I. Read the text and be ready to do exercises that follow it.
Vocabulary
to deliver [di'livә] доставить, вручить
to require [ri'kwaiә] требовать
peat [pi:t] торф
shale [ʃeil] глинистый сланец
to convert [kәn'vә:t] превращать, конвертировать
fuel [fjuәl] топливо, горючее
pipeline ['paiplain] трубопровод, нефтепровод
to unload [‘ʌn’lәud] разгружать, выгружать
storage [’stә:ridʒ] хранение, склад, хранилище
furnace ['fә:nis] печка, очаг, горн, топка
powder [’paudә] порошок, пудра, порох
to crush [’кrʌʃ] давить, мять, уничтожать, толочь
to pulverize ['pʌlvәraiz] растирать в порошок, распылять
to blow [blou] (blew, blown) дуть
to attain [ә'tein] достигать
complete [kәm'pli:t] полный, законченный, совершенный
combustion [кәm’bʌstʃ (ә)n] сгорание
exhauster [lg'zә:stә] вытяжной вентилятор, пылесос
to drive [draiv] (drove, driven) управлять, править
to supervise ['sju:pәvaiz] смотреть, наблюдать
forced [fo:st] принудительный
forced air fans принудительная воздушная вентиляция
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to feed (fed, fed) кормить, подавать
Thermal Electrical Plants
Hydroelectric stations deliver power from great rivers, but still about 80 per cent of the required electric power is produced in thermal electrical plants. These plants burn coal, gas, peat or shale to make steam.
To understand how the energy of fuel is converted into electrical energy let us discuss the heat process and begin with the fuel.
Gas is delivered through gas pipelines. The coal (peat, shale) arrives in trains, and conveyors or cranes unload it for storage and bring it to the furnace. It is more effective to burn coal in the form of powder; therefore it is first crushed, pulverized and blown into furnaces. To attain complete combustion of the powder a large volume of air is needed, delivered by forced air fans, exhauster fans and smoke stacks. The steam boilers or steam generators supply the huge amount of high-pressure, high-temperature steam required to drive the high-power turbine-generators.
The kinetic energy of its steam acts against the blades of the turbine and rotates its shaft joined to the generator shaft.
A centralized control desk with panels and many instruments and automatic control devices supervises and monitors the plant, with 6nly a few operators.
II. Translate the following word combinations:
power input, continuous operation, voltage transformer, initial conditions, optimum process, correct choice, interior part, wide application, moderate temperature, blast furnace, raw materials, heat treatment, current of air, high-power turbine-generator, high-pressure, waste pipes, limited energy, mass production, forced air fans, exhauster fans, smoke stacks.
III. Fill in the blanks with the verbs.
to convert, to crush, to pulverize, to burn, to blow, to unload, to feed, to supervise, to bring, to monitor
1. Thermal electrical plants … solid fuels and gas.
2. The energy of solid fuels and gas is … to electrical energy.
3. Solid fuels are … by conveyors and cranes.
4. Solid fuels are …, … and … to the furnace.
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5. Generators are … by the huge amount of high pressure, high temperature steam.
6. A centralized control desk … and … the plant.
7. Electrical energy is … to various parts of the nearest region.
IV. Test. Choose the correct variant:
1. Thermal electrical plants produce …
a) a limited volume of electrical energy;
b) a large volume of electrical energy;
2. Thermal electrical plants are …
a) the main producer of electrical energy;
b) not the main producer of electrical energy.
3. Solid fuels are more effective in …
a) the form of powder;
b) not in the form of powder.
4. Generators are fed by …
a) gas;
b) high temperature steam.
5). The blades of a turbine rotate …
a) the generator shaft;
b) its shaft.
6). Thermal electrical plants employ …
a) water turbines;
b) gas and solid fuels.
V. Answer the questions :
1. Where are hydroelectric stations located?
2. What stations produce about 80 per cent of the required electric power?
3. What fuel do they work on?
4. What kinds of fuel do you know?
5. How is gas delivered?
6. How are solid fuels delivered?
7. In what form is the solid fuel burnt?
8. Why is a large volume of air needed for burning solid fuels?
9. What is used for this purpose?
10. What are generators fed by?
11. What does the kinetic energy of the steam do with the blades of the turbine?
12. What does the centralized control desk do?
13. Why are there only a few operators at such electrical plants?
Text 7.
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