VI. Find key words and phrases which express the general meaning of each paragraph.
VII. Write a summary of the Text “How solar energy works”.
VIII. Look at the diagram below (Fig. 1) and label it with the words in the box.
Fig. 1. The solar power system
| battery | cables | controller | lamps | solar panel |
IX. Discuss with your groupmates or in pairs:
Is it possible to use solar energy for industrial purposes in our republic? Why? Why not?
X. Read and translate into Russian the manual for the solar panel battery.
How does the solar power system work? The panel converts the Sun’s energy into a direct current (DC) electric current. The current flows to the controller. Then it can flow from the controller to the lamps. Or it can flow from the controller into the battery. The battery stores the electricity. The current can flow from the battery into the lamps through the controller.
If the Sun shines, the DC current can flow from the panel, through the controller and into the lamps. If the Sun doesn’t shine, the current can flow from the battery, through the controller and into the lamps. If the lamps are off, the current can flow from the panel, through the controller, and into the battery.
The controller controls the flow of the current. If the battery is full, the controller stops the flow from the panel into the battery. If the battery is empty, the controller stops the flow from the battery into the lamps.
XI. Identify the equipment from the description. There are two extra words.
a) controller c) cable e) electrical current
b) solar panel d) battery f) radiator
1) It converts solar energy into electricity.
2) It stores the electricity.
3) It controls the flow of the current.
4) It flows from the panel, through the controller and into the lamps.
XII. These are the main parts of the system. Match the items with their specifications. Give abbreviations in words.
1) solar panel a) 12V 8W
2) controller b) DC
3) battery c) 5F
4) lamps d) 60W
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5) electrical current e) 12V 100Ah
XIII. Summarize the main parts of the system. Start with: «The system consists of a sixty watt solar panel, …».
Text 3.
I. Answer the following question and read the text below to check your answer:
What is the principle of harnessing wind power?
Vocabulary
to generate electricity производить электричество
renewable energy source возобновляемый источник энергии
windmill ветряная мельница
blades лопасти
to collect wind energy получать ветряную энергию
to slow down the speed замедлять скорость
to harness wind energy добывать ветряную энергию
to be connected to a drive shaft соединяться с ведущим валом (осью)
the direction of the rotating shaft направление вращающейся оси
to scatter over an area разбрасывать по территории
wind power plant ветряная станция
public utility company коммунальное предприятие
capacity производительность
to burn fuel сжигать топливо
to locate wind machines размещать ветряные турбины
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Wind Energy
Today, wind energy is mainly used to generate electricity. Wind is called a renewable energy source because the wind will blow as long as the sun shines.
Like old fashioned windmills, today’s wind machines use blades to collect wind energy. Windmills work because they slow down the speed of the wind. The wind flows over the airfoil shaped blades causing lift, like the effect on airplane wings, causing them to turn. The blades are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator to produce electricity.
There are two types of wind machines (turbines) used today based on the direction of the rotating shaft (axis): horizontal-axis and vertical-axis. The size of wind machines varies widely. Small turbines used to power a single home or business may have a capacity of less than 100 kilowatts. Some large commercial sized turbines may have a capacity of 5 million watts, or 5 megawatts. Larger turbines are often grouped together into wind farms that provide power to the electrical grid.
Wind power plants, or wind farms as they are sometimes called, are cluster of wind machines used to produce electricity. A wind farm usually has dozens of wind machines scattered over a large area. The world’s largest wind farm, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Texas, has 421 wind turbines that generate enough electricity to power 220 000 homes per year.
Unlike power plants, many wind plants are not owned by public utility companies. Instead they are owned and operated by business people who sell the electricity produced on the wind farm to electric utilities. These private companies are known as Independent Power Producers.
Wind plant owners must carefully plan where to locate their machines. Good sites for wind plants are the tops of smooth, rounded hills, open plains or shorelines, and, mountain gaps that produce wind tunneling.
Most of the wind power plants in the world are located in Europe and in the United Stated where government programs have helped support wind power development. The United States ranks second in the world in wind power capacity, behind Germany and ahead of Spain and India. Denmark ranks number six in the world in wind power capacity but generates 20 % of its electricity from wind.
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Wind energy is an economical power resource in many areas of the country. Wind is a clean fuel; wind farms produce no air or water pollution because no fuel is burned.
The most serious environmental drawbacks to wind machines may be their negative effect on wild bird populations and the visual impact on the landscape.
II. Fill in the correct prepositions, translate the phrases, then choose any five items and make up sentences of your own:
1) the wind blow __ long __ the sun shines; 2) slow __ the speed of the wind; 3) to be connected __ smth.; 4) to be based __ the direction of the axis; 5) to scatter __ a large area; 6) to be owned __ public utility companies.
III. Put the following sentences in the correct order according to the text:
1) __ Government programs adopted in Europe and in the USA support wind power development.
2) __ There are horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind machines.
3) __ Wind power plants are clusters of wind machines used to produce electricity.
4) __ Like old fashioned windmills, today’s wind machines use blades to collect the wind’s kinetic energy.
5) __ Wind plants may be owned by public utility companies or business people.
IV. Make the following statements true according to the text:
1) The blades are joined to a drive shaft that turns a windmill to produce electricity.
2) Small turbines may have a capacity of more than 100 kilowatts and some large turbines may have a capacity of 5 megawatts.
3) Many wind plants as well as power plants are not owned by public utility companies.
4) The negative effect on wild bird populations and the visual impact on the landscape are the most serious environmental advantages of wind machines.
V. Answer the following questions and give examples:
1) What is wind energy mainly used to?
2) Why is wind called a renewable energy source?
3) How did the early windmills look like?
4) How do windmills work?
5) What are wind machines based on?
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6) What are wind farms?
7) The world’s largest wind farm is located in Texas, isn’t it?
8) Who owns wind plants?
9) What sites are suitable for wind plants?
10) What are the advantages of wind energy?
11) What are the disadvantages of wind machines?
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