CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN GREAT BRITAIN 16 страница
to raise ['reiz] растить, воспитывать
prestigious [pre'stid3as] престижный
private ['praivit] school амер. частная школа
teaching assistant [a'sistant] ассистент кафедры
(низшая преподавательская должность в
американских университетах)
PhD [,pi: eitj 'di:] (сокр. от Doctor of Philosophy)
доктор философии
thesis ['Gi:sis] (pi. theses ['9i:si:z]) диссертация
acting classes уроки актерского мастерства
magic ['msed3ik] магия
technology [tek'nolad3i] техника, технология
contemporary [kan'temparari] современный
fiction ['fikjn] художественная литература
unemployed [yuiim'ploid] безработный
could hardly make both ends meet едва сводил
концы с концами
commercial [ka'rrraijal] телереклама
feature ['fl:tja] film художественный фильм
to attract [a'traekt] attention привлечь внимание
series ['siari:z] сериал
creator [kri'eita] создатель
to impress [im'pres] произвести впечатление
script [skript] сценарий
agent feid3ant] агент
popularity Lpopju'laeriti] популярность
modest ['modist] скромный
hard-working [,ha:d'w3:kig] трудолюбивый
to keep in shape [Jeip] держаться в форме
jogging ['d3ogiQ] "джогинг", бег трусцой
yoga ['jauga] йога
Questions
1. Do you like David Duchovny?
2. Do you think he is a talented actor?
3. Is he handsome?
4. What do other actors say about him?
5. Was David a good student?
6. Where did he study?
7. What was his first job?
8. Do you think he'll finish his PhD thesis?
9. Does David like his new profession?
10. Have you seen The X-Filesl
11. Do you like Fox Mulder?
12. Fox Mulder believes in UFOs. Do you?
13. What is David Duchovny' s hobby?
14. What does he do to keep in shape?
Science and Scientists
ALBERT EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein is known all over the world as a brilliant theoretical physicist and the founder of the theory of relativity. He is perhaps the greatest scientist of the 20th century. Some of his ideas made possible the atomic bomb, as well as television and other inventions.
He was born in 1879 in a small German town. The Einstein family soon moved to Munich, where Albert went to school. Neither his parents, nor his school teachers thought much of his mental abilities. His uncle often joked: "Not everybody is born to become a professor."
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In 1895 Albert failed the entrance examination to a technical college in Zurich. A year later, however, he managed to pass the exam and entered the college.
After graduating from the college, Einstein started to work at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905 he wrote a short article in a science magazine.
This was his 'Special Theory of Relativity', which gave the world the most famous equation relating mass and energy (E = me2), the basis of atomic energy.
Later, he became a professor in several European universities and in 1914 moved to Berlin as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. After ten years of hard work he created his 'General Theory of Relativity'.
In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics.
A Jew, and a pacifist, he was attacked by the Nazis, and when Hitler came to power in 1933 he decided to settle in the United States.
In 1939 Albert Einstein wrote a letter to President Roosevelt, at the request of several prominent physicists, outlining the military potential of nuclear energy and the dangers of a Nazi lead in this field. His letter greatly influenced the decision to build an atomic bomb, though he took no part in the Manhattan Project. After the war he spoke out passionately against nuclear weapons and repression.
Einstein died in 1955. The artificial element einsteinium has been named in his honour.
Names
Albert Einstein [,aelbat 'ainstain]
Munich ['mju:nik] Мюнхен
Zurich ['zuarik] Цюрих
Bern [Ьз:п] Берн
Berlin [,Ьз:'Нп] Берлин
the Prussian Academy of Sciences ['prAjn a.ksedami
av 'saiansiz] Прусская академия наук
Hitler ['hitla] Гитлер
Nobel Prize [nau,bel 'praiz] Нобелевская премия
Roosevelt ['rauzavelt] Рузвельт (президент США
с 1933 по 1945г.)
Manhattan Project [maen,haetn 'prod3ekt]
Манхеттенский проект (кодовое название работы
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по созданию атомной бомбы в США в период
второй мировой войны)
Vocabulary
theoretical physicist [Gia'retikal 'fizisist]
физик-теоретик
theory of relativity ['Giari av /ela'tiviti] теория
относительности
atomic bomb [a,tomik 'bom] атомная бомба
invention [in'venjn] изобретение
mental abilities [.mentl a'bilitiz] умственные
способности
to fail [fell] examinations провалиться на
экзаменах
patent ['peitant] office патентное бюро
equation [i'kweijn] уравнение
to relate [ri'leit] связывать, устанавливать
отношение
mass [maes] масса
energy ['enad3i] энергия
basis ['beisis] основа, основание
Jew [d3u:] еврей
pacifist ['paesifist] пацифист
nazi ['na:tsi] нацист
to come to power ['paua] прийти к власти
to settle ['sell] поселиться
at the request [ri'kwest] по просьбе
prominent ['prominent] видный, выдающийся
to outline ['autlainj обрисовать, наметить в общих чертах
military potential [,militari pa'tenjalj военный
потенциал
nuclear ['nju:kliaj ядерный
lead [li:d] ведущее, первое место
to influence [Influans] оказывать влияние
to speak out against выступать против
passionately ['paejnitli] страстно
nuclear weapons [,nju:klia 'wepanz] ядерное оружие
repression [ri'prejn] репрессия
artificial [,a:ti'fijl] искусственный
element ['elimant] элемент
einsteinium [ain'stainiam] эйнштейний
in smb's honour Г'опэ] в чью-либо честь
Questions
1. Why is Einstein generally thought of as being the greatest scientist of the 20th century?
2. When and where was he bom?
3. What did his parents and relatives think of his mental abilities?
4. Did he manage to pass his entrance exams at once?
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5. Where did Einstein work after graduating from the college?
6. When did he create his 'Special Theory of Relativity'? Why is it considered to be one of the greatest discoveries ever made?
7. How long did it take him to form his 'General Theory of Relativity'?
8. Why did Einstein leave Germany?
9. Why did he write a letter to President Roosevelt? What was it about?
10. Did Einstein take part in the Manhattan Project?
11. What do you know about nuclear weapons? Why are they dangerous?
12. What other outstanding physicists do you know?
ANDREI SAKHAROV
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, an outstanding scientist and public figure, was born on the 21st of May, 1921, into the family of teachers. He graduated from Moscow University in 1942. In 1947 he defended his thesis for the degree of Candidate of Science. In 1953 he defended his Doctorate thesis and was elected member of the Academy of Sciences.
When he was a graduate student Sakharov began to work on the Soviet nuclear weapons programme and soon he suggested a totally new idea for a hydrogen bomb design. But he was getting more and more worried about the consequences of his work. He understood better than anybody else what nuclear weapons meant and he thought about his own responsibility and about the responsibility of the states which possessed such weapons.
In 1968 he wrote an article attacking Soviet political system. He wrote that people needed a democratic society, free of dogmatism.
Sakharov is often called the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, but he became more known as a champion for human rights and freedom. For this work the Nobel Committee awarded him the Peace Prize in 1975. The Committee called him "the conscience of mankind". The Soviet authorities, however, did not allow him to go to Norway to receive the award.
In 1966 he took part in his first human rights demonstration, a one-minute silent protest in Pushkin Square. A year later, he wrote a letter to Communist Party leader Leonid Brezhnev defending imprisoned dissidents.
His international repute as a scientist kept him out of jail, but in 1980 when he protested against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, he was deprived of all his titles and orders and exiled to the city of Gorky. In 1986 Michail Gorbachev invited Sahkarov to return to Moscow. He was given back all his titles and orders.
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Andrei Sakharov died in 1989. He is remembered by everybody as an outstanding humanist, who could teach and inspire and who foresaw the changes that are taking place now.
Names
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov [a:n'drei /JmitrievrtJ Peace Prize ['pi:s praiz] Премия мира
'«keroj Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров Norway Норвегия
the Academy of Sciences [8,kaedami av 'saiansiz]
Академия наук Afghanistan [aefgsenista:n] Афганистан
Nobel Committee [nau,bel ke'miti] Нобелевский комитет Gorky ['go:ki] г. Горький
Vocabulary
outstanding [aufstaendirj] выдающийся
public figure ['figa] общественный деятель
to defend one's thesis ['9i:sis] защищать диссертацию
degree [di'gri:] of Candidate ['kaendidit] of Science
ученая степень кандидата наук
Doctorate ['doktarit] thesis докторская диссертация
to elect [i'lekt] выбирать, избирать
graduate student ['graedjuit ,stu:dant]
студент-старшекурсник
nuclear weapons Lnjuiklia 'wepanz] ядерное оружие
to suggest [safest] предложить
totally [lauteli] полностью, совершенно
hydrogen bomb ['haidrad3in ,130111] водородная бомба
design [di'zain] конструкция
consequence ['konsikwans] последствие
responsibility [risponsi'bilati] ответственность
to possess [pa'zes] владеть
to attack [a'tsek] нападать, критиковать
democratic [,dema'kraetik] демократический
dogmatism ['dogmatizm] догматизм
champion ['tfaempian] защитник, борец
human ['hju:man] rights права человека
to award [a'wo:d] награждать, присуждать
conscience ['konjans] совесть
mankind [maen'kaind] человечество
authorities [oi'Goratiz] власти
protest ['prautestj протест;
to protest [pa'test] протестовать
to defend [di'fend] защищать
to imprison [im'prizn] заключать в тюрьму
dissident ['disidant] диссидент
repute [itpju:t] репутация
jail [d3eil] тюрьма
intervention [jnta'venjn] насильственное
вмешательство, интервенция
to deprive [di'praiv] of лишать чего-либо
title [taitl] зд. титул, звание
order ['o:da] орден
to exile feksail] ссылать, изгонять
humanist ['hju:manist] гуманист
to inspire [in'spaia] вдохновлять, воодушевлять
to foresee [fo:'si:] (foresaw, foreseen) предвидеть
Questions
1. When was Andrei Sakharov bom?
2. What were his parents?
3. What university did he graduate from? When?
4. What is Sakharov famous for as a scientist?
5. When did he defend his Doctorate thesis?
6. What conclusion did he come to while working on the bomb?
7. When did he take part in his first human rights demonstration?
8. What prize was he awarded?
9. Why was he exiled to Gorky?
10. Who helped him to come back to Moscow?
11. Why is Sakharov known all over the world?
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