V. Answer the following questions.
1. What diseases are the greatest killers in the modern society?
2. Are they always fatal?
3. What cardiovascular diseases do you know?
4. Explain what happens to a patient suffering from atherosclerosis.
5. How can the risk of atherosclerosis be reduced?
6. What is the medical name for a heart attack?
7. What happens to the victim during such an attack?
8. What is the cause of angina pectoris?
9. What may a stroke result in?
10. What are the most prominent symptoms of hypertension?
11. What modern medical advances can help a heart victim?
VI. Correct the following statements.
1. More than half of all deaths recorded in the world are caused by cancer.
2. Paralysis is caused by a severe muscle disease.
3. Atherosclerosis is a local widening of an artery.
4. With age, hypertension has a tendency to subside.
5. The patient with hypertension has no symptoms associated with central nervous system.
6. An attack of angina pectoris is usually caused by various aches.
VII. Translate into English.
1. Однією із причин розвитку атеросклерозу є порушення холестеринового обміну.
2. Як правило, стенокардія починається із нечастого болю у за-грудинній області.
3. Основним симптомом гіпертонії є підвищений артеріальний тиск.
4. Гострому інфаркту міокарда, особливо внаслідок тромбозу, іноді передує стенокардія і гіпертонія.
VIII. Read and say what disease it is.
1. One major form of cardiovascular disease is .... It is a medical term for clotted arteries. Over a period of time, an artery may be narrowed because of a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque. Plaque causes the once-smooth lining of an artery to become thick and rough. The opening to the artery narrows and its elasticity is reduced. The artery cannot expand and contract as it should. As a result, blood flow is affected. The heart must pump harder to force blood through the artery. Thus, blood pressure is increased. If too much plaque builds up in a blood vessel, it forms a thrombus, or a clot, that shuts off the flow of blood.
2. It is a chronic high blood pressure. It affects more than one in five adults in the world. What is most alarming about it is that over 25 percent of its victims are unaware of their problem. They do not know they need treatment that would relieve the condition.
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It creates several conditions that can severely damage the cardiovascular system. It can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood, thus weakening it. It can cause a speedier buildup of plaque on the walls of arteries. This increases the chances of clot formation. It may cause pressure severe enough to burst an artery wall. In many cases, the causes of this disease are not known.
3. This disease, especially when due to thrombosis, is sometimes preceded by a history of angina pectoris or primary hypertension. Many patients, however, have had no previous cardiovascular complaints. It is sometimes completely or relatively asymptomatic.
The most characteristic complaint is severe substernal oppression, often described as squeezing, pressing or constricting. Dyspnea is a common accompaniment; the patient complains that the crushing pressure on his chest prevents him from breathing properly. Nausea, vomiting, hiccups and abdominal distension sometimes occur. Extreme weakness and fear of impending death are occasionally present. The blood pressure usually falls within a few hours after onset of the attack.
Speaking
I. Complete the dialogue with the words and word combinations from the list below and act it out.
trouble, shortness of breath, the work, digitalis, free diet, arteries, salt
Dr. Young: Good morning, Mr. Hollister. How are you getting on?
Mr. Hollister: I've not been feeling well for the last week. I've had some…, and as you can see my legs are swollen now.
Dr. Y: Are you still taking your digitalis? Did you put any ... in your food?
Mr.H.: Well, Doctor, I've been out of ... for the last week. And it is hard for me to eat completely without salt. Doctor, could you tell me what my problem is?
Dr. Y.: I believe you have hardening of ... with the involvement of the heart. Now your heart is not able to perform ... it is supposed to. Regarding your treatment, I think you should continue to take one tablet of digitalis a day on a salt … . Otherwise you'll get in ... .
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Mr.H.: When shall I come back?
Dr. Y: Three weeks from today. Good-bye now and be careful.
Mr.H.: Bye. See you in three weeks.
II. Read the dialogue of exercise XXII again and choose the correct statements.
a) Хворий скаржився на задуху та набряк ніг.
b) У хворого не було скарг на задуху.
a) Хворий приймав по одній пігулці дигіталісу протягом тижня.
b) Хворий не приймав дигіталісу протягом тижня.
a) Хворий почувався добре.
b) У хворого була серцева недостатність.
a) Лікар порадив хворому дотримуватися безсольової дієти.
b) Хворий дотримувався безсольової дієти.
III. Use the words and word combinations from the list and ask questions to a patient suffering from a heart disease.
Complaints, to complain of, to have troubles with the heart, to have pain in the heart, the character of the pain, dull pain, sharp pain, to have pain after physical exertion, arterial pressure, angina pectoris, cardiac failure.
Cardiovascular drugs .
Серцево-судинні препарати .
1. Знання лексико-граматичних особливостей огляду наукової літератури;
2. Аналіз, порівняння, систематизація й коментування одержаної інформації;
3. Робота з іншомовними автентичними джерелами професійного та наукового змісту (журнальні статті, монографії, реферати тощо).
Lead-in
I. Learn the following words.
to affect – впливати;
to alter – змінювати;
to contract – скорочувати;
digitalis - дигіталіс, наперстянка;
to depress – пригнічувати;
vasodilator - ліки, що розширюють кровоносні судини;
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to relax – розслаблювати;
vessel – судина;
flow - течія, потік;
epinephrine – адреналін;
dilate – розширювати.
ІІ. Match the word with its definition.
| 1. digitalis glycosides | a. drugs which increase the amount of urine excreted |
| 2. antiarrhythmic | b. drugs which constrict muscle fibers around blood vessels |
| 3. quinidine | c. drugs which prevent blood clotting |
| 4. vasodilators | d. an antiarrhythmic drug; helps to restore the heart rhythm |
| 5. nitroglycerin | e. drugs which increase the rate and force of the heartbeat when the heart is in failure |
| 6. diuretic | f. a drug which is used to correct an abnormal heart rhythm |
| 7. vasoconstrictors | g. drugs which increase the size of blood vessels, by relaxing the muscles in the vessel walls |
| 8. anticoagulant | h. the type of vasodilator with a great effect on the coronary arteries |
IІІ. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. Digitalis glycosides are used to treat patients with heart failure.
2. The important effect of digitalis glycosides are the strengthening of the myocardium.
3. Quinidine is a primary drug used to treat arrhythmias.
4. Vasoconstrictors are used in treating blood vessel diseases.
5. Nitrites dilate all smooth muscles in the body.
6. Diuretic promotes excretion of fluid.
7. Vasoconstrictors act directly on the muscles of blood vessels.
Reading
Cardiovascular Drugs
Cardiovascular drugs may be divided into three groups: drugs that affect the heart; drugs that affect blood pressure; and drugs that prevent blood clotting.
Drugs that affect the heart. Drugs may affect the heart in two major ways: changing the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat.
The most common drugs used to change the rate and forcefulness of the heartbeat are the digitalis glycosides (cardiac glycosides). These drugs are used to treat patients in heart failure (when the heart is not contracting with sufficient force). Most of the digitalis glycosides are obtained from the leaf of the digitalis (foxglove) plant. The important effects of the digitalis glycosides are the strengthening of the myocardium (heart muscle) and the slowing of the rate of the heart contraction. Examples of digitalis are digoxin, and digitoxin.
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Other drugs, which belong to the general class of sympathomimetics are used to increase heart rate and the force of contraction. These include isoproterenol and epinephrine.
Drugs used to correct abnormal heart rhythm are called antiarrhythmics. Examples of these drugs are quinidine, procainamide, lido-caine and propranolol.
Drugs that affect blood pressure. Vasodilators are drugs which relax the muscles of vessel walls. Blood flows more freely and blood pressure falls as blood vessels open and become dilated. Examples of nitrite drugs are nitroglycerin and amylnitrite. Nitroglycerin dilates all smooth muscles in the body including the muscles of the coronary blood vessels. The pain (angina pectoris) caused by a lack of adequate blood flow to the heart is relieved by placing nitroglycerin under the tongue.
A third type of drugs used to lower blood pressure is called a diuretic, an agent which promotes excretion of fluid. An example of this type of drug is chlorothiazide (Diuril).
Vasoconstrictors are drugs which constrict muscle fibers around blood vessel opening. Vasoconstrictors are needed to raise blood pressure, increase the force of heart action and stop local bleeding. Examples of vasoconstrictor drugs are epinephrine (adrenaline), vasopressin and aramine (metaraminol).
Drugs that prevent blood clotting. These drugs are called anticoagulants. They are used to prevent the formation of clots in veins and arteries. Heparin is an anticoagulant chemical substance. When given intravenously, heparin prevents the formation of clots within vessels. Aspirin is the most widely used anticoagulant.
Language development
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