IV. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите видовременную форму сказуемого в каждом из них
1. An organization called the HGI ( Human Genome Initiative ) was set up several years ago, and is now doing research on many diseases including congenital defects, cancers, AIDS, and disorders of the immune system.
2. When we entered the room, the presentation of the new pharmaceuticals was on-going.
3. The doctor wanted to know which medications were being taken by the patient for his asthma and allergic reactions.
4. Research teams in the USA are now exploring the use of gene therapy.
5. Vitamin E is being studied as a possible cancer preventive.
6. When you are working with toxic substances, take all the necessary precautions.
V. Найдите в правой колонке синонимы для слов и выражений из левой колонки слов:
cachet to hide
administration lozengers
rarely to be intended for
often capsule
to incorporate use
to be designed for seldom
to disintegrate commonly
to mask to add
troches to decompose
VI. Найдите под чертой антонимы для следующих слов и выражений:
greater, solid, advantages, homogeneous, internal, rarely, inert, common, synthetic, correct, initial, ease, soft, seldom
________________________________________________________________________________
external, liquid, final, difficulty, lesser, disadvantages, often, hard, wrong, active, rare, natural, heterogeneous, commonly
VII. Переведите эти предложения и определите тип придаточных предложений в каждом из них:
1. Today pills are rarely prescribed, though some popular types are manufactured by machine.
2. Despite the wide variety of the over-the-counter headache remedies, almost every product contains one of the three drugs: paracetamol, ibuprofen, or aspirin.
3. How a drug is labeled is determined by its classification.
4. If the drug has an established name, it must be displayed with the trade name.
5. Liquid dosage forms are useful for patients who have trouble swallowing solid dosage forms.
6. After the ingredients are weighed, comminited and mixed, the powders must be accurately divided into the prescribed number of doses.
|
|
|
7. Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinals or inert substances are enclosed within a small gelatin shell.
8. Disintegration tests are not usually required for capsules unless they are intended to resist solution in gastric fluid.
9. Water-soluble vitamins must be taken daily as they cannot be stored in the body and are excreted within one to four days.
VIII. Заполните пропуски предлогами там, где необходимо
Filling capsules
Capsules are usually filled …..the punch method. The powder is placed ..... paper and flattened ….. a spatula so that the layer ….. powder is no more than approximately 1/3 the length …..the capsule. The paper is held ….. the left hand. The body ….. the capsule is held ….. the right hand and repeatedly pressed ….. the powder ….. the capsule is filled. The cap is replaced and the capsule is weighed.
….. they are filled, the capsules must be cleaned and polished. ….. a small scale; capsules are cleaned individually or in small numbers ….. rubbing them ….. a clean gauze or cloth.
….. large scale, they are passed ….. a vacuum cleaning device fitted ….. the capsule-filling machine, which removes any extraneous material ….. the capsule leaves the machine. Powder capacity ….. capsules ranges …..60 - 130 mg , 650 -2000 mg which is the largest capsule size.
IX. Прочтите слова, запомните их произношение и дайте их русские эквиваленты:
stability, accurate, medicament, ingredient, mixture, geometric, capsule, gelatin, compressed, popular, acacia, administration, disintegration, perforated, dosage
X. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:
advantages – преимущества
bulk, bulky – объем, объемный
to be intended for – быть предназначенным для
homogeneous – гомогенный, однородный
|
|
|
cachet – облатка, капсула
a shell – оболочка
starch – крахмал
to swallow – глотать, проглатывать
machine-made – фабричного приготовления
a pill – пилюля
a binding agent – связывающее вещество
tragacanth – трагакант, смола растений рода Astragalus
to incorporate – присоединять, смешивать
to roll – скатать
to coat, a coating – покрыть оболочкой, покрытие
compression – прессование
to dilute, diluents – разбавлять, разбавитель
to disintegrate – распадаться, расщепляться
to stick, sticking – застревать, застревание
a lubricant – смазка, лубрикант
a mold – формочка
fragile – хрупкий
troches, lozengers, pastilles – леденцы, лепешки, таблетки для рассасывания во рту
to release – выделять, высвобождать
a gum – смола
fusion – плавление
to deteriorate – портиться, ухудшаться
a sieve, to sieve – сито, просеивать
XI. Прочтите и переведите текст А:
Text A. Solid dosages
Solid dosages, such as tablets, have many advantages over other types: greater stability, lesser risk of chemical interreaction between different medicaments, smaller bulk, accurate dosage, and ease of production.
Powders intended for internal use are usually mixtures of two or more ingredients. lf two ingredients are present in unequal quantities, then the lesser ingredient (usually the drug substance) is mixed with an equal weight of the greater ingredient. Next, the resulting mixture is combined with an equal weight of the greater ingredient in steps until the mixture is homogeneous and complete. This process of geometric dilution is essential in order to produce a homogeneous powder. Cachets, occasionally used for administration of powdered drugs with unpleasant taste, consist of shells made of gelatinized starch paste. More common today is the hard capsule, in which the powder is enclosed in a shell of hard gelatin. Semi-liquid and liquid drugs are often enclosed in a soft capsule with a soft gelatin shell.
|
|
|
Before the machine-made compressed tablet, pills were a very popular solid dosage form. Today, pills are rarely prescribed, though some popular types are manufactured by machine. The powdered ingredients are mixed together with a binding agent, such as tragacanth or acacia, and are then made into a plastic mass by incorporation of an appropriate liquid drug and addition of an inert liquid. The resulting mass, known as the pill mass, is then rolled into spheres and coated with talk, gelatin, or sugar.
Tablets, by far the most common method of administration of drugs, are only rarely made by compression of the drug alone (e.g. potassium bromide tablets). Usually, the drug is mixed with suitable diluents, such as dextrin. lactose, salt, starch, or synthetic substances, designed to ensure disintegration of the tablet in the body. To prevent sticking in the machine, a lubricant such as liquid paraffin, stearic acid, talk, or a synthetic substance is usually added. It is essential that the tablet machines are fed with the drug mixture in a free-flowing form to ensure complete filling of the molds. To achieve that, the drug mixture is granulated by mechanically forcing pellets of the mixture through a sheet of perforated metal. The granulated mixture is then fed into the tablet machine which feeds the correct dose into the mold, and the mixture is compressed. Excessive compression may mean that the tablet will not disintegrate in the body, while insufficient compression results in fragile tablets that may break, causing inaccurate dosage. Coatings of various types may be applied onto the tablet in order to protect the ingredients from deterioration, to hide the taste of certain drugs, to control the release of the drug from the tablet, or to produce a more attractive tablet. in the manufacture of layered tablets, incorporating two or more drugs, a compressed tablet is fed into a second machine where another layer is compressed around it. In this way, drugs normally incompatible may be formulated in the same tablet.
|
|
|
Other solid dosages include troches and dry extracts. Troches, also known as lozengers or pastilles, disintegrate or dissolve in the mouth, slowly releasing the active drug. The base usually consists of a mixture of sugar and gum and gelatin. Lozengers are generally manufactured by compression techniques, while pastilles are fabricated by fusion and the use of molds. Dry extracts are usually granulated by being passed through a sieve and may be used for the preparation of tablets.
TASKS
I. Answer the questions :
1. What advantages do the solid dosage forms have?
2. What method is generally used in making powders if the drug is being mixed with a bulky ingredient?
3. Which solid dosage form is especially suitable for the preparation of solutions from the drugs unstable in the presence of water?
4. Which of the solid dosages is rarely used today and why?
5. Why are diluents added in the process of drug tabletting?
6. What is the function of lubricants in the process of tabletting?
7. Why is proper compression so important in tablet - making? *
8. What is the purpose of applying different coatings onto the tablets?
9. How can incompatible drugs be formulated in the same tablet?
10. What are the drugs like lozengers designed for?
II. Find the following equivalents in the text:
преимущества перед, точная дозировка, предназначенный для внутреннего применения, поэтапно, разбавление в геометрической прогрессии, однородный (гомогенный) порошок, порошковые лекарства с неприятным вкусом, оболочки, сделанные из желатинизированного крахмала, жесткая (твердая) капсула, полужидкий, прессованная таблетка фабричного изготовления, пилюльная масса, подходящие разбавители, для предотвращения застревания в машине, смазка, подавать точную дозу в формочку, недостаточное /чрезмерное прессование, наносить оболочку на таблетку, плавление
III. Read text B and translate it into Russian:
Text B
To satisfy the USP standards, tablets are required to pass one of two or more tests. A weight variation test is used if the active ingredient comprises the bulk of the tablet. A content uniformity test is used if the tablet is coated or if the active ingredient comprises less than 50% of the bulk of the tablet. Many tablets for oral administration are required to pass a disintegration test. Disintegration times are specified in the individual monographs. A dissolution test may be required instead if the active component of the tablet has limited water solubility. Hardness and friability would affect the disintegration and dissolution rates, but hardness and friability tests are in-house quality control tests, not official USP tests.
IV. Chose the right variants of the answers:
1. The dispensing pharmacist usually blends potent powders with a large amount of diluents by
(A) spatulation (C) geometric dilution
(B) trituration (D) levigation
2. Which type of paper best protects a divided hygroscopic powder?
(A) waxed paper (C) blue bond
(B) white bond (D) vegetable parchment
3. Which capsule size has the smallest capacity?
(A) 5 (C) 0
(B) 1 (D) 000
4. The shells of soft gelatin capsules may be made elastic by the addition of
(A) sorbitol (C) polyethylene glycol (PGV)
(B) povidone (D) lactose
5. Divided powders may be dispensed in
(A) individual-dose packets
(B) a bulk container
(C) a perforated, sifter-type container
V. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. Твердые дозированные лекарственные формы включают порошки, таблетки, драже, гранулы и пилюли.
2. Капсулы – это оболочки для дозированных порошкообразных, гранулированных, полужидких и жидких лекарственных веществ для внутреннего применения.
3. Сейчас пилюли выписывают редко, но некоторые популярные виды изготавливают фабричным способом.
4. Пастилки, или леденцы, растворяются во рту, медленно выделяя активно действующее вещество.
5. Таблетки могут покрываться различными оболочками, включая сахарные, кишечно-растворимые и пленочные оболочки.
Дата добавления: 2018-02-28; просмотров: 871; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!