Classification of Epithets
From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into:
1) Simple (adjectives, nouns, participles): e.g. He looked at them in animal panic.
2) Compound: e.g. apple - faced man;
3) Sentence and phrase epithets: e.g. It is his do - it – yourself attitude.
4) Reversed epithets - composed of 2 nouns linked by an of phrase: e.g. “a shadow of a smile”.
Semantically epithets according to I.R.Galperin are:
1 ) associated with the noun following it, pointing to a feature which is essential to the objects they describe: dark forest; careful attention.
2) unassociated with the noun, epithets that add a feature which is unexpected and which strikes the reader: smiling sun, voiceless sounds.
According to another classification of epithets (V.A.Kucharenko):
1) Tautological epithets: “ green grass”
2) Evaluative epithets: “ a pompously majestic female ”
3) Descriptive epithets: “ an unnaturally mild day”
4) Metaphorical epithets: “ the smiling sun ”
5) Metonymical epithets: “the sleepless pillow ”
Oxymoron is a conjunction of seemingly contradictory notions. Itis a combination of two words in which the meaning is opposite in sense: e.g. speaking silence, cold fire, living death. “And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true” (A.Tennison).
Trite oxymoron. E.g. awfully beautiful.
Close to oxymoron is paradox - a statement that is absurd on the surface. E.g. War is peace. The worse - the better.
If the primary meaning of a qualifying word is changed the stylistic effect of oxymoron is lost. In oxymoron the logical meaning holds fast because there is no true word combination.
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