The Types of Repetition on the Lexico-Syntactical Level
· anaphora a…, a…, a…
(Implies identity of initial parts of two or more autonomous syntactical segments (verse lines, stanzas, paragraphs, etc.), adjacent or at a distance in the text, yet obviously connected semantically),e.g.:
I love your hills,
I love your walls,
I love your flocks and bleating. (Keats)
· epiphora …a, …a, …a.
(As opposed to anaphora implies recurrence of one or several elements concluding two or more syntactical units), e.g.:
I wake up and I am alone
and I walk round Warley and I am alone;
and I talk to people and I am alone
and I look at his face when I’m home and it’s dead. (J.Br.)
· framing abca.
(The term is used to denote the recurrence of the initial segment at the very end of a syntactic unit, by which a kind of frame is formed with the help of recurring words)
· anadiplosis (catch repetition) …a, a…
(Greek “doubling”; the final element of a syntactical unit recurs at the very beginning of the succeeding unit, the concluding part of the preceding unit serves the starting point of the next)
· chain repetition …a, a…b, b…c, c…
(Presents several successive anadiploses, the effect is that of the smoothly developing reasoning, e.g.:
Living is the art of loving.
Loving is the art of caring.
Caring is the art of sharing.
Sharing is the art of living. (W.H.D.)
· ordinary repetition …a, …a…, a… (has no definite place in the sentence and the repeated unit occurs in various positions; ordinary repetition emphasizes both the logical and the emotional meanings of the reiterated unit).
· successive repetition … a, a, a … is a string of closely following each other reiterated units; this is the most emphatic type of repetition, it signifies the peak of the speaker’s / writer’s emotions.
Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices (LSSD) (V.A.Kucharenko)
Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices (LSSD) are based on the binary opposition of lexical features of analogy and contrast and united by the syntactical feature of recurrence:
1) ANALOGY::RECURRENCE (Simile, Climax, Periphrasis)
2) CONTRAST::RECURRENCE (Anticlimax, Antithesis, Litotes)
Simile is a figure of speech based on similarity of objects belonging to different semantic groups: “A style without metaphor and simile is to me like a day without the sun, or woodland without birds” (Lucas)
“Sometimes she seemed invisible like peace ” (Gr.Green)
Simile consists of 3 components:
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1) tenor (the object, which is compared);
2) vehicle (the object or the notion, with which tenor is being compared;
3) tertium comparationis (thebasis of comparison, the group of words, having the qualities of both components: tenor and vehicle ). “ They make an impression easily like a ship in water”.
Tertium comparationis denotes a feature, quality, action, impression or attitude. The formal markers are: like; as…as; as though; as if; such as; seem.
Stylistic functions of simile:
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