Etymology as a branch of Lexicology. The native element and borrowings in the vocabulary of English.
Card One
English in the world. Lexicology as a branch of Linguistics. Subject matter of Lexicology. Branches of Lexicology. Lexicology and related disciplines.
About 400 million people speak English as their mother tongue, and another 600 million people use English as a foreign language (EFL). The Americans, British, Irish, Australians, New Zealanders, and Canadians make up the first category.
Within the second category we distinguish the countries where English is an “official” or second language (ESL)/ Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa , and India / and the countries where English has no official status, but where it is learned as a foreign language and is considered to be a tool for getting on in life: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Malasia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Israel, Brazil, Poland, etc.
More than 44 countries-official or state lang. E-is global language which is used in business, science, education, music, airlines. 75% of the world mail made in English, 60% of calls, 80% of Internet users communicate in Engl.
Lang is the mirror of the nation’s culture & mentality. Cf. Money governs the world./ Money makes the world go around :: Не в деньгах счастье…; С милым рай и в шалаше*
Lexicology-is a branch of linguistics dealing with words and seting w-combinations that are reproducible and have a figurative meaning.
A word is a speech unit used for communication, representing a group of sounds characterized by formal and semantic unity and having its specific grammatical patterns.
More specifically, Lx deals with lexemes, lexical units, and lexical forms.
In speech we find lexical forms and units; in dictionaries we find lexemes. A lexeme is a family of lexical units. A lexical unit is the unity of a lexical forms and a single sense, also termed a lexical & semantic variant (ЛСВ).
Lexicology is closely connected with grammar and phonetics. Lexical meanings are always grammaticalized (the boy is sick/ill, but a sick boy); some phonetic features, like the vowel length in English may be semantically distinguishing (ship or sheep).
We distinguish the following branches of Lx:
Morphology – the external structure of words, word formation;
Semantics – the internal structure of words, i.e. - meaning
Phraseology – set/fixed expressions with partially or completely transferred/figurative meaning.
Descriptive Lx – the vocabulary of the language synchronically, i.e. at a given stage of its development;
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Historical Lx (Etymology) – the origin of words
Lx and related disciplines:
Stylistics – a branch of Linguistics studying words depending on the sphere of their use
Lexicography – a branch of Ls concerned with compiling dictionaries.
Psycholinguistics – speech and how words are stored in our minds, giving us a tool for studying words’ meaning mainly through the AE
Sociolinguistics – language/vocabulary variation depending on speakers’ age, gender, social class, occupation, etc.
Card Two
Definition of the word. The main types of oppositions that words form. The notions of lexeme, lexical unit, and lexical form.
Words are studied at two levels: syntagmatic and paradigmatic: at the syntagmatic level – the semantic structure of a word is studied in its linear relationship with neighbouring words (to walk in the park; to walk a dog);
At the paradigmatic level: the word is studied in its relationship to other words in the vocabulary system (synonyms: e.g. job, position, work).
The vocabulary of a language presents a system of interdependent and interrelated elements that forms oppositions and sets .
Synonymy/identity (pilot, flyer; to gaze, to stare)
Hyponymy/inclusion (dog, animal)
Compatibility/overlapping (husband, policeman)
Incompatibility/oppositeness (warm, cold; to give, to take)
The voc is a system of interdependent & interrelated elements that form oppositions & sets
4 types of oppositions:
1) synonymy or identity A B @ violin/ fiddle –absolute synonyms (скрипка); stare (“-”)/ gaze (“+”) – to look
2) hyponymy or inclusion B A @ dog (hyponym)/ animal (hypernym)
3) compatibility (совмещение) or overlapping (перекрещиваться) A B @ dog/ pet; doctor/ patient
4) incompatibility or oppositeness (antonyms) @ cold-warm, dog-cat
Word-is a unit of speech which serves the purposes of communication thus it’s a unit of communication.
Lx deals with lexemes (1 form+2 senses of the word @ obey-1. слушаться, 2. руководствоваться), lexical forms (obey, obeys, obeyed)
Word
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Definition :
| A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above. |
Lexeme
Definition:
A lexeme is the minimal unit of language which
· has a semantic interpretation and
· embodies a distinct cultural concept.
It is made up of one or more form-meaning composites called lexical units.
Lexical Unit
Definition:
A lexical unit is a form-meaning composite that represents a
· lexical form, and
· single meaning of a lexeme.
Lexical Form
Definition:
A lexical form is an abstract unit representing a set of wordforms differing only in inflection and not in core meaning.
It is a component part of a lexical unit.
Purpose of Lx is to systematize the voc of lang
Lexicon is always grammaticalized. Gr isn’t used without lexis. @ A book on art/ a book about art –lexis+grammar
Card Three
Classification of words according to functional style.
Grouping of w-s according to functional style/ register (F.S.)
F.S.-{ of expressive means particular to a specific sphere of communication (academic writing, conversation). Register- is a narrower, it’s about a specific usage of language.
According to Vinogradov there are 2 main divisions of F.S.: informative (общенародный стиль-the focus is on the message) & imaginative (худ стиль-emotional impact-восприятие)
Register has 3 dimentions: 1) field (subject matter)-w-s should denote the same topic; 2) mode-a medium thought which communication is realized –spoken & written varieties; 3) style (narrow sense)-a manner of communicators @ close friends.
Slang-w-s below standard. They might be derogatory offensive & always jocular & mocking. We can distinguish 2 types of them: current (beans-money) & inventive (floozie-immoral woman) w-s. Slang relies on the over-statement or understatement.
Jargon-is a sublanguage of a professional group @ computer slang; Argo-lang of criminals; Officials-purchase=buy
Longman dictionary
carte blanche 
[uncountable]
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permission or freedom to do whatever you want:
The new manager will be given carte blanche as long as she can increase the company's profits.
She had carte blanche to produce a film suitable for children.
Origin carte blanche (1700-1800) French “white card, document with no writing”
Card Four
Etymology as a branch of Lexicology. The native element and borrowings in the vocabulary of English.
Etymology-branch of Lx studies origin & history of w-s & their meanings.
70%-borrowings (celtic, latin, scandinavian, French etc); 30%-native (Indo-european, Germanic, English proper). Native-conj, prep, articles.
1 cent BC-Roman Empire, started borrowing new w-s: plants-cherry, plum; food-butter, pea
5 cent AD- Angles, Saxons, Gutes-England appeared; Celts are ousted (вытеснены) to the North
English proper-5 cent AD-girl, bird, lord, lady. Indo-European-parts of the human body-foot, nose, lip; animals-swine, goose; plants-tree, corn; day-night, day, sun, star; Germanic-parts of body-head, hand, arm; animal-bear, fox; seasons-spring, summer, winter
Celt’s w-s: @ druid, names of rivers: Avon, Esk, London=llyn-river+dun-hill
7 cent AD-the time of the lang of the church, w-s from Latin-priest, nun, candle
1066-the time of Norman Conquest (lasted for 2 cent) bilingual: Fr & Eng=>from Fr: administrative, military, legal, edu terms @ government, prison, war, pupil, saucer.
Renaissance-science, art, culture. Fr (Parisian dialect) borrowings: machine, balley, technique; Latin: datum, phenomenon, status, philosophy; Italian: opera, violin, piano
8-11 cent AD-scandinavian invasions: w-s on sk: ski, skirt, sky, they. Affixes from Latin: -ute-pollute, ate-communicate, ant/ent-important, um/us-campus, stratum; Greek: -is/es-crisis/es, ph-philology, ch-epoch; ism/ist-sexist, feminism, on/a-phenomenon; French: -ion-action, ch-chair, -eau-beautiful, ous-glamorous, -able, ment, ance-distance; Spanish-v-vanilla; Indian-kh-khaki;
Card Five
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