At the Cardiological Department
At the cardiological department there are patients with cardiovascular diseases: infarctions, strokes, cardiac insufficiency, congenial heart defects, ischemic heart disease, angina pectoris and others. One major form of cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis (атеросклероз). Atherosclerosis is a medical term for clogged arteries.
Hypertension (гіпертензія) is chronic high blood pressure. It creates several conditions that can severely damage the cardiovascular system. It can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood, thus weakening it. This increases the chances of a clot forming (утворення тромбу).
A coronary thrombosis is an obstruction caused by plaque deposits in a coronary artery. An obstruction can prevent circulation in the heart muscle. This causes a heart attack (серцевий напад). The common signals of a heart attack are:
• Uncomfortable pressure, fullness (розпирання), squeezing (стискання), or pain in the centre of the chest that lasts for more than two minutes.
• Pain that spreads to the shoulders, neck, jaw, or arms.
• Paleness, dizziness, sweating, fainting, nausea, or shortness of breath.
A stroke (інсульт) can occur at any time or place. People who have high blood pressure are frequently at risk of having a stroke. The nurse must know how to take care of patients with cardiovascular diseases and be attentive to them.
3.Post-reading activities
3.1 Choose the terms from the text which correspond to the following definitions:
chronic high BP
chest pain caused by narrowed coronary arteries
consequence of a coronary thrombosis
3.2 Give the Ukrainian equivalents:
clogged arteries; pump harder to pump blood; unaware of their problem; prevent circulation in the heart muscle; at risk of having a stroke; the common signals of a heart attack.
3.3 Give the English equivalents:
артеріальний тиск; наносять шкоду серцево-судинній системі; утворення тромбу; серцевий напад; інсульт; раптова тимчасова слабкість; стискання; заважають циркуляції крові в серцевому м’язі.
3.4 Answer the questions to the text:
1. What heart diseases do you know? 2. What is one of the major forms of cardiovascular disease? 3. What can hypertension cause? 4. What people are frequently at risk of having a stroke? 5. What must the nurse know?
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3.5 Say if it is true or false:
1. Atherosclerosis is a medical term for clogged arteries.
2. A coronary thrombosis is an obstruction caused by plaque deposits in a coronary vein.
3. An obstruction can prevent circulation in the heart muscle.
4. The best way to survive a heart attack is to be aware of its warning signals and seek immediate help.
5. People who have low blood pressure are frequently at risk of having a stroke.
Grammar
Past Perfect
| Past Perfect | He She We | had read the text | by that time. |
Exercise 1 Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Past Perfect.
1.I (to translate) the text before the bell.
2.She (to do) her lessons by the evening.
3.He (to clean) his room by five o’clock.
4.We (to speak) to him before the meeting.
5.Mother (to cook) dinner by seven o’clock.
Exercise 2 Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:
1. She had made a dress before party.
2. They had done the work by three o’clock.
3. She has written the exercise before the bell.
4. The students had done a test by twelve o’clock.
Exercise 3 Поставте дієслова, які стоять у дужках, у Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
1. They (to write) the control work last Friday. b) These students (to write) the control work by that time. 2. a) We already (to see) that film. b) I (to see) that film by 5 o’clock yesterday. 3. a) I (to be) in London by the end of the year. b) They never (to be) abroad. 4. a) This student (to work) hard last term. b) These students (to work) hard by that time. 5. а) I (to do) my homework. Here it is. b) We (to do) our task by Monday.
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