Read the text. Using a dictionary, translate it in writing.
Text A. Water Supply Systems
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In the English language, “water supply” is a broad term which may have the following definitions:
The proper Russian equivalents for the term “water supply” are:
§ запас воды
§ водообеспеченность
§ водоснабжение, снабжение водой
§ водоподача, подача воды
§ водопровод
§ водные ресурсы
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An adequate supply of pure, wholesome and palatable water is essen- tial to the maintenance of high standards of health and life and to provide the convenience modern society demands. So, the importance of a suffi- cient supply of water for domestic and industrial purposes has long been a deciding factor in the location of settlements, towns and cities. Even early people realized this need and took advantage of natural water sources.
In some regions water is available in unlimited quantities and con- verting it to use is not a difficult problem. This is especially true of popu- lated localities which are situated on large inland lakes or rivers. Howev- er, there are towns and cities whose geographic location requires elabo- rate systems of water supply, and providing a satisfactory supply of water in these inhabited localities becomes a serious engineering task.
Water supply is a complex of activities intended for the provision of various water consumers (community, industrial enterprises, transport) with water. The term may also refer to the supply of water provided in this way.
A water supply system, or water supply network, is a complex of en- gineering structures or a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which are aimed at providing water supply for various water uses. These structures
carry out the supply of water including acqui- sition of water from a variety of natural water sources, its treatment, transmission, storage, and distribution to the water consumers. A water supply system is arrangements for trans- porting water from are- as of abundance to an area of shortage.
1. Water acquisition is collection of water from a variety of natural water sources (both surface and underground ones).
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2. Water treatment is purification of water to make it suitable for human consumption or for any other purpose. It is any of several pro- cesses (or their combination) in which undesirable impurities or pollu- tants are removed or neutralized. Water treatment is accomplished at var- ious water treatment facilities. Conventional water treatment processes include coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation and flotation, filtra- tion, disinfection, as well as some additional treatment methods (water softening, aeration, carbon adsorption, distillation, deferrization, desali- nation, fluoridation, reverse osmosis).
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3. Water transmission is transportation of water over long distances, especially in those areas where there is a significant mismatch between water supply and water demand.
4. Water storage is conservation of water in a variety of water storage facilities for future use.
5. A water distribution system is an elaborate network of pumps, pipelines, storage tanks, and other appurtenances. It must deliver ade- quate quantities of water at pressures sufficient for operating plumbing fixtures and firefighting equipment, yet it must not deliver water at such high pressures as to increase the occurrence of leaks and pipeline breaks.
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