Proper nouns common nouns
Titanic
London
Mark Twain
September
Wednesday
Concrete nouns а bstract nouns material nouns collective nouns
book hope sand furniture
man beauty water police
cat idea iron crowd
II NOUNS
С ountable uncountable
newspaper music
idea air
storm progress
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III. NOTES
Countable nouns are those that can be counted.
They normally have both singular and plural forms: 1 book – 2 books; an idea – many ideas;
Uncountable nouns are those that can’t be counted. They are:
material nouns (water, air, sand, smoke etc);
subjects of study (chemistry, physics, math etc);
languages (Greek, Spanish, Chinese etc);
games (chess, billiards etc);
diseases (flu, pneumonia etc);
natural phenomena (darkness, hail, weather etc);
some abstract nouns (behaviour, applause etc);
some collective nouns (luggage, furniture, jewellery etc).
1. Uncountable nouns are normally used in the singular and don’t take article a (an).
I like green tea. We need new furniture. Chess is an interesting game. He knows Chinese.
2. We use them as countable nouns when we mean different sorts or portions of something:
I don’t drink wine. You can see various wines here.
There is a lot of fruit on the table. These are different fruits.
I like coffee with ice-cream. Give us two coffees and three ice-creams.
3. Some nouns can be countable or uncountable in different meaning:
beauty - a beauty Beauty will save the world. She is a real beauty.
paper – a paper There is a lot of paper on the desk. There are a lot of papers on the desk.
hair – a hair Her hair is long and blonde. There are two blonde hairs in the hairbrush.
Collective nouns refer to a group of objects.
1. They are normally used in the singular: There is a lot of furniture in the room.
2. Some of them have plural forms:
There are two crowds in the square. Both armies are big and strong.
3. We use some collective nouns referring to a group of people with a singular and a plural verb:
Their family is large. (= семья как нечто целое )
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Their family are living in Greece and Italy. (= члены семьи как отдельные личности )
4. Some of the collective nouns are only used with a plural verb:
The police are here. People are strange. The cattle are in the yard.
2. 2.PLURAL OF NOUNS
I. General rule
1) nouns are made plural by adding –s to a noun in the singular.
desk - desks, boy – boys, smile – smiles;
2) singular nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z add -es to make a plural noun:
bus – buses, kiss – kisses, box – boxes, watch – watches, wish – wishes, buzz - buzzes;
3) pronunciation of plural endings
| № | noun ending | how | examples | exceptions |
| 1 | after voiceless consonants | [ s ] | cats, books, maps | |
| 2 | after vowels and voiced consonants | [ z ] | dogs, files, days | |
| 3 | after sibilants [s – z], [t∫- ʤ], [∫ - ʒ] | [ ı z ] | classes, matches, wishes | house [haʊs] – houses ['haʊzız] |
| 4 | ending in a long vowel or a dipthong + – th [ θ ] | [ð z ] | bath [bɑ:θ] – baths [bɑ:ðz] mouth [maʊθ] – mouths [maʊðz] truth [tru:θ] – truths [tru:ðz] | birth – births [bɜ:θ] – [bɜ:θs] |
II . General rule exceptions
| 1 | Nouns ending in –y, change -y into i and add –es, if there is a consonant before – y. | |||||
| 1) | consonant + y + s = ies | baby – babies, cry – cries, army – armies; | ||||
| 2) | vowel + y +s = ys | day – days; boy – boys | ||||
| 3) | –y never changes in proper names | Mary – Marys There were two Marys at the party. | ||||
| 2 | nouns ending in –о
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| 1) | nouns ending in a consonant + о add -es | echoes, heroes, tomatoes, Negroes | ||||
| 2) | nouns ending in a vowel + о add -s | radios , videos , kangaroos | ||||
| 3) | short forms and Italian musical terms add -s
| photos (photographs), kilos (kilograms); piano - pianos | ||||
| 4) | there are nouns which have two plural forms | buffalos – buffaloes, mosquitos – mosquitoes, tornados – tornadoes, volcanos – volcanoes, zeros – zeroes etc. | ||||
| 3 | nouns ending in –f / –fe | |||||
| 1) | some nouns ending in –f / –fe end in –ves in the plural | calf – calves, elf – elves, half – halves, knife – knives, leaf – leaves, life – lives, loaf – loaves, shelf –shelves, thief – thieves, wife – wives, wolf – wolves; | ||||
| 2) | there are nouns with two plural forms | scarf – scarfs / scarves; dwarf – dwarfs/ dwarves; | ||||
| 4 | Irregular nouns | |||||
| 1) | change the root vowel
or add –en | man – men, woman – women, goose – geese, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, mouse – mice, louse - lice; child – children, ox – oxen; | ||||
| 2) | the word people can mean «люди» and «народ» | person (человек) – people (люди) people (народ) – peopl е s (народы) | ||||
| 5 | In Greek and Latin nouns | |||||
| 1) | –us changes into – i | alveolus – alveoli , nucleus– nuclei , [æl'vɪələs] - [æl'vɪəlaɪ], ['nju:klɪəs] - ['nju:klɪaɪ] | ||||
| 2) | –is changes into –es | analysis – analyses, crisis – crises, thesis – theses [ə'næləsɪs] - [ə'næləsi:z],['kraɪsɪs] - ['kraɪsi:z], ['θi:sɪs] - ['θi:si:z] | ||||
| 3) | –um /–on change into –a | datum – data, medium – media (mass media), phenomenon – phenomena ['deɪtəm] - ['deɪtə], ['mi:dɪəm] - ['mi:dɪə], [fɪ'nɔmɪnən] -[fɪ'nɔmɪnə] | ||||
III. Compound nouns can be spelled as
one word: headache; one word with a hyphen: forget-me-not; separate words: post office.
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| 1 | If a compound noun consists of two nouns | |||||
| 1) | only the final element is plural. | bookcases, mouse-traps postman – postmen | ||||
| 2) | If simple nouns end in– man, they add -s: | German – Germans; Roman – Romans | ||||
| 3) | If the first element is man (meaning мужчина) or woman (= женщина), we change both nouns. | manservant – menservants woman driver – women drivers | ||||
| 4) | If man means человек , it remains singular | man - eaters | ||||
| 2 | If a compound noun consists of an adjective and a noun, we change the noun | gentlemа n – gentlemen | ||||
| 3 | If a compound noun consists of a noun and a preposition or a noun, preposition and another noun, we change the first noun | looker-on – lookers-on passer-by – passers-by mother-in-law – mothers-in-law | ||||
| 4 | when there is no noun element in a compound noun the final element takes the plural form | grown-ups forget-me-nots merry-go-rounds
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