Articulatery and physiological classification of E vowels
I The main effects of lip rounding on the shape of the mouth:
a) to enlarge the oral cavity b) to diminish the size of the oral cavity.
According to the position of the lips vowels are classified into:
a) rounded
b) unrounded.
The E. rounded vowels are: <u>, <u:>, < o; o:>. The Russian vowels are protruded vowels –o, -y. The general pattern is that the front and open vowels are articulated with spread to neutral lip-position while back vowels have rounded lips.
II According to the position of the tongue. It can move forward and backward, it may be raised and low in the mouth cavity. Rus. scientists divide V. according to the
a)horizontal movements of the tongue.
b)vertical movements of the tongue.
a) When the bulk of the tongue moves backwards and the back part of the tongue is raised highest towards the hard palate, front V. are produced.
They are subdivided into:
- fully front –[i:,e,эе]
-front retracted втягивать [i]
In the production of centr. V. the tongue is almost flat. Central V. are [3:, ə, Λ].
b)According to the vertical movements of the tongue v. are subd-ed into:
- high [I:, I, u:, u], Rus. [и, у, ы];
- mid-open or half-open: [e, ə:, e(u), ə(a), ə], Rus. [э, о]
- low-open: [Λ, эе, a(i), a(u), a:, о:, o(i)], Rus [a].
Each of the subclasses is subdiv. into V. of narrow variation, and v. of broad var-on:
- high narrow variation [i:],[u:]; Rus. [ы, и, у]
-high broad variation [i], [u]
- mid narrow variation [e, ə:, e(u)], Rus. [э]
- mid broad variation [eə, o: ə], Rus [o]
- law narrow var [Λ, o(i)]
-law broad variation [a:, o, эе, a(i), a(u)] Rus. [a]
The rus. [э] is on the boarderline between narrow and broad midvowels., [o] is on the boaderline between mid-open and open.
Received Pronunciation. Changes of vow quality.
Standart pronunciation is the pronunciation governed by the orthoepic norm. It is the pronunciation of educated circles. It is used by radio, television, religionally neutral. The social standart within Britain is the so-called recieved pronunciation. It is the teaching norm at schools and higher learning establishments of the Rus Federation. In Eng we distinguish conservative, general, advanced.
The phoneme [i] is little more open in GA and retracted than in RP. In GA it is often obscured.
The sound [έ]is lower than the RP [e] and resembles походить [эе]
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The GA [эе] differs from the RP [эе]: it is used in words in which the letter a is followed by a cons other than r(answer), in GA {e} is used instead of [эе]([keri])
The GA [a] is more front than the RP. In contrast to the RP [a] the GA [a] has a different distribution 9hop, rob, doll, before [h,g] both [a], [o] (frog).
Articulatery and physiological classification of E vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
Accord to the degree of tenseness traditionally long vowels are defined as tense (напряженные) and short as lex (ослаблен). The tense and lex were introduced by Sweet. When the muscles of the lips, tongue, chicks and the back walls of the pharynx are tense, the vowels produced can be characterized as tense. When tense organs are relatively relaxed, lex vowels are produced. The Rus v – s are not differentiated according to the tenseness.
Eng v- s can be checked and unchecked. Checked v – s are those which occur in stressed closed syllables, ending in a fortis voiceless cons, e.g. [e] in bed, letter. The checked v – s are pronounced without any lessening in the force of utterance towards their end. Unchecked v – s are those, which occur terminally or are followed by a lenis voiced cons, e.g. [i:]. There are no checked v – s in Rus. All of them are unchecked.
According to the length Eng vowels are subdivided into long and short. Vowel length may depend on:
1position of the vowel in a word
2word stress
3the number of syllables in a word
4the character of the syllable structure
5sonority
1. positions of dependants of length can be illustrated by the following example [bi: - bid – bit]. In the terminal конец position a vowel is the longest it shortness before a voiced consonant, it is the shortest before a voiceless consonant.
2. a vowel is longer in a stressed syllable than in unstressed one: fOrecast - fourcAst.(прогноз – предсказывать погоду). In the verb [o] is shorter than in the noun, though it maybe pronounced with [o] equally long.
3. if we compare a one syllable word and a word consisting of more than one syllable, we may observe that similar vowels are shorter in a polysyllabic word. Thus in the word verse (стих) [3:] is longer than in university.
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4. In words with V,CV,CCV type of syllable the vowel length is greater than in words with VC,CVC, CCVC type of syllable. Ex. [3:] is longer in err (ошибаться) (V type) than in Earn (VC type).
5. vowels of low sonority are longer than vowels of greater sonority. It is so because the speaker makes more affort to produce greater auditory effect, while pronouncing vowels of lower sonority thus making them longer. Ex. [i] is longer than [o], [i:] is longer than [a:]
Besides vowel length depends on the tempo of speech.
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