What is an aircraft and what is airplane?
An aircraft is a vessel designed to move through the air. An airplane is a popular example of this type of vessel but there are many others. Helicopters, airships, and hot air balloons are also examples of different types of aircraft. An airplane may be one of the most recognizable types of aircraft. These vessels have fixed wings and propellers.
1. Airbus A 340-600 (be)a long-range, wide-body, four-engine commercial passenger jet airliner produced by the European Aerospace company Airbus in 1993.
2. It (have)a range of 7,900 nautical miles and (be)powered by four Rolls-Royce Trent 500 engines. It has a fuel-saving Aerodynamic design with weight saving composite structures.
3. The plane (offer) the operators unparalleled space, comfort with a seating capacity of 350 passengers in the typical three-class arrangement and about 475 in high density seating.
4. Boeing 747-400 often(recognize)by the distinctive upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft. It is the most common passenger version of Boeing 747.
5.It(can) accommodate 416 passengers in a standard three-class layout and about 660 passengers in a high-density one-class arrangement.
6. Boeing 747-8i(develop) and (produce) by Boeing Commercial Airplanes.
7.It (have) lengthened fuselage, redesigned wings than the predecessors of 747 family, a passenger capacity of 467 in a three class arrangement.
8. It (be) the largest commercial aircraft built in the United States.
9. Airbus A380-800(be) a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner and is the world’s largest passenger airliner.
10. Antonov An-225 Mriya (be) a strategic airlift cargo aircraft designed by the Antonov Design Bureau.
11.The Airlander 10 (become) the largest aircraft in the world.
Read the text and label the paragraphs in the correct order.
- Brief history of KLM.
- New challenges.
-Partnership.
a. In 1919, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines(literally: Royal Aviation Company) was founded. KLM is the oldest airline in the world. It also gives its name to the oldest international scheduled service operated by any airline under the same name. In 1920, made its first scheduled flights between Amsterdam and London - service that it continues to provide to the very present.
b. In that first year - when flying was still very special - KLM transported 345 passengers and 25,000 kilos of mail and cargo. That is very different today. On a single Boeing 747 flight, KLM can carry more than 400 passengers and 20,000 kilos of cargo (including mail). Also, for the sake of comparison, in 2016, KLM carried 22 million passengers and 650 million kilos of cargo.
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c. Since the 1980s cooperation between airlines has been a simple fact of life. By working together with other airlines, a carrier can offer passengers more destinations to which to travel. Since 1989, KLM has been working together with the major US carrier Northwest Airlines.Although the two companies work very closely, KLM still flies around the world under its own, familiar name. (https://www.klm.com)
Kazakhstan is relatively new to business aviation and many people are buying aircraft as transport toolsfor their business or trip.
Kazakhstan’s infrastructure is at a stage of active progressive development to support basic Business Aviation activities. There are nearly two dozen airports in the country, all capable of sustaining corporate aircraft growth. Most of the regional airports in Kazakhstan have reconstructed runways and installed new air navigation and lighting equipment of western production. There are also increased minimums of runway categories. In addition, terminals were reconstructed and new VIP-terminals were built in cities most attractive for tourists and businessmen. All this has had a very beneficial effect on the growth in the number of corporate and business flights within the country. Another pleasant trend, associated with more use of western aircraft, is construction of new heated hangars for storage and maintenance of aircraft. But still it is true only for the main business aviation hubs of Kazakhstan - ALA (Almaty) and TSE (Astana).
Today Kazakhstan has the largestfleet ofbusiness aviation aircraft in the region. But itis important to note that only 31 aircraft (7 of them are turboprops) have UP (local) registration, and about 50 are registered abroad. There are 25 airports in Kazakhstan. 13of them are international airports.
Aviation is a very capital-intensive and active business in which under the influence of internal and external factors demand for services may change at any time. Therefore, despite the fact that any specific figures difficult to name, currently we can confidently talk about the positive growth trends, because the potential of the business aviation market of Kazakhstan has very promising prospects. (source: http://www.bizavnews.ru/231/14319)
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Read the text ‘Types of Aviation’ for general understanding and guess the meanings of highlighted words. Check with your teacher or consult a dictionary.
CIVIL AVIATION
Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both general aviation and scheduled air transport.
There are five major manufacturers of civil transport aircraft (in alphabetical order):
Ø Airbus, based in Europe
Ø 
Boeing, based in the United States
Ø Bombardier, based in Canada
Ø Embraer, based in Brazil
Ø United Aircraft Corporation, based in Russia
Boeing, Airbus, Ilyushin and Tupolev concentrate on wide-body and narrow-body jet airliners, while Bombardier, Embraer and Sukhoi concentrate on regional airliners. Large networks of specialized parts suppliers from around the world support these manufacturers, who sometimes provide only the initial design and final assembly in their own plants. The Chinese ACAC consortium will also soon enter the civil transport market with its Comac ARJ21 regional jet.
Until the 1970s, most major airlines were flag carriers, sponsored by their governments and heavily protected from competition. Since then, open skies agreements have resulted in increased competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and the SARS epidemic have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or mergers. At the same time, low-cost carriers such as Ryanair, Southwest and Westjet have flourished.
General aviation
General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial. General aviation may include business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training, ballooning, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting, police air patrols and forest fire fighting.
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Each country regulates aviation differently, but general aviation usually falls under different regulations depending on whether it is private or commercial and on the type of equipment involved.
Many small aircraft manufacturers serve the general aviation market, with a focus on private aviation and flight training.
The most important recent developments for small aircraft (which form the bulk of the GA fleet) have been the introduction of advanced avionics (including GPS) that were formerly found only in large airliners, and the introduction of composite materials to make small aircraft lighter and faster. Ultra-light and homebuilt aircraft have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation, they are much less expensive and less heavily regulated than certified aircraft.
Military aviation
Simple balloons were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years, military aircraft have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production.
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