Synonyms. Their definition, types of synonyms, the dominant synonym.
Synonyms w-s with the same meaning & different shapes, they help us be precise, improve voc. @ to divorce- to broke up, to set up dif residence, to separate
Synon . dominant – a central word whose meaning (denotative) is common to all the others w-s of all the synonymic group. @ fear-dominant, terror, horror. It can replace any word of group. 1. high frequency, 2. broad combinability, 3. broad general meaning, 4. lack of connotation (neutral) Syn-w-s with the same denotation & dif connotation. Conceptual space: to suit-dominant; to fit-clothes, to match-colors, to go well with.
Ways of looking: @to look-denotative meaning: to stare- connotation-a steady look with curiosity, to glare- a steady look in anger, to gaze- steady in admiration, to glance-brief look, to peep-steady look hidden, to peer- steady with difficulty connotation
Types of synonyms:
· Ideographic — synonyms which differ in the denotational component of meaning i.e. between which a semantic difference is statable.
· Stylistic — which differ in the connotational component of meaning, i.e. all kinds of emotional, expressive and evaluative overtones.
· Absolute — which can each other in any given context, without the slightest alteration in denotative or emotional meaning and connotations.
· Contextual — are synonyms which are similar in meaning only under some specific distributional conditions.
· Dominant — the notion common to all synonyms of the group without contributing any additional...
1. degree/ intensity (like-adore; shout-yell), 2. duration (say-talk, speak), 3. emotions (father-daddy, alone-lonely), 4. evaluative connotation (notorious-famous), 5. causative connotation (sparkle-glitter, to blush-redden), 6. of manner – to stroll (to wonder), to stride (long step), 7. special implication (or attendant circumstances)-pretty, handsome, beautiful, 8. stylistic connotation @ girl- girlie, lass, lassie, bird, damsel
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Phraseology as a branch of Lexicology. Definition and classifications of phraseological units (according to the parts of speech and that by A.V.Kounin).
Phraseology-branch of lx, studies word combinations with figurative meaning (idioms)
subject matter-phr units (idioms), which present certain ideas+proverbs+sayings; phrasal verbs (to bring up); familiar quotation (to be or not to be), clichés (swan song) Idiom- is a phrase or sentence whose meaning isn’t clear from the meaning of its individual w-s & which must be learnt as a whole unit
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Classification according to the parts of speech 1. noun-equivalent phraseological units: @ small talk –светская беседа, odds & ends-остатки; 2. verb equivalent @ to bit about the bush=to speak in the roundabout way; 3. adj equivalent-@ spick & span-like Dandy; 4. adv.equivalent @ in low water –without money; 5. interjectional-@ good heavens!=oh, my God!
Structural classification: N+N (@ odds & ends), N’s + N (@Hobson’s choice-no choice), N as an attribute + N (@brain trust-мозговой треск), Adj + N (easy buck-easy money), N+ subordinate clause (@ Ships that pass in the night-случайные знакомые)
Semantic classification (given by Vonogradov) motivation-the relations between the meaning of the components & the meaning of the whole: 1. phr. fusions (сращения)-non-motivated @ aby the skin of one’s teeth-with great efforts; 2. phr. unities-motivated-@ to clutch at a straw-to use all the opportunities; 3. phr. combinations-1 component in its different meaning, set combinations @ to fly into a tempo=to become furious, to fall in love
Classification by Kounin-he included proverbs & sayings into his classification. Many idioms became as proverbs @ the last straw – последняя капля
Proverbs-phr units with completely or partially transferred meaning. Sm correlations with Vinogradov’s classification: 1. takes into account sem & functional phr units. Nominative phr units (names of objects, actions, qualities); 2. communicative phr units (proverbs & sayings-complete thought); 3. nominative-communicative phr units (verbs that can be transferred into passive) @ the ice is broken=to pass the Rubicon; 4. interjectional phr units @ A pretty cattle of fish!-хорошенькое дельце
Card Thirteen
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