The metaphorical group (metaphor, personification, allegory).
Metaphor is a trope in which words denoting one object are transferred (or associated with) to others to indicate a resemblance between them.
Metaphor indicates resemblance or similarity of:
a) Shape: Her eyes were two profound and menacing gun barrels.
b) Function: He is a fox.
c) Position: It was the iron skeleton of the mill.
Verbs: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, some few to be chewed and digested. (F.Bacon)
Nouns: “ They walked along, two continents of experience and feeling, unable to communicate”. (W.G.) Hamlet knew that, potentially at least, he was a whole symphonyorchestra.
Adjectives: Sleepless nights; dying flowers; blue dream.
Structurally metaphors are simple or sustained (prolonged, extended):
“ I had a stable of promises and I believed those promises. I rode those promises, hard, once to a bad fall (Stephens).
The components of a metaphor;
1) tenor;
2) vehicle;
3) Tertium comparationis.
He bent his head and with a single hasty glance (tenor) seemed to dive into my eyes (vehicle).
Personification is based on transference from the qualities of animate objects to inanimate ones: “ The bare old elm trees wrung their many hands in the bleak wintry air…”
The metonymical group (metonymy, synecdoche) is based on contiguity (really existing relations) between 2 objects.
The relations are: causal, symbolic, spatial, instrumental, and functional:
1) The relations of the container and … contained: “…село – все с ясносиними глазами. ”; “ Tom and Roger came back to eat an enormous tea and then played tennis till light failed.” (S.M.)
2) The relations of the instrument and the action: “ Give every man thy ear, and few thy voice.” (Shakespeare).
3) Symbol and notions: Throne, Crown, Laurel.
4) Cause and effect: “ He takes the death.”
5) General and its part: “ A student is expected to know…”
6) Subject and its property: “He made his way through the perfume and conversation. ” (I.Sh.)
7) Abstract notions denoting emotional state instead of people who experience these emotions: “ Стоногий стон бредет за колесницей” (М.Петровых); “Many of the hearts that throbbed so gaily then, have ceased to beat; many of the looks that shone so brightly then, have ceased to glow.” (D.)
8) Synecdoche: using the name of a part instead of the whole or vice versa: “To be a comrade with a wolf and owl.”
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Fresh and trite (dead) metonymy: brass (money), china (porcelain) but “ She saw around her, clustered about the white tables, multitudes of violently red lips, powdered cheeks, cold hard eyes, self-possessed arrogant faces, and insolent bosoms. (A.B.)
Stylistic functions of tropes:
1) bringing out the message of the work of art: “ A Farewell To Arms”, “ For Whom the Bell Tolls”, “Say No To Death”;
2) serving as a kind of symbol: “ the roaring sea ” (anxiety)
3) expressing the philosophical concept: “ All the King’s Men”;
4) expressing the emotive and evaluative attitude of the writer towards the object described: ” The Peacelike Mongoose” (J.Thurber)
5) Describing characters: “The machine sitting at the desk was no longer a man, it was a busy N.Y. broker” (O.Henry)
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