Discuss briefly the organization of further education in Britain and the main types of universities.

The role of UCAS in advising the school graduates to chose the appropriate university.

Young people at 16 have several options: l) stay on at school until 18 to obtain the necessary qualifications for entry to higher education or certain caress, professions. 2) to leave school but to continue full-time education in different further education institutions: the polytechnics, colleges of further education, of technology, of commerce, art, agricultural colleges, drama schools, art schools— All they have links with local industry and commerce.

British universities are independent, autonomous, self-governing institutions created from former polytechnics under the education reform Act 1988 &Further and Higher education Act 1992. They are financially supported by the state; the Department of Education & Science has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examinations, and appointment of staff...

3 groups; l) The Oxford, the Cambridge, the elder Scottish universities of St Andrew, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Oxford is older, more philosophical, classical, and theological. Cambridge is more scientifically based. Both are like a federation of colleges, dominated British education for 7 hundred years.

2) The universities in Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Nottingham, Sheffield. The University of London the largest conventional university, established by the union of 2 colleges; University College and King's College, has many different faculties and departments.
3) The new universities were founded after the 2nd World War, became popular because of their modern approach to university courses. Keele University(1948), 1961- in East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Lancaster, Sussex, Warwick, York. The traditional faculty structure there has been avoided to prevent overspecialization. Polytechnics are centers for advanced courses in a wide range of subjects, take part-time students and serve as comprehensives of further education, take full-time students- their work is of university level (it's the higher education sector within further education).

The Open University (1969) created by the Labour Government to cater for people who hadn't had a chance to enter any other university, those above normal student age (21 and over). No formal academic qualifications are required for entry, distance learning. It's a non-residential university, includes work with part-time tutors. The time of staying here is unlimited. Admission to universities is by examination or interviews.

Entrance requirements for degree courses are set by universities. Applications for undergraduate courses are dealt with by UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admission Service). Every applicant can apply to several universities. Those who have chosen Oxford and Cambridge universities in addition apply to those universities directly. Application forms have to be completed by 15 December for courses beginning in October of the following year. UCAS forwards the copies of the applications to all universities listed in the form, gets the replies from the universities and provides a statement to the applicants setting out the details of these decisions. If the applicants fulfill the conditions they are given places in the universities concerned.

An academic year usually begins in the autumn and is divided into three terms.

Give a general survey of the main 8 economic regions of the U.K., the main cities of each region. Expand on the role of the British Economy

Today Britain is no longer the leading industrial nation of the world, which it was during the last century.

Today Britain is 5th in size of its gross domestic product(GDP).Britain's share in world trade is about 6%, which means that she is also the 5th largest trading nation in the world. Trade with the countries of the European Union, Commonwealth countries.

British economy based on private enterprise. The policy of the government is aimed at encouraging & expanding the private sector. Result: 751 of the economy are controlled by the private sector which employs 3/4of the labour force. Less than 2% of working population is engaged in agriculture. Due to large-scale mechanization productivity in agriculture is very high: it supplies nearly 2/3 of the countries food. The general location of industry: 80%_Of industrial production –England. In Wales, Scotland & Northern Ireland level of industry is lower than in England. This gap between England & the outlying regions increased because of the decline of the traditional industries, which are heavily concentrating in Wales, N.Ireland, Scotland.

GB may be divided into 8 economic regions: 1) the South industrial & agricultural region 2}the Midlands 3)Lancashire 4)Yorkshire 5)the North 6)Scotland 7) Wales & Northern Ireland

SCOTLAND
S. is divided into 3 parts: the Scottish Highlands occupies the mountain area in the northern part of the country, the Southern Uplands, covers lower hill area in he south £ the Central Lowlands occupying the wide valley which separates the other two areas.

The Central Lowlands is industrial heart of Scotland. Glasgow is seaport (trade with North America). Textile and clothing production is important, food products, furniture (office equipment are manufactured, (blending at Scotch whisky. Edinburgh -textile, paper manufacture, printing and publishing. Aberdeen - north Sea oil; fishing industry. The natural conditions ofScotland have affected agriculture. The Central Lowlands -suited for canning, arable farming -in the east { barley, oats and wheat). In the Southern Uplands - sheep raising.
NORTHERN IRELAND. Northern Ireland has one of the largest concentrations of man-made fibre production in Western Europe. Textile manufacture is in Belfast. The manufacture of clothing and footwear is .developed. Londonderry specializes in the manufacture of shirts. Belfast is the province's main port. Belfast - textile manufacture, shipbuilding, aircraft production, electrical engineering & food processing.
THE MIDLANDS

Situated in the centre of GB between the South region and Lancashire Yorkshire. Leading industrial region. Engineering& finishing of metals. Often is called the Black Country due to its mass industrialization. Birmingham -tradition of making guns. Famous articles in gold & silver. Producer of consumer goods. Coventry - motor industry. Wolver Hampton - heavy engineering, tyre production. Leicester & Nottingham - the knitwear

Industry & manufacture of knitting machines. Derby-important railway engineering centre. In the south-west -the Potteries, famous for its pottery and ceramics industry. Much of the region under grass. Dairy cattle -in the wetter west, beef cattle in the drier east. Sheep breeding. Principal crops -wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beet. Gardening.
LANCASHIRE

2 major centres: Mersevside (centre-Liverpool): chemical industry, motor car industry) and Greater Manchester (Manchester - general engineering,) Due to extensive industrial development agriculture is less developed.
YORKSHIRE Situated to the east of the Pennine mountains. 3 main industrial centres: Sheffield - a wide range of steel goods besides cutlery; Leeds - manufacture of cloathing, engineering); Scunthorpe - steel industry. Agriculture: sheep grazing on. The rough, pastures of area.

THE NORTH

2 main centers: 1-in the north-east near the rivers Tyne, Hear and Tees (Newcastle-upon-Tyne); 2-in the north-vest in Cumberland (Working ton, Whitehaven). Most important is the North -East (electrical engineerings engineering connected with construction work for the production of North Sea oil). Industrial development in the North-West is less extensive than in the North-East. Abundance of water- building a nuclear power station, which needs plenty of water for cooling. Agriculture is affected by the wet climate. Sheep grazing. In the North-East --more beef cattle than dairy cattle.
THE SOUTH ECONOMIC REGION The most important region in terms of Industry & agriculture.

Includes: all the South of England, both the South-East & theSouth-West. London -centre of everything. Clothing, furniture-makings jewellery. London's industries-.electrical engineering/ instrument production, radio engineering, aircraft production, the motor-ear industry. London -centre of the service industries, tourism.
OXFORD: educational centre; a large motor works were built in its suburb.
CAMBRIDGE: its industries connected with electronics & printing. LUTON: a major centre of car production. The Thames valley is an area of concentration of electronic engineering, microelectronics-"the sunrise strip". The South is a major agricultural region of GB. Agricultural Specialization is different in:-South West (the main farming activity -dairying);-South East (cereals).
WALES South Hales -main area of industrial activity, centre for consumer & office electronics, automotive components, chemical & materials, aerospace, manufacture of optical(electrical equipment. Tourism. Cardiff (coalmining & iron industry). North Hales is mountainous and industrialization has had little effect here. Sheep raising is the main occupation of the population

The economy of the United Kingdom is the seventh-largest national economy in the world measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), and the third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDP (after Germany and France) and second-largest measured by PPP (after Germany). The UK's GDP per capita is the 22nd highest in the world in nominal terms and the 22nd highest measured by PPP. The British economy encompasses (in descending order of size) the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

In the 18th century, as the transcendental agent of the Renaissance, the UK was the first country in the world to industrialise,[11] and during the 19th century possessed a dominant role in the global economy.[12] From the late-19th century the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States and Germany presented an increasing economic challenge to Britain. Despite victory, the costs of fighting both the First World War and Second World War further weakened the accountability of UK's public finance and resulted in the collapse of the British Empire, and by 1945 it had been superseded by the United States as the world's dominant economic power.[13] However, it still maintains a significant role, such as the area of financial industry in the world economy,[14][15][16] and the UK plans on the knowledge economy right underway.[17][18][19]

The UK has one of the world's most globalised economies.[20] London is the world's largest financial centre alongside New York[21][22][23] and has the largest city GDP in Europe.[24] As of December 2010 the UK had the third-largest stock of both inward and outward foreign direct investment (in each case after the United States and France).[25][26] The aerospace industry of the UK is the second- or third-largest national aerospace industry, depending upon the method of measurement.[27][28] The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the UK economy and the country has the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical R&D expenditures (after the United States and Japan).[29][30] The British economy is boosted by North Sea oil and gas reserves, valued at an estimated £250 billion in 2007.[31]

Since 1979 [32] and the latter Margaret Thatcher Government, most state-owned companies (utilities) were privatised and opened to public competition and listed in the UK's financial market to augment demand as well as supply in the British economy,[33][34][35][36][37] and UK government introduced indirect taxes rather than direct taxes to the public.[38] Government involvement in the British economy is exercised by HM Treasury, headed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Bank of England is the UK's central bank and its Monetary Policy Committee is responsible for setting interest rates. The currency of the UK is the pound sterling, which is also the world's third-largest reserve currency after the U.S. dollar and the euro.[39] The UK is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the European Union, the G7, the G8, the G20, the International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Bank, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. The UK is currently ranked seventh in the world in the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business Index.[

THE SOUTH ECONOMIC REGION The most important region in terms of Industry & agriculture.

Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape in United Kingdom City, Landscape, Whitby, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom District National Park near Hartsop, Cumbria, England, United Kingdom. Architecture, Stonehenge, World Heritage, Landscape, United

The Glorious Revolution славная революция , also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.

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