Vikings or 'Norsemen', men from the North. Some 150 years before the conquest of England they came to a part of France, opposite England, a part which we now call Normandy. What did the Norman Conquest do to England?
It gave it French kings and nobles. The Normans also brought with them the French language. After the Norman Conquest there were three languages in England. There was Latin, the language of the church and the language in which all learned men wrote and spoke; the kings wrote their laws in Latin for some time after the Conquest. Then there was French, the language, which the kings and nobles spoke and which many people wrote. Finally, there was the English language, which remained the language of the masses of the people. Some men might know all these languages; many knew two; but most of the people knew only one. There were some people who understood the French language though they could not speak it. Rich people who owned land, the landowners, often knew French and Latin. But poor people, the peasants did not understand French or Latin. They understood only English.
In time, however, came the general use of the English language. In 1350 English became the language of law; and at that time lived the first teacher who taught his boys to read and write English and to translate, not from Latin into French, but from Latin into English. Then between 1350 and 1400 lived Wyclif who made the first complete translation of the Bible into English, and Chaucer, 'the Father of English poetry'.
But the English language when it came into general use was not quite the same as it was before the Conquest. The grammar remained, but many words came into it from the French language.
Text 12.There are four meals a day in an English home: breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is at about 8 o'clock in the morning, and consists of porridge with milk and salt or sugar, eggs — boiled or fried, bread and butter with marmalade or jam. Some people like to drink tea, but others prefer coffee. Instead of porridge, they may have fruit juice, or they may prefer biscuits.
The usual time for lunch is 1 o'clock. This meal starts with soup or fruit juice. Then follows some meat or poultry with potatoes — boiled or fried, carrots and beans. Then a pudding comes. Instead of the pudding, they may prefer cheese and biscuits. Last of all coffee — black or white. Englishmen often drink something at lunch. Water is usually on the table. Some prefer juice or lemonade.
Tea is the third meal of the day. It is between 4 or 5 o'clock, the so-called 5 o'clock tea. On the table there is tea, milk or cream, sugar, bread and butter, cakes and jam. Friends and visitors are often present at tea. Dinner is the fourth meal of the day. The usual time is about 7 o'clock, and all the members of the family sit down together.
Dinner usually consists of soup, fish or meat with vegetables — potatoes, green beans, carrot and cabbage, sweet pudding, fruit salad, ice-cream or cheese and biscuits. Then after a talk they have black or white coffee.
This is the order of meals among English families, but the greater part of the people in the towns, and nearly all country people, have dinner in the middle of the day instead of lunch. They have tea a little later — between 5 and 6 o'clock, and then in the evening, before going to bed, they have supper.
So the four meals of the day are either breakfast, dinner, tea, supper; or breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner.
Text 13.London is the capital of England, the capital of Great Britain, and the capital of the United Kingdom. It is the largest town in Europe and one of the oldest towns in the world. The old Celts gave it its name, the Romans made it the centre of their new colony. The Germanic invaders tried to burn and to destroy it, the victorious Normans made it the capital of the country. The central part of London is full of historical remains. Nearly every building, every bridge, every street, palace, house, and stone — each of them has its own story, its own past.
In London past and present are so mixed together that they cannot easily be separated and when you are in London you see the past in the present and the present in the past.
The oldest part of London is called the City. In the City the streets and pavements are very narrow and the traffic is very heavy on weekdays. That is because the most important London firms and banks have offices there. But at weekends the City is almost dead. The most fashionable and the most expensive part to live in is the West End. It is situated between the City and Hyde Park. The City and the West End are the heart of London; they are the parts, which everybody who comes to London must see and wants to see, because they are more interesting than any other part of London. All the most interesting buildings, shops and offices are situated here.
The Tower of London, the Bank of England, the Mansion House where the Lord Mayor lives, the Law Courts, and many interesting old churches are situated in the City. The Houses of Parliament with Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, the National Gallery and many theatres and good shops are in the West End.
London has many bridges over the Thames, more than twenty but the most interesting of them all is the Tower Bridge situated near the Tower of London.
The Tower of London is an old castle, with high walls, high towers, small windows and large gardens. Once it was a royal residence, a strong fortress and a state prison. Here many important people, among them two wives of Henry VIII, were imprisoned and beheaded.
One of the oldest and the most famous places of London is St. Paul's Cathedral. It has been destroyed and rebuilt several times since the original construction in the 7th century. It stands in the centre of the so-called Little Britain. A large part of Little Britain was destroyed during the war: the houses that were close to the Cathedral's walls disappeared and for the first time in centuries St. Paul's Cathedral's beauty can be seen.
Text 14.People use various means of communication to get from one place to another.
In the old days people had to travel several days, weeks and months to get to the place they needed. They either went on foot, by coaches driven by horses or on horseback or by boats and ships. Then trains, trams, cars, buses, airplanes, underground and other means appeared. Many people like to travel by air as it is the fastest way of travelling. A lot of people like to travel by train because they can look at passing villages, forests and fields through windows. Some people like to travel by car. There they can go as slowly or as fast as they like. They can stop when and where they want.People who live in big cities use various means of communication to get from one place to another. Do you know what means of communication Londoners use? Londoners use the underground railway. They call it 'the tube'.
London's underground is the oldest in the world. It was opened in 1863.
Londoners use buses. The first bus route was opened in London in 1904. Today there are hundreds of routes there. The interesting thing is that some of the routes are the same as many years ago. London's buses are double-decked buses.
Londoners do not use trams, though London was the first city where trams appeared. And now it is one of the biggest cities in the world where there are no trams. The last tram left the streets of London many years ago. Londoners use cars. You can see a lot of cars in London streets. When Londoners leave the town, they use trains, ships or airplanes.
Text 15.What is a city?
In accordance with a set pattern, a city is a relatively large and existing housing, which is usually dominated by the service sector, but not agriculture.
As a rule, cities have complex systems for water supply and sewage, utilities, usage of land and housing, and transportation system. A big city or metropolis usually has adjacent suburbs and exurbs.
Such cities are usually associated with urban areas, making a large number of commuters to travel to urban centers to work. Once a city expands far enough to reach the boarders of another city, this region can be considered to be a megalopolis. The importance and density of population of cities is often defined by their agglomerations. A particularly important role has the capital and the so-called city with a million-plus population (million-strong city) and metropolitan-millionaires (million-strong city) (with a population of over 1 million people), including the so-called super cities and global cities.
Text 16.Saint Petersburg
If you ask me what my favorite city is, I will answer that, of course it is my hometown. I was born in the city of St. Petersburg. It is located in the north-west of Russia, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and at the mouth of the Neva River.
Saint Petersburg is the northernmost city in the world with a population of over one million people. Saint Petersburg is a Russian port of great significance.
The city was founded in 1703 by Peter I and for over 200 years it was the capital of Russia. Saint Petersburg is often described as a core economic, scientific and cultural centre of the Russian Federation.
Among the most important historic, cultural and tourist sites there is the Hermitage, the monument to Peter I (Bronze Horseman), the Admiralty, the Alexander Column, the Rostral Columns, the Summer Gardens, the Mariinsky Opera Theatre, the Russian Museum, the Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Isaac's Cathedral, and etc.
Saint-Petersburg is also famous for the beautiful Neva and its embankments and bridges, which connect the island and the city. The city is especially beautiful during the White Nights in summer.
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