І . Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations from the list below.
similar, leaf, clots, the heart muscle, blood, tongue, flow
1. The _______ may cause occlusion of blood supply to a vital organ.
2. Digitalis is obtained from the _______ of the digitalis.
3. Quinidine decreases the number of times _______ can contract in a given period of time.
4. Other nitrite drugs work in a manner _______ to that of nitroglycerin.
5. _______ and lymph are the liquid tissues of the body.
6. _______ moves food around during chewing.
7. Obstruction of the _______ of blood can lead to the back flow of blood.
ІІ . Choose the correct preposition.
1. Absorption of a drug is the process of movement of the drug to/ from the site of/in its application towards the general circulation.
2. In this process, physiochemical properties of/in drugs, their formulations, and route of administration are all important.
3. A prerequisite to absorption is that the drug must be able to enter into/at solution.
4. Thus, for example, in/on case of solid drug products (e.g. tablets) the ingredients must undergo disintegration, deaggregation, and dissolution.
ІІІ . Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the list.
Comprises, origin, influenced by, powerful, cultivation, entire, handling, recognized, position, obtained
1. Digitalis is an important cardiotonic drug, official in most pharmacopoeias of the world since the eighteenth century.
2. The drug contains a large number of glycosides, of which the most important from medicinal viewpoint are digitoxin, giditoxin and gitaloxin.
3. The total concentration of these three glycosides varies appreciably with the plant source and the conditions of growth.
4. Also, since all are the secondary glycosides derived by hydrolysis of some of sugars from the primary or parent glycosides occurring in the leaf, their concentration is dependant upon'the manner of treatment of the plant material following harvesting.
5. Nearly 30 other glycosides have been identified in the drug.
IV. Match the opposites and make sentences using them.
| 1. common | a. to reduce |
| 2. to increase | b. close |
| 3. to restore | c. to wreck |
| 4. similar | d. to worsen |
| 5. to raise | e. infrequent |
| 6. to divide | f. to combine |
| 7. to obtain | g. to lose |
| 8. to relieve | h. different |
| 9. distant | i. to decrease |
V. Answer the following questions.
1. What may cardiovascular drugs be divided into?
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2. What drugs are used to treat patients with heart failure?
3. What are digitalis glycosides obtained from?
4. What other sympathomimetics do you know?
5. When are vasodilators administered?
6. How do they act?
7. What drugs are used as vasodilators?
8. In what cases are anticoagulants administered?
9. How can heparin be made?
10. In what case would you prescribe heparin?
VI. Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
type of heart, force of, vessel, blood, local, chemical, myocardial, to restore
1. ___________ flow
2. ___________ bleeding
3. ___________ failure
4. ___________ substance
5. ___________ contraction
6. ___________ walls
7. ___________ heart rhythm
8. ___________ drugs
9. ___________ impulse
VII. Correct the following statements.
1. Digitalis glycosides are drugs which relax the muscles of vessel walls.
2. Digitalis glycosides can be made synthetically.
3. Nitrites are used to prevent the formation of clots.
4. Digitoxin is also used as a vasodilator.
5. Heparin is administered only intravenously.
6. Diuretics are used to increase blood pressure.
Speaking
I. Read the following dialogue and make your own using this vocabulary.
A Visit of a Pharmaceutical Firm Representative
Representative: Doctor, I would like to show you some pharmaceuticals. May I ask for a few minutes of your attention, please?
Doctor. Certainly. I have finished examining my patients and we can go upstairs to our office.
R. : It's very kind of you. Aren't I bothering you too much?
D.: Not at all. What hypotensive drugs do you have?
R. : We have normatencil which is used in the treatment of hypertension. The preparation regulates the figures of pressure and spares the kidney of a hypertonic patient preventing vascular complications and aggravation of the disease. Such a vascular kidney protection is a real advantage of the drug.
D. : Can it be used in ambulatory practice?
R. : To be sure! The ambulatory treatment is easily controlled as the preparation is not diuretic and does not contain reserpin.
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D. : So, what are the doses and how is it used?
R.: 1—2 tablets a day, 3 times a week or 20 days a month.
D. : And what about the contraindications?
R.: They are the same as in all hypotensive drugs.
D.: Leave me the signature, I will read it and call you tomorrow. Thank you for coming and good bye.
R. : Bye.
II. Work with a partner. Here are his answers. Ask him the questions.
Attending doctor: This patient is doing well with the treatment of heart failure but I want your idea on how to treat his hypertension.
Head of the department: ---------------------
A.: He is 53. Six years ago he consulted a physician because of morning headaches. Hypertension was found, and small doses of Phenobarbital were prescribed.
H: ---------------------
A.: No, there's no cardiovascular disease in the family. The heart failure has been corrected but the blood pressure stays round 180/110 mm Hg.
H: ---------------------
III. Speak on the following items:
- drugs which prevent blood clotting;
- drugs which are used to correct an abnormal heart rhythm;
- drugs which increase the amount of urine excreted by reducing the volume of blood and lowering heart pressure;
- drugs which increase the size of blood vessels by relaxing the muscles of the vessel walls.
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