Borrowings in the vocabulary of English. Assimilation of borrowings. International words. Translation loans.
70%-borrowings (celtic, latin, scandinavian, French etc); 30%-native (Indo-european, Germanic, English proper). Native-conj, prep, articles.
1 cent BC-Roman Empire, started to borrow new w-s: plants-cherry, plum; food-butter, pea
5 cent AD- Angles, Saxons, Gutes-England appeared; Celts are austed (вытеснены) to the North
Celt’s w-s: @ druid, names of rivers: Avon, Esk, London=llyn-river+dun-hill
7 cent AD-the time of the lang of the church, w-s from Latin-priest, nun, candle
1066-the time of Norman Conquest (lasted for 2 cent) bilingual: Fr & Eng=>from Fr: administrative, military, legal, edu terms @ government, prison, war, pupil, saucer.
Renaissance-science, art, culture. Fr (Parisian dialect) borrowings: machine, balley, technique; Latin: datum, phenomenon, status, philosophy; Italian: opera, violin, piano
8-11 cent AD-scandinavianisms: w-s on sk: ski, skirt, sky, they. Affixes from Latin: -ute-pollute, ate-communicate, ant/ent-important, um/us-campus, stratum; Greek: -is/es-crisis/es, ph-philology, ch-epoch; ism/ist-sexist, feminism, on/a-phenomenon; French: -ion-action, ch-chair, -eau-beautiful, ous-glamorous, -able, ment, ance-distance; Spanish-v-vanilla; Indian-kh-khaki;
English proper-5 cent AD-girl, bird, lord, lady. Indo-European-parts of the human body-foot, nose, lip; animals-swine, goose; plants-tree, corn; day-night, day, sun, star; Germanic-parts of body-head, hand, arm; animal-bear, fox; seasons-spring, summer, winter
Reasons of borrowing-1. to fill a gap in the voc of the lang; 2. the w-s may convey sm shade meaning (new), to give a new aspect to the known w-s. @ cardial-from Latin-cердечный; +friendly; desire-in French it's stronger, in Eng=wish.
Borrowings get assimilated & adapted phonetically, grammatically, semantically.
Phonetically-takes centuries-long process, borrowed w-s became proper in high society, were pronounced as in foreign lang @ garage, boutique
Grammatically-word is assimilated gr-ly when it fits into the paradigm of the recipient lang @ alumnis (i)-м.р, alimna (ae)-ж.р.
Semantically-new word fits into the resipient lang @ large (was borrowed with meaning wide)-now big
Adapted completely & partially. Semantically unadapted-sari, sombrero, toreador (fr), shah (persian); grammatically unadapted-matrix(ices), phenomenon(a); phonetically unadapted-confetti, memoir
Barbarisms-w-s that are used in the recipient lang in writing, speaking, all their equivalents in Eng (@ addio, ciao, ad libitum-at pleasure, tête-à-tête)
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International w-s-borrowed by several lang-s @ philosophy, chemistry, linguistics; terms of art-primadonna, opera; polit terms-politician, confrontation; science-biology, video, television; fashion-tweed, swinger.
Etymological doublets & triplets-to the same roots @ canal (lat-artificial) & channel (fr-natural); hotel, hostel, hospital.
Translation loans (calques)-morpheme-for-morpheme translation: lexical-agriculture-агрикультура, phrasal-pipe of peace-трубка мира, semantic-raffine-утонченный, refined-изысканный
+Transcription (coping the sounds with help of letters of another lang-ФлОрида) & transliteration (coping the letters with help of Rus letters-ФлорИда)
Card Six
Main types of word-building in English. Composition and Conversion.
Main types of word-building are composition & conversion
Composition-compound w-s, shortening of words, sentences-clipping. Acronyms-product of shortening
@ASAP-as soon as possible
SCUBA diving-self contained under water breathing aparators.
Composition-combining 2 or more w-s
Types of compounds-1) neutral (without any connecting element @ sun-flower); 2) morphological (with connecting element @ handiwork-рукоделие, sportsman) non-productive; 3) syntactical (@ forget-me-not-незабудка) very productive, made from phrases, usually nouns but can be used attributively (beach-bag-worthy book-носить в сумке и читать на пляже хорошо)+reduced phrases @ Who dun it?=Who has done it?
Types of neutral 1) simple neutral (@ blackboard); 2) derivative/ derived @ lady-killer, new-comer, baby-seater; 3) neutral contracted (1 step is contracted) @ g-friend, h-bag-handbag
1. simple- nonidiomatic: @ sleeping-car, bedroom, sun-flower-easy to understand
2. idiomatic-less easy to understand: @ blackbird (дрозд), football, pickpocket, chatterbox
3. idiomatic-tallboy (piece of furniture), bluestocking, man-of-war, -the least understandable
from idioms how to differ:
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-graphic. If 1 word=> it’s compound
-semantic. If compound=> single meaning @ wall flower-compound-girl who’s not dancing, sitting
-phonetic. Stress is always on the first syllable=> compound @ slowcoach-may be 2 w-s (too slow)
Conversion-consists in making a new word from existing one by changing the category of speech, the morphemic shape remains unchangeable @ N<-> Verb (nurse-to nurse), yellow leaves-the leaves yellowed (process); to room with sb=to share room with sb
Love->to love; work-to work=not conversion, but historical process.
N->V: to mouth-to speak loudly; to dog sb-to follow sb
V->N: a do-an event; a go-a try
Prep->V: to out-изгнать; to ok-to approve-принять
Semantic association: 1) the name of the tool give a name of an action @ a nail-to nail, a pin-to pin (to fix)
2) between name of an animal & action @ to wolf-to eat greedily, to monkey-to copy faces, to fox-to be cunning
3) between the name of the part of the body & action @ to elbow one’s way-распихивать, to hand out-раздавать, to nose-разнюхать
4) between the name of occupation & action @ to groom-to take care of oneself; to train/ prepare for a particular career
5) between the name of place & process @ to place-to put; to house-размещать
6) the name of a container & putting smth in the container @ to bottle- to pour into the bottles; to can-консервировать/to record
7) names of meals & process of taking it @ to breakfast, to brunch-to have breakfast & lunch; to party-to go to the party
Card Seven
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