From the HISTORY OF Cinematography
December 28th 1895 can be considered the birthday of projected film presented in a theater. It was then that Antoine Lumiére from Lyon, the director of a plant producing film materials and the father of August and Louis Lumiére, hosted in the Grand Café of Paris a show of living pictures. It was shot by cameras that his sons had developed, and presented with projectors they had constructed. It was the first time the term 'cinématographe' was used, formed of the Greek words 'kinéma' (movement) and 'graphein' (to write, to draw, to inscribe).
From the HISTORY OF TV
In the late 1800s, a number of technologies were being tested and developed, personal photography, the use of electricity, radio broadcasts, the invention of telephones and of course television.
The cathode ray tube which was one of the most significant enabling technologies for television was invented in 1876. At that time electricity was still in its early stages of development so mechanical means of transmitting an image by using a metal disk punctured with viewing holes were developed in parallel.
The first broadcast of picture over remote distances took place in year 1926 in London when John Logie Baird, a Scotsman and Charles Jenkins an American, broadcasted a series of small moving black and white images using mechanical means.
The first television broadcasts were basic as compared to today’s TV, it was not much more than a moving slideshow of stick figures or photographs but they proved the technology and were an important step in the development of full motion. In 1927, Philo Farnsworth demonstrated the first electronic system with motion camera and broadcasting abilities by transmitting a Hollywood film that had been projected in front of the TV camera.
Witness to Change
ü Переведите текст посредством выборочного перевода, сохранив основное сообщение и опуская подробности.
With a single phone or camera, individual citizens have the power to shape the course of history. In 1991, George Holliday videotaped the beating of criminal suspect Rodney King by LAPD officers from his apartment balcony and sent the tape to a local television station. Several days of riots ensued after a local jury acquitted all four officers involved. Two officers were found guilty of federal civil rights violations against King in 1993.
In 1991, the recording of violent events like King’s beating was a relative novelty. Today, they are commonplace—so much so that “social news” agencies such as Storyful (www.storyful.com) have been able to make a living by verifying the authenticity of videos recorded by citizen journalists and human rights activists and charging larger news agencies for their services. In addition, human rights organizations such as Witness (www.witness.org) are training average citizens.
|
|
|
A Short History of News
ü Переведите текст на русский язык, применяя различные переводческие приемы.
By Mitchell Stephens, The Washington Post
Rather than some relatively recent craze, stimulated by the arrival of satellites, television or even the newspaper, the good news is that the frenzied, obsessive exchange of news is one of the oldest human activities.
Messengers were appointed to bring word, criers to proclaim it and busybodies to spread the word. The need to know helped attract people to crossroads, campfires and market places; it helped motivate journeyers; it helps explain the reception accorded travelers. In most parts of the pre-literate world the first question asked of a traveler was, as it was in Outer Mongolia in 1921, "What's new?" These preliterate peoples were probably better informed about events in their immediate neighborhood than are most modem, urban or suburban Americans.
A similar fascination with news was evident in the Greek agora and later in the Roman Forum, where to the hubbub of spoken news was added information from daily handwritten news sheets, first posted by Julius Caesar.
The bad news is that two of the subjects humans have most wanted to keep up with throughout the ages are – you guessed it – sex and violence.
The Nootka of Vancouver Island, for example, would exchange plenty of important news on fishing, on the chief’s activities, on plans for war. But they also pricked up their ears at word that someone was having an affair. And the tale of a suitor who tumbled into a barrel of rainwater while sneaking out the window of his lover's house "spread," according to an anthropologist, "like wildfire up and down the coast".
|
|
|
There is more bad news. The golden age of political coverage that journalism critics pine over – the era when reporters concentrated on the "real" issues-turns out to have been as mythical as the golden age of politics. In those rare historical moments when politicians deigned to face major problems and condescended to allow journalists to comment on them, those comments tended to be wildly subjective, as when the founders of our free press called their pro-British compatriots "diabolical Tools of Tyrants" and "men totally abandoned to wickedness." Samuel Johnson, writing in an era when thinkers like Joseph Addison, Daniel Defoe and Jonathon Swift dominated British periodicals, concluded that the press "affords sufficient information to elate vanity, and stiffen obstinacy, but too little to enlarge the mind."
So much for that golden age. Yes, journalism has changed.
For the better – our ancestors complained that they had "no data by which (to) correctly reason" about events overseas; we often seem to have, if anything, too much data.
And for the worse – it is difficult to imagine brilliant, progressive eccentrics like Horace Greeley or Joseph Pulitzer working their way to the top of the huge corporations that have taken over almost all U.S. news organizations in the 20th Century.
And much doesn't change. It is foolish to pretend that sensationalism and superficiality could simply be expunged from the news if only Geraldo Rivera or Rupert Murdoch disappeared. Nevertheless, we can still protest when the news gets too irrelevant, too shallow. We can better educate audiences about its limitations and encourage viewers to change the channel. The desire to keep up with the news seems basic to our species, but that does not mean that in learning about the world we have to limit ourselves to just satisfying that desire.
Structure of News Articles
Instructions
1. Check the credentials or background of the journalist who wrote the article you are going to read if possible. Ask yourself the following questions: Is the author a famous person? Is he/she known for biases? Does he belong to a particular political party or organization? Is the person writing a personal opinion that is only acceptable in an editorial or op-ed column, or is this a factual account of the news?
|
|
|
2. Study the structure of the inverted pyramid that many journalists use. Look at the headline. Does it give you an idea of what the article should be about? Read the first paragraph, known as the lead. Look for the main point of the story and/or a summary of the major ideas. See if the lead gets you interested in reading the article. Look for the lesser important materials that generally follow.
3. Look for the 5 W's. These answer Who? What? Where? When? and Why? Jot these down in your notebook to help you get the main point of the article. Refer to this list as you read the remainder of the article. Emphasize the "Who". Who is the focus of the story? Think about the "What." What happened to the person to make the story newsworthy?
4. Check for fact and opinion. A news article should be factual with statistics, proven studies and authorities backing up a claim. An opinion article, one based on emotion or personal experience, does not belong in a news article. Learn to distinguish between the two.
5. Look for conflicts or issues being discussed. Ask yourself if the writer is educating you with the facts or if he is trying to get you to think a certain way or follow a given action. Look at both sides of the argument. Consider the solutions proposed if he gives any. Was there enough information to support the ideas?
6. Study the graphs or pictures if there are any. Ask yourself if they are clear. Do they adequately and fairly represent the news they are supposed to be illustrating? Make sure the pictures are not cropped to eliminate some unfavorable material.
7. Make a list of unfamiliar words in your notebook. Look them up in the dictionary. Reread the sentences that contain them to reinforce the definitions.
8. Look at another newspaper with the same news article. Check to see if there are similarities in their treatment. Analyze the differences before accepting either one as correct.
Дата добавления: 2019-02-13; просмотров: 238; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!