Read the text about of the most widespread urinary system problem.
KIDNEY STONES
A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Men are more prone to get kidney stones than women, and around half of all people who have previously had a kidney stone will develop another one within five years. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor. 
But sometimes a stone will not go away. It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain. The following may be signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help:
о Extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away.
о Blood in your urine.
о Fever and chills.
о Vomiting.
о Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy.
о A burning feeling when you urinate. Initial treatment includes pain medication and oral or intravenous fluid to help the stone pass through the urine.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a procedure that uses shock waves to break up the stone without the need for surgery.
Surgery may be necessary if the stone is very large and if there is blockage of the affected kidney or infection.
Depending on the cause of your kidney stone, your doctor may prescribe medication or suggest dietary changes to prevent a recurrence. Also to help prevent any type of kidney stone you should drink more fluid. You should aim to drink at least three litres every 24 hours, or enough to make your urine clear rather than a yellow colour. Talk to your doctor for more advice on this.
2. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a kidney stone and how does it form?
2. Who is more prone to get kidney stones?
3. Do most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor?
4. When can't kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor?
5. Can you name the signs of kidney stones that need doctor's help?
6. What is the treatment of kidney stones?
7. When may surgery be necessary?
8. What can help to prevent kidney stones?
Say whether the sentences are true or false.
1.Kidney stone may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl.
2. Around half of all people who have previously had a kidney stone will nevei develop another.
3. Sometimes a stone may get stuck in the urinary tract and block the flow ol urine.
4. One of the main signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help is a sore throat.
5. Initial treatment of kidney stones includes surgery.
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6. There are no procedures that can remove kidney stones without surgery.
7. To help to prevent any type of kidney stone you should drink more fluid.
Retell the text.
The Reproductive System.
Репродуктивна система .
I. Vocabulary.
Read and learn the topical vocabulary.
ovum (pi. ova) — яйце;
ovary — яєчник;
uterus — матка;
fallopian tubes — фаллопієві труби;
fertilization — запліднення;
pregnancy — вагітність;
fetus — плід;
puberty period — період статевого дозрівання;
testis (pi. testes) — яєчко;
scrotum — мошонка;
spermatozoon (pi. spermatozoa) — сперматозоїд;
prostate gland — передміхурова залоза;
epididymis — придаток яєчка.
2. Match the definitions and terms.
1) the female sex cells a) placenta
2) the process of giving a birth b) ova
3) the birth of more than one baby from c) contraception
the same pregnancy
4) an organ that connects the embryo to d) multiple birth
the blood supply of the mother
5) any method used to prevent fertilization e) parturition
3. Form word combinations.
1. sex a) changes
2. human b) intercourse
3. sexual c) organs
4. physical d) cells
5. body e) beings
II. Reading.
Read the information about human reproduction. Get ready to comment the text.
HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Human reproduction is the process by which human beings create more of their own kind. A new individual develops from the joining together of two sex cells, one from a female parent and one from a male parent. The union of these cells is called fertilization.
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Biologists refer to sex cells as gametes. Females produce gametes called eggs or ova. Male gametes are called sperm. Fertilization may occur after a male delivers sperm to the female's egg by means of sexual intercourse. Fertilization begins a remarkable period of development in which the egg develops into a fully formed baby within the body of the female. This period of development, called pregnancy, takes about nine months.
At the beginning of pregnancy, the fertilized egg is smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. The egg develops into a growing mass of cells called an embryo. Gradually, the cells rearrange themselves to form tissues. By the end of the second month of pregnancy, all the major body organs and organ systems have formed and the embryo looks distinctly human. During the rest of pregnancy, the embryo is called a fetus. The fetus grows while its systems prepare for the day when they must function outside the mother's body. Pregnancy ends when the new baby passes out of the mother's body at birth.
Human beings are born with the body organs needed for reproduction. But reproduction cannot actually occur until these organs mature. This maturation process takes place during puberty, a period of several years in which a boy or girl goes through dramatic physical changes. These changes are regulated by certain hormones (chemicals produced by the body). Puberty begins during or just before the early teen-age years.
The reproductive systems of females and males differ greatly in shape and structure. But both systems are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport the eggs or sperm.
III. Post-reading activities.
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