Base forms which end in a consonant plus -y

If the base form ends in a consonant plus -y (e.g. carry, hurry, study, try, worry), then -y changes to -ied to make the past form and the -ed form. The - y ending does not change in the -ing form.

base form	-ing form	past simple	-ed form
study	studying	studied	studied
hurry	hurrying	hurried	hurried

Base forms which end in vowel + single consonant

If the base form ends in a vowel followed by a single consonant and if the last syllable is stressed (e.g. begin, drop, occur, refer, run, shop, stop, transfer), then the consonant is doubled. If the last syllable is not stressed (e.g. benefit, happen, open, order, profit), then the consonant is not doubled. (Stressed syllables are underlined in the table.)

base form	-ing form	past simple	-ed form
com mit	committing	committed	committed
de ve lop	developing	developed	developed
pre fer	preferring	preferred	preferred
vi sit	visiting	visited	visited

Vowel + l

The consonant is doubled if the base form ends in a vowel + l, whether the last syllable is stressed or not.

base form	-ing form	past simple	-ed form
tra vel	travelling	travelled	travelled
con trol	controlling	controlled	controlled

See also:

 

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