Etymological classification of idioms. Equivalence of idioms in English and Russian.
Etymological classification of idioms:
1) customs & traditions: @ baker’s dozen;
2) British reality- fishing idioms: a pretty cattle of fish; as a sea @ to be at sea-to be lost; horse racing-@ from the horse mouth-первых уст; sports-to be on the ball-to be always ready to apt;
3) Modern reality: @ zoo-daddy daddy who takes/ meets children only at the weekends;
4) Legends: @ To kiss the Blarney stone-to be very talkative;
5) Historical Events-@ A Dutch comfort-плохое утешение, to go Dutch-to go out (for lunch);
6) borrowings from other lang-s: Fr-all roads lead to Rome; German-to have one’s space in the sun; Spanish-the fifth column-шпионы (civil war); China-to lose or safe face;
7) Fairy tales: an ugly duckling
8) the Bible: @ the promise land; the mouth of babes
Equivalency
1. complete equivalents: a)the same structure of phr units, b) identical w-s, c) identical meaning: direct or figurative @ It’s never late to learn, better late than never
2. partial equivalents: a) similar structure, b) slightly different w-s (lexically), c) identical semantically @ Like water off a duck’s back, as clear as the day light
3. expressive equivalents: a) similar expressive meaning (identical in figurative meaning) @ to pay through the nose-to pay big money; b) based on a different image @ Indian summer
4. non-equivalent idioms @ to keep up with Joneses
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Euphemisms and politically correct terms. Definition. Essential features, examples
Euphemisms- is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant. Euphemisms are used to refer to taboo topics (such as disability, sex, death) in a polite way. Sometimes called doublespeak, a word or phrase which pretends to communicate but doesn’t. It makes the bad seem good, the unpleasant seem attractive, the unnatural seem natural, the negative seem positive, or at least tolerable. It is language which shifts, avoids or denies responsibility. It conceals or prevents thought.
To Soften an Expression
Some euphemisms are used in order to make a unpleasant truth seem less harsh
Passed away instead of died/ On the streets instead of homeless
To be polite
Other euphemisms are used to take the place of words or phrases you might not want to say in polite company.
Between jobs instead of unemployed/ Domestic engineer instead of maid
To be impolite
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These euphemisms are usually used when being sarcastic or trying to make light of a serious subject or make it seem less serious.
Blow chunks instead of vomited
Principles of politeness are important in communication; both speakers are trying to save face. @ pregnant woman=she’s expecting a baby; pregnant=in an interesting/ delicate condition; to die=to pass away; to breath one’s last; to be no more; to depart one’s life
Stylistic:
@ to kick the bucket à to die à to pass away
slang colloquial neutral w-s euphemisms @ soaked à drunk à under the influence of alcohol
2 conflicting tendencies: to put a person up (to elevate him) & to put a person down
Euphemisms are too modest, high, so people use politically correct terms-they are extralinguistic/ words that will not offend any group of people. Some words that are unkind to some people have been used for a long time. Some of these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive. These new words are described as politically correct.
Politically correct words or terms are used to show differences between people or groups in a non-offensive way. This difference may be because of race, gender, beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, or because they have a mental or physical disability, or any difference from what is considered the norm.
Political correctness with gender
"police officer", "letter carrier" and "chairperson instead of "policeman", "postman", and "chairman"
Political correctness in sexual attraction
'homosexual' – gay
Political correctness in medicine
People who are mentally disabled are now rarely described as "mentally retarded" but may be said to have "special needs". People who are blind or deaf may be referred to as "vision impaired" and "hearing impaired".
- the society is moving towards a more democratic society => no more rich or poor people, now affluent/ prosperous & underprivileged, no indication of the race, religion or color @ Afro-American, Chinese-American
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