Verbs related to nouns
Could you hand me the dictionary?
We should position the noticeboard where everyone can see it.
I’ll email Sally to see if she is free on Thursday.
Verbs related to adjectives
I needed to calm my nerves before the interview.
The government hopes to slow the growth in road traffic over the next five years.
As they get older, most people’s hair starts to thin.
Compound verbs
Compound verbs are two words which combine to make one meaning. The first word is usually a noun, an adjective or a preposition, and the second word is a verb. The words are sometimes written as one word and sometimes joined by hyphens. A good learner’s dictionary will tell you how the compound is normally written:
hand-wash (noun + verb)
highlight (adjective + verb)
overcome (preposition + verb)
Sorry, I was daydreaming. What did you say?
Do you have to hand-wash this sweater or can it go in the washing machine?
The airline upgraded me to business class.
Compound verbs are much less common than compound nouns or compound adjectives.
Verbs: types
Main verbs
Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states. Most verbs in English are main verbs:
We went home straight after the show.
It snowed a lot that winter.
Several different types of volcano exist.
Linking verbs
Some main verbs are called linking verbs (or copular verbs). These verbs are not followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by phrases which give extra information about the subject (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases). Linking verbs include:
| appear | feel | look | seem | sound |
| be | get | remain | smell | taste |
| become |
A face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (prepositional phrase)
He ’s a cousin of mine. (noun phrase)
This coat feels good. (adjective phrase)
She remained outside while her sister went into the hospital. (adverb phrase)
See also:
§ Linking verbs
§ Adjective phrases
§ Nouns
Auxiliary verbs
There are three auxiliary verbs in English: be, do and have. Auxiliary verbs come before main verbs.
Auxiliary be
Auxiliary be is used to indicate the continuous and the passive voice:
I ’m waiting for Sally to come home. (continuous)
Her car was stolen from outside her house. (passive)
See also:
§ Future continuous (I will be working)
§ Passive
Auxiliary do
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Auxiliary do is used in interrogative, negative and emphatic structures:
Does she live locally? (interrogative)
They didn’t know which house it was. (negative)
I do like your new laptop! (emphatic, with spoken stress on do)
See also:
§ Interrogative clauses
§ Negation
§ Do as an auxiliary verb
Auxiliary have
Auxiliary have is used to indicate the perfect:
I ’ve lost my memory stick. Have you seen it anywhere? (present perfect)
She had seen my car outside the shop. (past perfect)
See also:
§ Present perfect simple (I have worked)
§ Past perfect simple (I had worked)
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