CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN GREAT BRITAIN 11 страница
4. What do you know about the City?
5. Who was St Paul's Cathedral built by?
6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?
7. What is Westminster Abbey famous for?
8. Where does the British Parliament sit?
9. What is Big Ben?
10. Why was Trafalgar Square named so?
11. Why does Buckingham Palace attract so many tourists?
12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries?
THE USA
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia.
The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is more than 270 million.
If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains.
The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley which is located in Alaska.
America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.
The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.
The USA is a highly developed industrial country. It's the world's leading producer of copper and oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper.
Though mainly European and African in origin, Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations, including Chinese and native Americans.
The largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others.
The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own government. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, DC. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative, exercised by the Congress, and the judicial. The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
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There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republican and the Democratic, though there's hardly any difference between their political lines.
Names
the United [ju:'naitid] States of America
Соединенные Штаты Америки
Russia [tAja] Россия
Canada ['kaenade] Канада
China ['tjaina] Китай
North America Северная Америка
the Pacific Ocean [pa,sifik 'aujn] Тихий океан
the Atlantic Ocean [a,tlaentik 'aufn] Атлантический
океан
Alaska [a'laeska] Аляска
Hawaii [ha'wai-i] Гавайи
Mexico ['meksikau] Мексика
District of Columbia [.distrikt av ka'lAmbia] округ
Колумбия
Washington ['wofirjtan] Вашингтон
the Rocky Mountains Скалистые горы
the Cordillera [,ko:di'jeera] Кордильеры
the Sierra Nevada [si,era nivaeda] Сьерра-Невада
Mount McKinley [,maunt ma'kinli] гора Мак-Кинли
the Mississippi [,misi'sipi] Миссисипи
the Missouri [mi'zuari] Миссури
the Rio Grande [,г\:э(и)'дгхпй] Рио-Гранде
the Columbia [ka'lAmbia] Колумбия
the Great Lakes Великие озера (5 озер: Мичиган,
Онтарио, Гурон, Верхнее озеро и Эри)
the Gulf of Mexico [,дл№ av 'meksikau]
Мексиканский залив
Florida ['florida] Флорида
Los Angeles [bs 'aend3ali:z] Лос-Анджелес
Chicago [fitegau] Чикаго
Philadelphia [,fila'delfia] Филадельфия
Detroit [di'troit] Детройт
San-Francisco [.saenfran'siskau] Сан-Франциско
the Congress ['koggres] Конгресс
the Senate ['senit] Сенат
the House of Representatives [,repri'zentativz |
Палата представителей
the Republican [ri'pAblikan] and the Democratic
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Ldema'kraetik] parties Республиканская и
Демократическая партии
Vocabulary
to occupy ['okjupai] занимать
southern ['злдап] южный
to stretch тянуться, простираться
to include [in'klu:d] включать
total area [ .tautl 'earia] общая площадь
to border [ bo:da] on фаничить с
sea-border морская граница
federal ['federal] федеральный
lowlands [laulandz] низменность, долина, низина
to be located [lau'keitid] находиться, быть
расположенным
to vary [veari] меняться, варьировать
arctic ['a:ktik] арктический
continental [,kont'rnentl] континентальный
subtropical [,sAb'tropikl] субтропический
typhoon [tai'ftrn] тайфун
coast ['kaust] побережье
highly developed [divelapt] высокоразвитый
copper медь
oil ['oil] нефть
iron ore ['aian ,o:] железная руда
coal ['kaul] каменный уголь
manufacturing [,msenju'fsektjarir)] промышленный
aircraft ['eakra:ft] самолеты, самолетостроение
textile ['tekstail] текстиль
armament ['a:mamant] вооружение
origin ['orid3in] происхождение
Chinese [tfai'nhz] китайский; китаец
according [a'kotdirj] to в соответствии с, согласно, по
powers f'pauaz] полномочия
branch [bra:ntj] ветвь
the executive [ig'zekjutiv] исполнительная власть
the legislative [,led3is'leitiv] законодательная власть
the judicial [d3u:'dijal] судебная власть
Questions
1. Where is the USA situated?
2. What's the total area of the country?
3. What countries does the USA border on?
4. How many states does the USA consist of?
5. What is the capital of the country?
6. Can you name any other cities in the USA?
7. What is the population of the United States?
8. What mountains in the USA do you know?
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9. What are the largest rivers?
10. What can you say about the climate of the country?
11. What does the USA produce?
12. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches. What are they?
13. How many chambers does the Congress of the USA consist?
14. What are the main political parties in the USA?
15. Who is the US President now?
WASHINGTON, DC
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It's situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city in the USA. It's the world's largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.
Washington was named after the first US President George Washington.
He selected the place for the capital and Pierre L'Enfant, a French engineer, designed the city.
Washington was first settled in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the federal capital.
Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol — a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It's easy to get lost in this huge building, full of paintings and statues.
Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books, more than 19 million manuscripts, including the personal papers of the US presidents.
The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.
One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
There are some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of Presidents's wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.
There are 5 universities in Washington.
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There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 metres tall.
Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.
Names
Washington ['woJiQtan] Вашингтон
the District of Columbia |,distrikt av Кэ'1лтЫэ] округ Колумбия
the White House Белый Дом (резиденция
президента США)
the Capitol ['kaepital] Капитолий (здание
конгресса США)
the Congress ['korjgres] Конгресс
the Supreme Court [su:(sju:) ,pri:m 'ko:t]
Верховный суд
Pierree L'Enfant [pi,ea la:n'fa:nt] Пьер Ланфан
the Library of Congress Библиотека конгресса
Oval ['auvi] Office Овальный кабинет (рабочий
кабинет президента США)
the Lincoln Memorial ['liQkan mi'mo:rial] памятник
Линкольну
the Washington Monument о белиск в честь
Джорджа Вашингтона
the Declaration of Independence [,dekle'reijn av
Jnda'pendans] Декларация независимости (приня-
та 4 июля 1776 года вторым континентальным
конгрессом в период войны за независимость
Северной Америки (1775—1783); провозглашала
Отделение колоний от метрополии и образова-
ние самостоятельного государства — США)
Vocabulary
to design [di'zain] проектировать, создавать
to settle ['sell] поселять, заселять
huge [hju:d3] огромный, колоссальный
dome fdaum] купол
circle ['S3:kl] круг
pillar f'pila] столб, колонна
affair [a'fea] дело
to get lost заблудиться
to contain [kan'tein] содержать
manuscript ['maenjuskript] рукопись
personal ['рз:зпэ1] papers личные бумаги
official residence [a,fijl 'rezidans] официальная
резиденция
ibmpressive [im'presiv] производящий
впечатление, впечатляющий
original [a'rid3inl] оригинал
diamond ['daiamand] алмаз, бриллиант
skyscraper ['skai,skreipa] небоскреб
Questions
1. Where is Washington situated?
2. Is Washington a typical American city?
3. It's the world's largest one-industry city, isn't it? What kind of industry is it?
4. What important government buildings are situated in Washington?
5. Where does the US president live and work?
6. Who selected the place for the capital of the USA?
7. Is there a monument to George Washington in the city?
8. When was Washington first settled?
9. Who designed the capital of the USA?
10. What places of interest in Washington do you know?
11. How many universities are there in Washington?
12. Why aren't there any skyscrapers in Washington?
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about one-seventh of the earth's surface. It covers the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometres.
The country is washed by 12 seas of 3 oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic. In the south Russia borders on China, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the west it borders on Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Belorussia, the Ukraine. It also has a sea-border with the USA.
There's hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery and vegetation can be found. We have steppes in the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra and taiga in the north, highlands and deserts in the east.
There are two great plains in Russia: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Lowland. There are several mountain chains on the territory of the country: the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai and others. The largest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia.
There are over two million rivers in Russia. Europe's biggest river, the Volga, flows into the Caspian Sea. The main Siberian rivers - - the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena — flow from the south to the north. The Amur in the Far East flows into the Pacific Ocean.
Russia is rich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake (1,600 metres) is Lake Baikal. It's much smaller than the Baltic Sea, but there's much more water in it than in the Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look down you can count the stones on the bottom.
Russia has one-sixth of the world's forests. They are concentrated in the European north of the country, in Siberia and in the Far East.
On the vast territory of the country there are various types of climate, from arctic in the north to subtropical in the south. In the middle of the country the climate is temperate and continental.
Russia is very rich in oil, coal, iron ore, natural gas, copper, nickel and other mineral resources.
Russia is a parliamentary republic. The Head of State is the President.
The legislative powers are exercised by the Duma.
The capital of Russia is Moscow. It's its largest political, scientific, cultural and industrial centre. It's one of the oldest Russian cities.
At present, the political and economic situation in the country is rather complicated. The industrial production is decreasing. The prices are constantly rising, the rate of inflation is rather high. People are losing their jobs because many factories and plants are going bankrupt.
But in spite of the problems Russia is facing at present, there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. I'm sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make Russia as strong and powerful as it used to be.
Names
the Russian Federation [,feda'reijn] Российская
Федерация
Europe ['ju:arap] Европа
Asia ['eifa] Азия
the Pacific Ocean [pa,sifik 'aujn] Тихий океан
the Arctic Ocean [,a:ktik 'aujn] Северный
Ледовитый океан
the Atlantic Ocean [a,tl3entik 'aujn] Атлантический
океан
China ['tjaina] Китай
Mongolia [morj'gaulia] Монголия
Korea [kau'ria] Корея
Kazakhstan [,kaezaek'sta:n] Казахстан
Georgia ['0(30:0)33] Грузия
Azerbaijan [,aezabai'd3a:n] Азербайджан
Norway ['no:wei] Норвегия
Finland [linlend] Финляндия
the Baltic ['bo:ltik] States Прибалтийские
государства
Belorus [,belau'rus] Беларусь
the Ukraine [ju:'krein] Украина
the Great Russian Plain Русская
(Восточно-Европейская) равнина
the West Siberian [sai'biarian] Lowland
Западно-Сибирская низменность
the Urals ['juaralz] Уральские горы
the Caucasus ['ko:kasas] Кавказ
the Altai [/O'tai] Алтай
the Volga ['volga] Волга
the Caspian ['kaespian] Sea Каспийское море
the Ob [ob], [o:pj] Обь
the Yenisei [jeni'sei] Енисей
Amur [э'тиэ] Амур
Lake Baikal [bai'ka:!] озеро Байкал
the Baltic ['boiltikj Sea Балтийское море
Siberia [sai'biaria] Сибирь
the Far East Дальний Восток
Vocabulary
to occupy ['okjupai] занимать
surface ['S3:fls] поверхность
eastern [1:stan] восточный
northern ['пэ:Ээп] северный
total area [,tautl 'earia] общая площадь
square [skwea] квадратный
kilometre ['kila,mi:ta] километр
to wash омывать
to border f'bo:da] on граничить с
sea-border морская граница
There's hardly a country in the world...
Едва ли найдется страна...
variety [va'raiati] разнообразие, множество
scenery ['shnari] пейзаж, ландшафт
vegetation [,ved3i'teijn] растительность
steppe [step] степь
plain равнина
midland ['midland] средняя полоса
tundra ['Undra] тундра
taiga [tai'ga:] тайга
highland ['hailand] нагорье, высокогорная
местность
desert ['dezat] пустыня
chain цепь
to separate ['separeit] разделять
to flow [Паи] into впадать
Siberian [sai'biarian] сибирский
to count ['kaunt] считать
bottom ['botam] дно
to concentrate ['konsantreit] сосредотачиваться,
концентрироваться
European [juara'phsn] европейский
vast [va:st] обширный
territory ['teritari] территория
various [vearias] различный
climate ['klaimit] климат, климатический пояс
arctic ['a:ktik] арктический
subtropical [,s/to'tropikl] субтропический
temperate ['tempi-it] умеренный
continental [,konti'nentl] континентальный
oil [oil] нефть
coal [kaul] уголь
iron ore ['aian ,o:] железная руда
copper медь
mineral resources [ri'soisiz] полезные ископаемые
parliamentary [,pa:la'mentri] парламентский
head of state глава государства
legislative [Jedjis'leitiv] законодательный
powers f'pauaz] полномочия
to exercise f'eksasaiz] осуществлять, выполнять
scientific [,saian'tffik] научный
complicated ['komplikeitid] сложный, запутанный
to decrease [di'kri:s] снижаться, падать
constantly ['konstantli] постоянно
the rate of inflation [in'fleijn] уровень инфляции
to go bankrupt ['baerjkrApt] обанкротиться
in spite of несмотря на
the younger generation [,d3ena'reijn] молодое
поколение
powerful ['pauaful] могучий
Questions
1. Where is the Russian Federation situated?
2. What is the total area of the country?
3. What countries does Russia border on?
4. What mountain chain separates Europe from Asia?
5. How many rivers are there in Russia?
6. Which is the longest river in Europe?
7. What do you know about Lake Baikal?
8. Do you know what strait separates Russia from America?
9. What mineral resources is the Russian Federation rich in?
10. What is the climate like in Russia?
11. What can you say about the present economic situation in Russia?
12. What great Russians do you know?
MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky.
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