II. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
1) Oil was formed from …
2) Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area by …
3) Crude oil is called “sweet” when it contains …
4) Crude oil is also classified by …
5) “Light” crude oil flows …, while “ heavy” crude oil is …
6) After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to …
7) A refinery runs …
8) One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces …
III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
1) For years the remains of animals and plants were covered by layers of fine rocks.
2) Tools and pipes are housed in a derrick.
3) Crude oil is called “sour” if it contains a small quantity of sulfur.
4) A refinery is larger than a football field.
5) At a refinery, various parts of the crude oil are joined into useable petroleum products.
6) Propane is used by many Americans to heat their homes.
IV. Match the synonyms:
1) layer a) exist
2) live b) low-sulfur
3) explore c) split
4) hole d) shift
5) sweet e) opening
6) instance f) create
7) heavy g) investigate
8) move h) stratum
9) separate i) weighty
10) break j) conduct
11) perform k) isolate
12) produce l) example
13) water m) marine
14) steady n) stable
V. Combine the words. Translate them into Russian.
1) crude a) well
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2) smelly b) countries
3) rock c) liquid
4) drilled d) components
5) producing e) valves
6) petroleum f) oil
7) various g) samples
8) small h) products
9) motor i) amount
10) heart j) gasoline
VI. Answer the following questions:
1) What helped the remains to run into crude oil?
2) Where is crude oil usually found in?
3) When does drilling begin?
4) What is crude oil measured in?
5) What are the main crude oil-producing countries?
6) What are the steps performed at all refineries?
7) What are the most petroleum products used for?
8) What do products made from petroleum include?
Text 4.
I. Read the text and be ready to do exercises that follow it.
Vocabulary
well [wel] скважина, колодец
vapor [’veɪpər] пар, испарения
convenience [kən’vi:njəns] удобство
limestone [’laɪm‚stəun] известняк
strata [streitə] пласт
byproduct [baiprədəkt] побочный продукт
mantle [’mæntəl] мантия
flammability [flæmə’biliti] воспламеняемость
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to issue [’ɪʃu:] вытекать, исходить
calorific ['kælərɪfik] тепловой, теплотворный
decay [dɪ’keɪ] гниение, распад
ignite [ɪg’naɪt] зажигать, загораться
feasible [’fi:zəbəl] выполнимый, возможный
extensive [ɪk’stensɪv] обширный, пространный
Natural Gas
Natural gas is a natural mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons found issuing from the ground or obtained from specially driven wells. The composition of natural gas varies in different localities. Its chief component, methane, usually makes up from 80 % to 95 % and the balance is composed of varying amounts of ethane, propane, butane, and other hydrocarbon compounds. Some of the hydrocarbons found in gasoline also occur as vapors in natural gas f by liquefying these hydrocarbons, gasoline can be obtained.
Although commonly associated with petroleum deposits it also I occurs separately in sand, sandstone, and limestone deposits. Some geologists theorize that natural gas is a byproduct of decaying vegetable matter in underground strata, while others think it may be primordial gases that rise up from the mantle. Because of its flammability and high calorific value, natural gas is used extensively as an illuminant and a fuel.
Natural gas was known to the ancients but was considered by them to be a supernatural phenomenon because, noticed only when ignited, it appeared as a mysterious fire bursting from the ground. One of the earliest attempts to harness it for economic use occurred in the early 19th cent, in Fredonia, N.Y. Toward the latter part of the 19th cent, large industrial cities began to make use of natural gas, and extensive pipeline systems have been constructed to transport gas.
Liquefied natural gas, or LNG, is natural gas that has been pressurized and cooled so as to liquefy it for convenience in shipping storage. The boiling point of natural gas is extremely low, and only in the 1970s did cryogenic technology advance enough to make the production and transport of LNG commercially feasible. Some of the natural gas moved to and from the United States is carried as LNG in special tankers.
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