II. Intensification of a Feature
(Lexico-Syntactical SD in V.A. Kukharenko’s classification)
Simile. The intensification of some feature of the concept is realized in a device called simile. Similes set one object against another regardless of the fact that they may be completely alien to each other. The simile gives rise to a new understanding of the object. The properties of an object maybe viewed from different angles, i. e. its state, its actions, and manners. Accordingly, similes may be based on adjective - attributes, adverb - modifiers, verb - predicates etc.
Similes have formal elements in their structure: connective words such as like, as, such as, as if, seem.
Periphrasis - is a round - about way of speaking used to name some object or phenomenon. Longer phrase is used instead of a shorter one. Some periphrases are traditional. E.g. The fair sex. My better half.
Periphrases are divided into:
1. Logical - based on inherent properties of a thing.
E.g. Instrument of destruction, the object of administration.
2. Figurative - based on imagery: metaphor, metonymy.
E.g. To tie a knot - to get married; in disgrace of fortune - bad luck.
Euphemistic periphrases are used to avoid some unpleasant things, or taboo things. E.g. To pass away - to die.
Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration, the aim of which is to intensify one of the features of the object in question to such a degree as to show its utter absurdity. Like many SDs, hyperbole may lose its quality as a SD through frequent repetition and become a unit of the language as a system, reproduced in speech in its unaltered from. E.g. A thousand pardons, scared to death, immensely obliged.
Hyperbole is a device which sharpens the reader's ability to make a logical assessment of the utterance. This is achieved, as in case with other devices, by awakening the dichotomy of thought and feeling where thought takes the upper hand though not to the detriment of feeling.
Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally to express a highly emotional attitude towards the thing described: “He was all starch and vinegar. ” (D.) “The girls were dressed to kill” (J.Br.)
Litotes is a device in which an affirmation is expressed by denying its contrary. Usually litotes presupposes double negation. One through a negative particle (no, not), the other - through a word with negative meaning. Its function is to convey doubts of the speaker concerning the exact characteristics of the object or a feeling.
Litotes is a trope in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative or vice versa: “It was not without a certain wild pleasure I ran before the wind (Jane Eyre). E.g. It's not a bad thing - It's a good thing.
E.g. He is no coward. - He is a brave man.
E.g. He was not without taste.
Structural patterns of litotes:
1) The presence of the key-element “not”. “It is not unreasonable.”
2) The key-element “too” + “not”. “I am not too sure.”
3) The key-element “ rather, pretty, scarcely, etc…”
Table9
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