Методические рекомендации по работе с глоссарием дисциплины
Профессионально-ориентированный иностранный язык
Данный глоссарий представлен в виде лексического минимума небольшого объема с целью облегчения работы над учебным материалом УМКД. Так как данная дисциплина не является теоретическим курсом (не предусмотрены лекции), и при ее изучении не будут рассматриваться теоретические термины, в данном глоссарии отражены только лексические единицы необходимые для усвоения вокобуляра. Рекомендуется полное изучение данных единиц студентами.
Список основной и дополнительной литературы
Основная литература
1. Пособие по английскому языку. Р.Н. Лотовская, С.М. Сениев. «Высшая школа», 1988.
2. Английский язык. Н.В. Агеенко. Самара, 2005
Дополнительная литература
1. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов заочного отделения ИГНД. Издательство Томского политехнического университета, 2009
2. Oil and Gas. Oxford English for careers. Lewis Lansford, D’Arcy Vallance, 2010
ТЕМАТИКА СРО
объем СРО – 60 часов
1. Preparing report on the theme “The economy of Kazakhstan” 8 ч.
2. Preparing presentation “Marketing systems in different countries” 7 ч.
3. Preparing report on theme “Engineering in Kazakhstan” 8 ч.
4. Preparing report on theme “The development of constructional infrastructure in
Kazakhstan” 7 ч.
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5. Preparing a speech on theme “The development of Informational Technologies” 8 ч.
6. Preparing report on the theme “The ecological environment” 7 ч.
7. Preparing report on the theme “Kazakhstani Diplomacy” 8 ч.
8. Preparing report on the theme “Oil and Gas industry” 7 ч.
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Методические рекомендации по выполнению СРО.
Самостоятельная работа обучающегося данной дисциплины представлена в виде 8 тем на семестр обучения (4 семестр). Общий объем трудоемкости СРО составляет 60 часов – 7-8 часов на каждую тему. Рекомендуется написание докладов, рефератов, подготовка презентаций, проектов по заданной тематике. Также рекомендуется подготовка индивидуального чтения оригинальных источников на английском языке 5 страниц в неделю. Студент обязан сдать задания в течение семестра для получения необходимых баллов для рейтинг контроля.
Карта учебно-методической обеспеченности дисциплины
| Автор, название, год выпуска | Всего (шт) | |
| В библиотеке | На кафедре | |
| 1. Пособие по английскому языку. Р.Н. Лотовская, С.М. Сениев. «Высшая школа», 1988. 2. Английский язык. Н.В. Агеенко. Самара, 2005 3. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов заочного отделения ИГНД. Издательство Томского политехнического университета, 2009 4. Oil and Gas. Oxford English for careers. Lewis Lansford, D’Arcy Vallance, 2010 | есть есть есть есть | есть нет нет нет |
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UNIT 1 THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The economy comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities, all taking decisions about prices and wages, what to buy, sell, produce, export, import and many other matters. All these organizations and the decisions they take play a prominent part in shaping the business environment in which firms exist and operate.
The economy is complicated and difficult to control and predict, but it is certainly important to all businesses. You should be aware that there are times when businesses and individuals have plenty of funds to spend and there are times when they have to cut back on their spending. This can have enormous implications for business as a whole.
When the economy is enjoying a boom, firms experience high sales and general prosperity. At such times, unemployment is low and many firms will be investing funds to enable them to produce more. They do this because consumers have plenty of money to spend and firms expect high sales. It naturally follows that the state of the economy is a major factor in the success of firms.
However, during periods when people have less to spend many firms face hard times as their sales fall. Thus, the economic environment alters as the economy moves into a recession. At that time, total spending declines as income falls and unemployment rises. Consumers will purchase cheaper items and cut expenditure on luxury items such as televisions and cars.
Changes in the state of the economy affect all types of business, though the extent to which they are affected varies. In the recession of the early 1990s the high street banks suffered badly. Profits declined and, in some cases, losses were incurred. This was because fewer people borrowed money from banks, thus denying them the opportunity to earn interest on loans, and a rising proportion of those who did borrow defaulted on repayment. These so-called "bad debts" cut profit margins substantially. Various forecasters reckoned that the National Westminster Bank's losses in the case of Robert Maxwell's collapsing business empire amounted to over £100 million.
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No individual firm has the ability to control this aspect of its environment. Rather, it is the outcome of the actions of all the groups who make up society as well as being influenced by the actions of foreigners with whom the nation has dealings.
VOCABULARY NOTES
To comprise
local authorities
to take (syn.to make) decisions
To play a prominent part
To shape the environment
to predict (syn.toforecast)
To be aware
To cut back on spending
Enormous implications
general prosperity
To enable smb. to do smth.
Consumers
To alter
a recession
Total spending
To decline
Income
Unemployment
to purchase (syn.tobuy)
to cut expenditure
Luxury items
to affect (syn.toinfluence smb. smth)
The extent
To some extent
The high street banks
To suffer badly
Profits
to incur (syn.to bear, to suffer) losses
To borrow from
To deny the opportunity
To deny
To earn interest
Loans
to default on repayment
A debt
Profit margins
The outcome of the actions
To make up society
To have dealings
Assignments (задания)
I. Suggest the Russian equivalents
the government and local authorities; firms experience high sales; their sales fall; total spending declines as income falls; luxury items; the high street banks suffered badly; to earn interest on loans; so-called "bad debts"
II. Replace the parts initalics by synonyms
The economy comprises millions of people; losses were incurred; the nation has dealings; changes in the state of the economy affect all types of business;
profits declined; losses amounted to over £ 100 million.
III. Increase your vocabulary
There is a set of words related to the wordeconomics. In a table we can show them like this.
| Econom | у | ||
| ics | |||
| ic | al | ly | |
| ist |
Each word has a different use. Try to put the right word in the blanks in these sentences:
1. Marx and Keynes are two famous __.
2. Those people are studying the science of__.
3. We sometimes call a person's work his __ activity.
4. People should be very __ with the money they earn.
5. The __ system of a country is usually called the national __.
6. The people in that town live very __.
The table shows how words are formed around the verbto produce.
| Produc | e | r | |
| t | iv(e) | ity | |
| ion |
Use these words in the suitable blanks in the sentences below:
1. The company __ a new commodity every year.
2. The company's newest __ is a special blue soap powder.
3. The __ of soap powders met last year to discuss prices.
4. That factory is not as __ now as it was 5 years ago.
5. The __ of that factory has gone down over the last 5 years.
6. The manager of the factory has decided that they must increase their of packets of soap powder.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text
1. The economy is complicated and difficult to __.
2. When the economy __, firms experience high sales and __.
3. The economic environment __ as the economy moves into __.
4. Changes in the state of the economy __ all types of business.
5. During a __ fewer people borrowed money from banks, thus __ to earn interest on __.
6. So-called "bad debts" cut __ substantially.
7. The economic __ is __ of all the groups who make up society as well as __ of the actions of foreigners with whom the nation __.
VII. Answer the questions
1. What does the economy comprise?
2. What's a boom in the economy? What characterises the state of the economy at that time?
3. What happens when the economy moves into a recession?
4. What are "bad debts"?
5. What happened to some banks in the early 1990s and why?
UNIT 2 MARKETS
The Role of Market
Reports in the press tend to say "the market did this" or "the market expected good news on the economic front", as if the market were a single living entity with a single conscious mind. This is not, of course, the case. To understand reports of market behaviour you have to bear in mind the way the market works.
A market is simply a mechanism, which allows individuals or organizations to trade with each other. Markets bring together buyers and sellers of goods and services. In some cases, such as a local fruit stall, buyers and sellers meet physically. In other cases, such as the stock market, business can be transacted over the telephone, almost by remote control. There's no need to go into these details. Instead, we use a general definition of markets.
A market is a shorthand expression for the process by which households' decisions about consumption of alternative goods, firms' decisions about what and how to produce, and workers' decisions about how much and for whom to work are all reconciled by adjustment of prices.
Prices of goods and of resources, such as labour, machinery and land, adjust to ensure that scarce resources are used to produce those goods and services that society demands.
Much of economics is devoted to the study of how markets and prices enable society to solve the problems of what, how and for whom to produce. Suppose you buy a hamburger for your lunch. What does this have to do with markets and prices? You chose the cafe because it was fast, convenient and cheap. Given your desire to eat, and your limited resources, the low hamburger price told you that this was a good way to satisfy your appetite. You probably prefer steak but that is more expensive. The price of steak is high enough to ensure that society answers the "for whom" question about lunchtime steaks in favour of someone
else.
Now thinkabout the seller's viewpoint. The cafe owner is in business because, given the price of hamburger meat, the rent and the wages that must be paid, it is still possible to sell hamburgers at a profit. If rents were higher, it might be more profitable to sell hamburgers in a cheaper area or to switch to luxury lunches for rich executives on expense accounts. The student behind the counter is working there because it is a suitable part-time job, which pays a bit of money. If the wage were much lower it would hardly be worth working at all. Conversely, the job is unskilled and there are plenty of students looking for such work, so owners of cafes do not have to offer very high wages.
Prices are guiding your decision to buy a hamburger, the owner's decision to sell hamburgers, and the student's decision to take the job. Society is allocating resources – meat, buildings, and labour – into hamburger production through the price system. If nobody liked hamburgers, the owner could not sell enough at a price that covered the cost of running the cafe and society would devote no resources to hamburger production. People's desire to eat hamburgers guides resources into hamburger production. However, if cattle contracted a disease, thereby reducing the economy's ability to produce meat products, competition to purchase more scarce supplies of beef would bid up the price of beef, hamburger producers would be forced to raise prices, and consumers would buy more cheese sandwiches for lunch. Adjustments in prices would encourage society toreallocate resources to reflect the increased scarcity of cattle.
There were several markets involved in your purchase of a hamburger. You and the cafe owner were part of the market for lunches. The student behind the counter was part of the local labour market. The cafe owner was part of the local wholesale meat market and the local market for rented buildings. These descriptions of markets are not very precise. Were you part of the market for lunches, the market for prepared food or the market for sandwiches to which you would have turned if hamburgers had been more expensive? That is why we have adopted a very general definition of markets, which emphasizes that they are arrangements through, which prices influence the allocation of scarce resources.
VOCABULARY NOTES
to bear in mind (syn.to keep in mind)
A local fruit stall
Stock market
to transact business (syn.to make a deal)
By remote control
To go into details
A general definition
A shorthand expression
Households' decisions
to reconcile
By adjustment of prices
To demand
given (syn.taking into account, consideration)
limited resources
To satisfy one's appetite
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