Соціальні та глобальні проблеми сучасного світу ( Social and global issues of the modern world )
Nowadays, a half of the human population suffers from poverty. It is the sharpest of all the problems the world is facing these days. Poverty is the deprivation of common necessities of daily living, such as food, clothing, shelter, or safe drinking water. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of access to information, education, health care, or political power.
There are many causes of poverty: economic instability, high price of goods and accommodation, high taxes, overpopulation, discrimination of various kinds, and others. There are also such environmental factors as erosion, deforestation, climate change, droughts, water crisis etc.
People living in poverty experience mental and physical health problems which make it harder for them to improve their situation. Inadequate nutrition in childhood undermines the ability of individuals to develop their full human capabilities. In developing countries, it is estimated that 40% of children aged 4 and under suffer from anemia because of insufficient iron in their diets.
Huge wave of infectious diseases of poverty, such as AIDS and tuberculosis, grab bedstreets of India, Nigeria, Nepal, Somali, and many European countries. By killing millions of people, they threaten the economies, social structures, and political stability of entire societies.
Those living in poverty suffer lower life expectancy. Every year nearly 11 million children living in poverty die before their fifth birthday. Those living in poverty often suffer from hunger or even starvation. 800 million people go to bed hungry every night.
Poverty also increases the risk of homelessness. In Third World countries, you can meet homeless people on every corner. They eat from dirty waste, drink from not clean creeks or even puddles. They sleep in condemned houses, basements, attics, sewers, and at railway stations. There are over 100 million street children worldwide.
Poverty makes lots of people go the wrong way to get some money for living. Statistic shows that level of crime, prostitution, and drug abuse is much higher in those countries and cities where the major issue is homelessness.
Countries suffering widespread poverty may experience loss of population, particularly in high-skilled professions, through emigration, which may further undermine their ability to improve their situation.
Освіта в країнах «третього світу» (Education in the Third World countries )
All children around the world have the right to an education. Education gives people the skills they need to help themselves out of poverty and into prosperity. Education in the third world can be done, and is being done, but it is often not as good as industrialized countries. There are many reasons for that.
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The biggest threat to education is a lack of funding. Bad governance, high staff turnover, inefficient use of funding, corruption, and lack of management and organisational skills are obstacles to the universal provision of education. Teachers’ working conditions are unacceptable in many developing countries: many teachers have to teach two or three shifts a day – in classes with very high student numbers and for little or no money at all. And in some regions of Africa so many teachers have contracted AIDS that schools are forced to remain closed.
Many developing countries face the problem of low-quality teaching. Many of the teachers are volunteers. Teachers are poorly trained and ill-prepared for what awaits them in schools. The curricula are overloaded with subjects and do not meet the learning needs of the children, and convey stereotypical images of female and male social role models. Group work, independent learning, critical thought and problem-solving, the use of new technologies and the promotion of life skills are not sufficiently promoted.
There is a huge need for adequate classrooms. Many schools are poorly equipped. They lack textbooks and teaching materials, and when these are available, they are often as outdated as the furnishings. Many schools have no funding to cover overheads such as water, electricity or transport for pupils.
Rural regions, also poor urban districts, usually lack a school network. Children often have to walk extremely long distances to school. Many of them are not allowed to attend schools some distance away as parents are concerned about their safety. Many people in developing countries cannot afford to pay school fees or for learning materials, school uniforms, and transport to school. Numerous families rely on the income their children contribute. Most children between the ages of 5 and 14 have to work – often up to 16 hours a day.
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In many Third World countries, traditions stop parents enrolling girls in school. The stronger the cultural preference for boys, the greater the gender disparities in the educational sector. Many of girls will not go out of fear of retaliation or humiliation. This fear can often lead to violence when the townsfolk seek some sort of revenge when the girls keep on attending school. This is sheer ignorance and really needs to be worked on.
In addition, many children are prevented from going to school on account of crises and wars. The majority of people who are forced to flee armed conflicts are women and children. In many countries where civil war is raging, the majority of schools have been destroyed.
Universities and colleges in developing countries are also poorly equipped. Only few are able to sufficiently fulfil their research and teaching responsibilities. The courses are usually too theoretical and not geared to the needs of the labour market. However, sustainable economic development is not possible without qualified experts. Educated people are important for tackling development-related tasks at private-sector, government, and social level.
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