Постановка вопросов к предложению с глаголом « to be ».

Существует 5 типов вопросов: общий, специальный, альтернативный, разделительный и вопрос к подлежащему.

1. Общий вопрос - это вопрос ко всему предложению, который требует ответа «да» или «нет». Если мы задаем общий вопрос к предложению, то нам необходимо поставить глагол to be ( am , are, is, was, were) перед подлежащим, т.е. на первое место. Больше в предложении ничего не меняется.

We are at school now. – Are we at school now?

Краткий ответ: Yes, we are / No, we are not.

2. Специальный вопрос – это вопрос к какому-либо члену предложения. На первое место ставится вопросительное слово + глагол to be ( am , are, is, was, were) + подлежащее + все остальные члены предложения, за исключением того слова, к которому задается вопрос.

Вопросительные слова:

what? - чей?

what (+ сущ) - какой

what kind of (+ сущ) - какой?

who? - кто?

whom? - кого? кому?

about whom? - о ком?

with whom? - с кем?

for whom? - для кого?

when? - когда?

where? - где? куда?

why? - почему?

how? - как?

how long? - как долго?

how often? - как часто?

whose? - чей?

how many / much? - сколько?

Where are you now? – I am at work.

3. Альтернативный вопрос – это вопрос, предлагающий какой-либо выбор. Его структура такова: общий вопрос + союз or (или) + альтернатива.

I am at school now.

Are you at school or at home now?

4. Разделительный вопрос – это вопрос типа «не так ли»?

Его структура такова: повествовательное предложение + глагол to be ( am , are, is, was, were) + личное местоимение, заменяющее подлежащие.

Если в первой части предложения глагол to be ( am , are, is, was, were) стоит в положительной форме, то во второй части предложения он должен стоять в отрицательной форме и наоборот:

She is a good teacher, isn’t she?

He wasn’t in Moscow last summer, was he?

5. Вопрос к подлежащему – начинается с вопросительного слова who? (what?) + глагол to be (am, are, is, was, were) + второстепенные члены предложения.

My mother is a teacher of history.

Who is a teacher of history?

Exercises

Exercise 1 . Answer the questions.

1. Where is the students hostel? 2. Is it far from the Institute? 3. How old is your friend? 4. Is he a student? 5. Was the lesson interesting? 6. Is your group preparing for the winter session? 7. Are you reading or writing now? 8. Were the students of your group invited to the conference? 9. Are you to finish this work by Monday? 10. Were you to meet your friends at the station? 11. Were there any mistakes in your grammar test? 12. What is there on your desk? 13. Will there be any new guests at your birthday party?

Exercise 2. Make the sentences negative.

1. I shall be at home tonight. 2. My friend will be a lawyer in two years. 3. My parents are teachers at the University. 4. At two o'clock our family is having dinner. 5. The decision will be passed on Monday. 6. He is working in the library now. 7. They are to meet at 5. 8. There is a TV set in this room. 9. There were many new words in the dictation. 10. There will be a stadium near our school.

Exercise 3 . Read and translate the sentences with the verb «to be».

1. Our work will be completed next week. 2. He is to deliver a lecture on International Law. 3. Hard work is a guarantee of success. 4. The students of group No 4 are having a seminar now. 5. The train was to come at 5, but it was late. 6. A foreign delegation was to visit the exhibition. 7. He is not at home now. 8. Which party is in power now in Great Britain? 9. My aim is to master two foreign languages. 10. The report was interesting.

Exercise 4 . Translate into English.

1. Все студенты на лекции. 2. Мой друг - первокурсник. 3. Моя мечта - выучить английский язык. 4. Мой друг готовится поступать в университет. 5. Декан будет ждать тебя в два часа. 6. Эти книги переведены на различные языки мира. 7. Белорусский государственный университет был основан в 1921 г. 8. Мне нужно окончить работу к понедельнику. 9. Студентам нашей группы нужно подготовиться к конференции. 10. Делегация должна прибыть завтра вечером. 11. Наша задача - овладеть иностранным языком в течение года. 12. В вашем городе есть университет? 13. В этом районе будет кинотеатр, кафе и несколько школ в следующем году.

Exercise 5. Point our to be as an auxiliary verb or a full verb.

1) We weren’t talking to James about his exam.

2) Lots of trees were blown down.

3) Where were you yesterday?

4) Why are you leaving so early?

5) John is not sure where Jill is.

6) She is feeding the dog. It is always fed at 6 o’clock.

7) It isn’t working at all.

8) Your English is really improving but mine isn’t.

9) I am to take my exams in June.

10)I’ll help you when I am free.

Exercise 6. Put am,is,are into each gap.

A: Hello. 778954.

B: Hello. ____ that Rita?

A: Yes. Who ____ is calling?

B: This _____ Gary, from New York. Do you remembering me?

A: Of course I do. What _____ are you doing in England?

B: I ____ having a holiday.

A: ____ you on your own?

B: No. I ____ here with my wife. I ____ married now.

A: Oh! What does your wife do?

B: She _____ a dentist.

A: How interesting!

B: Anyway. How ____ you?

A: I ____ fine. I _____ still studying. Listen. Where ____ you?

B: Well, we ____ staying in a hotel very near to you. If ____ called The Mayfair. Do you

know it?

A: Yes, of course. It _____ a lovely hotel – very expensive! Does you wife like it?

B: Yes, she does. Rita, what you doing tonight? ____ you free? We’d like to have dinner

with us, here in the hotel.

A: That ____ lovely! What time?

B: About 8.00?

A: That ____ fine. See you at 8 o’clock. Bye, Gary.

B: Bye Rita.

Exercise 7. What are these things?

1. an ant? It is an insect.

2. ants? bees? They are insects.

3. a cauliflower? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. chess? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. a violin? a trumpet? a flute? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. a skyscraper? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7. Earth? Mars? Venus? Jupiter? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

8. a tulip? _ _ _ _ _ _ _

9. the Rhine? The Nile? The Mississippi? _ _ _ _

10. a pigeon? an eagle? a crow? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Who were these people?

1. Beethoven? He was a composer.

2. Shakespeare? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

3. Albert Einstein? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

4. Washington? Lincoln? John Kennedy? _ _ _ _ _ _

5. Marilyn Monroe? _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6. Elvis Presley? John Lennon? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

7. Van Gogh? Renoir? Gauguin? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Exercise 8. Read about what these people do and say what their jobs are. Choose one of

these jobs:

driving instructor interpreter journalist nurse pilot plumber travel agent waiter

1. Hella looks after patients in hospitals. She is …..

2. George works in a restaurant. He brings the food to the tables. He …..

3. Mary arranges people’s holidays for them. She…..

4. Ron works for an airline. He flies airplanes …..

5. Linda teaches people how to drive ……

6. Dave fits and repairs water pipes ………

7. Jenny writes articles for a newspaper ………

8. John translates what people are saying from one language into another, so that they can understand each other…………….

Глагол to have

	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite
Affirmative	I have You have He She has It We have They have	I had You had He She had It We had They had	I shall have You will have He She will have It We shall have They will have
Negative	I have not (haven't) You have not (haven't) He She has not (hasn’t) It We have not (haven't) They have not (haven't)	I had not (hadn't) You had not (hadn't) He She had not (hadn’t) It We had not (hadn't) they had not (hadn't)	I shall not (shan't) have You will not (won't) have He She will not have It We shall not have They will not have

Примечание: перед числительным и словами much , many , little , a few , any употребляется частица not.

Interrogative

Have I? Have you?

he?

Has she? it? Have we? Have they?

Had I? Had you?

he?

Had she? it? Had we? Had they?

Shall I have? Will you have?

Will she have? it Shall we have? Will they have?

ОСНОВНЫЕ СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ ГЛАГОЛА “ТО HAVE ”

Употребление	Примеры	Перевод
1.Смысловой глагол -«иметь», «обладать» 2. Вспомогательный глагол для образования видо-временных форм глаголов 3. В качестве модального глагола для выражения долженствования (в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей to) 4. В сочетании со сложным дополнением (to have + сущ. или местоим. + Past Participle). 5. В устойчивых сочетаниях типа to have dinner, to have a rest, etc.	I have got a car. She has just told me about it. You will have to go there. I have to get up early. I had my TV-set repaired yesterday. When do you have break fast? Did you have a good rest?	У меня есть машина. Она только что сказала мне об этом. Вам придется поехать туда. Мне приходится рано вставать. Мне вчера починили телевизор. Когда вы завтракаете? Вы хорошо отдохнули?

Exercise 1 . Answer the following questions.

1. Has Great Britain a lot of industrial cities? 2. Have you got any books by foreign writers? 3. Do you always have light supper? 4. Have you a great influence on your friends? 5. Where do you have dinner after classes? 6. Do you have to rewrite this exercise? 7. Did you have to learn the poem for today?

Exercise 2 . Make the sentences negative.

1. He has many books on history in his library. 2. He had learnt to speak English by the end of the year. 3. He has a lot of relatives in Kiev. 4. I often have a headache in the evening. 5. We have received some letters from you of late. 6. I shall have much work to do next week.

Exercise 3 . Make the sentences interrogative.

1. We have some questions to ask you. 2. We have just discussed this problem. 3. Father has got a lot of technical books in his study. 4. Our students have dinner in the canteen. 5. He had finished reading the book by last Sunday. 6. The students have to work hard. 7. He has to finish his experiment in 2 hours. 8. You will have to stay here for 10 days.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the sentences with the verb «to have».

1. I'm awfully hungry. I didn't have any dinner. 2. They haven't paid for the tickets yet. 3. I have to complete this work today, because I shall have no time for it tomorrow. 4. She had to look up the words in the dictionary. 5. I haven't seen you for ages. Where have you been? 6. The delegation has already arrived. 7. She has no relatives in Minsk. 8. You have no right to do it.

Exercise 5 . Translate into English.

1. У меня много друзей среди студентов университета. 2. У моей сестры много свободного времени. 3. У него есть интересная коллекция марок. 4. Ему приходится встречать свою младшую сестру после школы. 5. Мы вынуждены были прервать нашу работу. 6. Ты когда-нибудь слышал что-либо подобное?

7. Химия и физика стали ведущими науками в наше время.

8. Некоторые страны достигли больших успехов в развитии . сельского хозяйства.

Exercise 6 . Complete these sentences. Use an expression from the list and put the verb into the correct form where necessary.

~~have lunch~~ have a swim have a nice time have a chat

have a cigarette have a rest have a good flight have a baby

have a shower have a party have a look

1 I don't eat much during the day. 1 never have lunch. .

2 David likes to keep fit, so he............................................................................every day.

3 We..................................................................last Saturday. It was great - we invited lots of people.

4 Excuse me, can I .............................................. at your newspaper, please?

5 'Where's Jim?' 'He..........................................................................in Ins room. He's very tired.'

6 I met Ann in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and..........................................................

7 I haven't seen you since you came back from holiday..................................................................?

8 Suzanne............................................................................a few weeks ago. It's her second child.

9 I don't usually smoke but I was feeling very nervous, so I..................................................................

10 The phone rang but I couldn't answer it because I.........................................................................

11 You meet Tom at the airport. He has just arrived. You say: Hello, Tom.............................................................................?

Reading

1. You are going to read the text about the youth and the problems awaiting them.

Youth Takes More Risks!

It is said that the most beautiful period in our life is when we are teenagers.

It seems that teenagers have no problems, as they do not have to work, take care of their families or have any responsibilities.But this is not true, they have many problems in fact. You can see now that our young are more similar to people abroadin many aspects of life.

A turning point is an event which changes your life and attitude. There are several such turning points in the life of an average person that are worthy of mention.

Smoking is one of the most common addictions that for years has been socially acceptable. There are passive and active smokers. People who don't smoke but are forced, to be in the company of smokers are passive smokers and are even in a worse situation. The smoke from other people's cigarettes influences their health more negatively than that of active smokers. But some young people think they look more mature when holding a cigarette.

Drug addiction is another problem of the twentieth century. Young people are particularly exposed to this threat. They try once or twice a cigarette with a narcotic inside, then they change to injections, and day by day they become totally dependent on this deadly habit. The young look for some supernatural experiences; they hope to find a sense of life, and pleasure and happiness in taking drugs, and they don't even notice how quickly they become addicted to it.

But youth embodies the future of society and our generation tries its best to improve life on the planet.

We haven't yet realized that it is important to have our own opinion in such situations.

Vocabulary:

to take care of – заботиться, ухаживать

responsibilities – ответственность

addictions – пристрастия

to force – заставлять, принуждать

mature – зрелый, готовый

threat – угроза

to embody – воплощать, олицетворять, содержать

1. Answer the following questions:

- What was the most beautiful period in you life?

- Do you think that teenagers have no problems?

- What is a “turning point”?

- Did you have to manage with the listed above problems?

- It is possible to solve your problems by yourself?

2. Complete these sentences with the words in italics from the text.

1) Young people have as many … as the grown-ups.

2) I have a pen-friend … . He is 16 and lives in Italy.

3) I gave up … a few years ago and feel myself much better.

4) I take full … for my actions.

5) He is … to reading.

3. Find different forms of the verbs to be, to have in the text and explain the function of it.

4. Complete the sentences with to be, to have, to work, to use, to seem, to see, to hope, to

live, to take, to take care of, to influence.

1. “What colour … your car? ” “It … red.”

2. Tim usually … hard.

3. Brian … near us but we … him very often.

4. I … to find a new job soon.

5. Margaret … to know him very well.

6. We have got a car, but we don’t … it very often.

7. John … a shower every day.

8. Books, music, mass media … our lives greatly.

9. Kate … a taxi every morning.

10. We must … our planet and keep it clean.

5. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Listening

1.Listen to the dialogue.

- Tell me about your family, Helen.

I have got a sister Kate, and a brother called Ted. I've got one aunt and one uncle. Carla is

my mother's sister and my uncle's name is Jack. Their daughter, Nancy, is my cousin. I've

got one cousin.

- That is not a very big family.

- No, but we are all very close. Oh, what is this?

- This is a picture of me with my wife Judy and my children. My son's name is John, and my

daughter's name is Joanne.

- And who's this?

- It is Joanne's boyfriend, Robert.

- How old is he?

- He is twenty-two.

-I think I know him from somewhere...

- You can meet him and the rest of my family tomorrow at our little dinner party.

Would you like to come?

- Yes, that sounds lovely. Thank you.

- Not at all. See you tomorrow then.

- All right. See you!

2. What was it about?

3.Read it and point out all of the verbs to be, to have.

Funny pages

Read and smile.

1. The teacher says: “Today we will review our tenses. Now, if I say “I am, beautiful” – what tense is that? ” A student replies: “Obviously the past tense”.

2. – Well, Tracy, what did you learn on your first day at school?

– Not enough, I’ve got to back there tomorrow.

3. – I have got a new dog. Would you like to come and play with him?

– Does he bite?

– That’s what I what to find out.

Времена группы Simple

(The Simple Tenses)

К этой группе относится три времени:

1.The Present Simple Tense. — Настоящее неопределенное время или простое настоящее время.

2.The Past Simple Tense. — Прошедшее неопределенное время или простое прошедшее время.

3.The Future Simple Tense. — Будущее время неопределенное или простое время.

Настоящее простое время

(The Present Simple Tense)

I. Образование.

The Present Indefinite Tense - это личная форма инфинитива без частицы to . В третьем лице единственного числа глагол принимает окончание - s или - es , которое читается по тем же правилам, что и окончание множественного числа имен существительных.

Лицо	Единственное число		Множественное число
1	I work		we work
2	you work		you work
3	he she it	works	they work

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в настоящем времени, который в 3-м лице единственного числа имеет форму does и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to .

В вопросительной форме глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Do you live in Moscow? – Ты живешь в Москве?

Does he live in Moscow? – Он живет в Москве?

В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

I do not live in St. Petersburg. – Я не живу в Санкт-Петербурге.

Не does not live in St. Petersburg. – Он не живет в Санкт-Петербурге.

ВНИМАНИЕ! В вопросительных и в отрицательных предложениях в 3-м лице единственного числа окончание - s ( - es ) опускается:

She doesn’t work at school. – Она не работает в школе.

Глагол to be не нуждается во вспомогательных глаголах для образования форм настоящего неопределенного времени.

Краткие ответы строятся следующим образом:

Do you study at the Institute? – Ты учишься в институте?

Yes, I do. – Да.

No, I do not. – Нет.

Does your friend study at the Institute? – Твой друг учится в институте?

Yes, he does. – Да.

No, he does not. – Нет.

Глагол to be и модальные глаголы ( can , may , must ) образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательных глаголов:

Can you speak German? – Вы можете говорить по-немецки?

No, I can not. – Нет, не могу.

II. Употребление.

· The Present Simple Tense употребляется для выражения действия обычного, постоянного, повторяющегося, происходящего в настоящее время, не соотнесенного с моментом речи.

I live in Moscow. – Я живу в Москве.

My brother studies at the Institute. – Мой брат учится в институте.

· Кроме выражения обычного, постоянно повторяющегося действия The Present Simple Tense используется в ряде других случаев, где эта форма заменяет собой другие видовременные формы:

1) с глаголами understand , want и др. для выражения действий, происходящих в момент речи (вместо The Present Continuous Tense ):

I quite understand what you mean. – Я вполне понимаю, что вы имеете в виду.

2) вместо The Present Continuous Tense с глаголами для выражения действий, которые совершаются в момент речи, но называются в общем виде, а не воспринимаются как процесс:

You leave me no choice. – Вы не оставляете мне выбора.

3) вместо The Future Simple Tense в придаточных предложениях времени (после союзов when , after , before , till / until , as soon as , while ), условия (после союзов if , unless , in case ), уступки (после союзов even if , even though , whatever , whenever , however и др.):

If we don't find him at home we'll leave him a message. – Если мы не застанем его дома, то мы оставим ему записку.

4) вместо The Future Simple Tense для выражения действий, которые произойдут в недалеком будущем согласно договоренности, программе, плану:

Your plane leaves in an hour's time. – Твой самолет вылетает через час.

5) вместо The Future Simple Tense в вопросах, относящихся к ближайшему будущему времени:

What do we do next? – Что мы сделаем дальше.

· The Present Simple Tense употребляется в восклицательных предложениях:

How swiftly the years fly! – Как быстро летят годы!

III. Указатели времени

Обычный, повторяющийся характер действия, выраженного данным временем, часто подчеркивается наречиями: usually (обычно), often (часто), seldom (редко), always (всегда), sometimes (иногда).

В предложении они стоят между подлежащим и смысловым глаголом:

He often goes to the cinema. - Он часто ходит в кино.

ВНИМАНИЕ! Глагол to be употребляется перед наречием:

I am always late for school. – Я всегда опаздываю в школу.

IV. Типы вопросов

He goes to the swimming pool every Monday.

1) Общий вопрос

Does he go to the swimming pool every Monday?

2) Специальный вопрос

Where does he go every Monday?

3) Альтернативный вопрос

Does he go to the swimming pool every Monday or Sunday?

4) Разделительный вопрос

He goes to the swimming pool every Monday, doesn’t he?

5) Вопрос к подлежащему

Who goes to the swimming pool every Monday?

Exercises

Exercise 1. Make up question using the words in brackets.

Example: Bob play chess. (How often?) – How often does Bob play chess?

1. Felix watches birds. (How often?) 2. I write to my parents. (How often?). 3. I have dinner in the evening. (What time?) 4. She works. (Where?) 5. I go to the Zoo. (How often?) 6. People do stupid things. (Why?) 7. The motor breaks down. (How often?)

Exercise 2.Open the brackets using the verbs in the Present Simple Tense.

1. My working day (to begin) at seven o'clock. I (to get) up, (to switch) on the radio and (to do) my morning exercises. It (to take) me fifteen minutes. At half past seven we (to have) breakfast. My father and I (to leave) home at eight o'clock. He (to take) a bus to his factory. My mother (to be) a doctor, she (to leave) home at nine o'clock. In the evening we (to gather) in the living room. We (to watch) TV and (to talk).

2. My sister (to get) up at eight o'clock. 3. She (to be) a schoolgirl. She (to go) to school in the afternoon. 4. Jane (to be) fond of sports. She (to do) her morning exercises every day. 5. For breakfast she (to have) two eggs, a sandwich and a cup of tea. 6. After breakfast she (to go) to school. 7. It (to take) him two hours to do his homework. 8. She (to speak) French well.

Reading

1. Read the text.

Typically British?

Four foreign exchange students talk about the Britons and the country…

1. Nicolae, a student from Romania works in a pub in Manchester

“ British people like children but not in restaurants or pubs. In my pub we have a rule: “no children under 12”. People in Britain drink a lot of coffee-cappuccino and espresso are really popular. They drink a lot of beer too-men and women.”

2. Alexandra from Russia is a student at Bristol University

“ This is not a good country for smokers! Many coffee bars and restaurants are “no smoking”. I live with three British students and they don’t smoke. When I want a cigarette I go into the garden”.

3. Carlos is a student from Spain

“ People read the newspaper everywhere – on the train, on the bus, at the bus stop. And the newspapers are really big! Cars stop in Britain when you stand on the zebra crossing – it’s incredible! Cars don’t stop for you in Madrid”.

4. Marilia from Brazil works as an “au pair” in Cambridge

“ I think my British family is typical. The woman doesn’t cook – she just puts a pizza in the microwave. But she watches cooking programs on TV every day! The man cooks at the weekend-he makes fantastic Indian curries. Their child has a terrible diet. She eats fish fingers and chips and she goes to Burger King every week”.

Vocabulary

pub-пивная, бар

smoke-курить

incredible-невероятно

terrible-ужасный

2. Answer the questions.

1) Do people in Britain drink a lot of coffee or tea?

2) Is Britain a good country for smokers?

3) Do British people read the newspapers everywhere?

4) What is a typical British family?

3.Look at the underlined verbs. Why do the verbs in paragraph 4 end in –s?

4.Say the he/she form of these verbs:

Cook, make, go, watch, have, like drink, eat.

5.. Find three negative verbs. Which one is different? Why?

6.Look through the text and tell three things which are the same in your country, and three things which are different.

7.Summarize the text and answer the question: What is typical for British people?

Listening

1. Listen to the dialogue.

The interview.

- So Karen, tell us about your normal working day.

- Well... I get up with my husband at about 6 o'clock. Then I have a shower and a bit of breakfast. Richard takes the kids to school at 7 and I start work at 8.

- How do you get to work?

- I usually take the tube, but if it's raining I go by taxi.

- Oh, I see. And what kind of things do you have to do once you arrive?

- It depends. Sometimes I go to meetings, sometimes I have to contact my clients because of a problem or something and occasionally I just play with the PC.

- Do you travel much with your work?

- Yes, I do. Every month I visit my company's regional offices to check that everything is OK and every quarter I go to New York. So you see I am very busy.

- And what do you usually do after work?

- Well, it depends how I'm feeling. I take the kids for walks. I go to the gym a lot and twice a week my husband and I hire a babysitter so that we can spend some time alone.

- Gosh, you certainly are busy. Well, I'm glad that I don't work as hard as you. Thank you very much and our next guest is...

2. What was it about?

3. Read it and point out the verbs in Present Simple.

Funny pages

Read and smile

1. Two men talking:

- Does your wife drive?

- Yes, she drives me mad.

2. The bad thing about a popular song is that it makes a lot of people think they can sing.

Quicktest

Variant I

Change the sentences.

We like animals. He likes animals.

1. I listen to the radio. She ……………

2. He lives in a flat. We ……………

3. They have two children. He …………….

4. She doesn’t drink coffee. They ………….

5. I don’t smoke. My father ……..

6. The shop closes at 5.00. The shops …….

7. I go to the pub. He …………….

8. I do housework. She …………...

Variant II

Change the sentences.

They like animals. He likes animals.

1. I go to school every day. He …………..

2. She doesn’t like cats. They…………

3. I’m very angry She……….…

4. She eats a lot of chocolate. We ………….

5. I usually wake up very early. My mother….

6. The banks open at 9. 00. The bank……

7. We often go to the cinema. He …………

8. They speak loudly. I …………...

Прошедшее простое время

(The Past Simple Tense)

I. Образование

Прошедшее простое время правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления окончания - ed к инфинитиву: I worked . He lived .

Неправильные глаголы образуют данное время с помощью второй формы из таблицы: You came . They understood .

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы прошедшего неопределенного времени правильных и неправильных глаголов для всех лиц в единственном и множественном числе образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени did и инфинитива смыслового глагола без частицы to.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Did you live in Moscow last year? – Ты жил в Москве в прошлом году?

В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола did :

I did not live in Moscow two years ago. – Я не жил в Москве два года назад.

Краткие ответы строятся следующим образом:

Did you study English two years ago? – Ты учил английский два года?

Yes, I did – Да.

No, I did not. (No, I didn’t). – Нет.

Глагол to be и модальные глаголы образуют вопросительную и отрицательную формы без вспомогательных глаголов:

Were you at the Institute yesterday? – Ты был в институте вчера?

He couldn't speak English last year. – Он не мог говорить на английском в прошлом году.

II. Употребление

1) The Past Simple Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое происходило в прошлом в определенное время (конкретно указано когда):

Yesterday I met my friend. – Вчера я встретил моего друга.

2) Простое прошедшее время используется для описания событий, произошедших в прошлом (без указания на время совершения действия):

There was once a man who lived in a small house in the country. One day he left his house
and went into town. On the way he met.. – В небольшом доме в деревне жил-был
человек. Однажды он ушел из дома и отправился в город. По пути он встретил.

3) Для обозначения действий, регулярно повторявшихся или постоянно имевших место в прошлом употребляются " used to + инфинитив" и " would + инфинитив"

4) The Past Simple Tense также может выражать действия, которые происходили в течение некоторого периода времени:

After dinner we sat in the garden for a long time. — Мы долго сидели в саду после обеда.

5) Часто это время используется в ситуациях, которые существуют в настоящее время (в том числе и по причине согласования времен):

I'm sorry we left Chester. It was such a nice place. – Жаль, что мы уехали из Честера.
Это такое прекрасное место.

6) Форма прошедшего времени зачастую используется, не выражая значения прошедшего времени:

· в условных придаточных:

If only I had more time. — Если бы только у меня было больше времени.

· после Its time, would rather, wish:

I wish I had a better memory. — Я бы хотел, чтобы моя память была лучше.

III. Указатели времени

Время совершения действия ясно из контекста или ситуации или указывается соответствующими обстоятельственными словами и выражениями, обозначающими прошедшее время, такими, как: yesterday (вчера), the day before yesterday (позавчера), last year (в прошлом году), ago (какое-то время назад), the other day (на днях), in 1990 (в 1990).

IV. Типы вопросов

She received a letter yesterday.

1) Общий вопрос

Did she receive a letter yesterday?

2) Специальный вопрос

What did she receive yesterday?

3) Альтернативный вопрос

Did she receive a letter or a telegram yesterday?

4) Разделительный вопрос

She received a letter yesterday, didn’t she?

5) Вопрос к подлежащему

Who received a letter yesterday?

Exercises

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the right form of the Past Simple Tense.

1. What your neighbours (to do) yesterday? 2. Mr. Smith (to fix) his car yesterday morning. 3. His wife (to water) plants in the garden. 4. Their children (to clean) the yard and then they (to play) basketball. 5. In the evening their boys (to listen) to loud music and (to watch) TV. 6. Their little girl (to cry) a little and then (to smile). 7. Her brothers (to shout) at her. 8. Mrs. Smith (to work) in the kitchen. 9. She (to bake) a delicious apple pie. 10. She (to cook) a good dinner. 11. She (to wash) the dishes and (to look) very tired. 12. The children (to brush) their teeth, (to yawn) a little and (to go) to bed. 13. Their mother (to change) her clothes and (to brush) her hair. Then she (to talk) on the phone. 14. Her husband (to smoke) a cigarette and (to talk) to his wife. 15. They (to wait) for the bus. The bus (to arrive) at 9 o'clock. 16. They (to visit) their friends. 17. They (to dance) a lot there. 18. Mr. and Mrs. Smith (to rest) very well last night. They really (to have) a wonderful time at their friends.

Exercise 2. Rewrite this text in the Past Simple Tense.

On Monday we have five lessons. The first lesson is Russian. At this lesson we write a dictation and do some exercises. Nick goes to the blackboard. He answers well and gets a "five". Pete does not get a "five" because he does not know his lesson. After the second lesson I go to the canteen. I eat a sandwich and drink a cup of tea. I do not drink milk. After school I do not go home at once. I go to the library and change the book. Then I go home.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the verb in the Past Simple Tense or in the Present Simple Tense.

1. His sister (to study) English every day. 2. She (to study) English two hours ago. 3. You (to come) home at six o'clock yesterday? — No, I ... . Yesterday I (to come) home from school at half past eight. I (to be) very tired. I (to have) dinner with my family. After dinner I (to be) very thirsty. I (to drink) two cups of tea. Then I (to rest). 4. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 5. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 6. My brother (to wash) his face <-very morning. 7. Last night he (to wash) his face with soap and water. 8. I (not to have) history lessons every day. 9. We (not to rest) yesterday. 10. My brother (not to drink) coffee yesterday. I I. My mother always (to take) a bus to get to work, but yesterday she (not to take) a bus. Yesterday she (to walk) to her office. 12. You (to talk) to the mem-lirrs of your family every day? — Yes, I ... . But yesterday I (not to talk) to them: I (to be) very busy yesterday. 13. Your sister (to go) to school every day? — Yes, she ... . 14. Mary (to like) writing stones. 15. Last week she (to write) a funny story about her pet. 16. You (to tell) your mother the truth about the money? 17. You (to wear) your polka-dot dress to work? — Yes, I .... I (to wear) it yesterday. 18. We (to like) to go to the beach. We (to enjoy) swimming in the ocean last weekend.

Reading

1. Read the text.

European women yesterday and today.

In the 17th century rich women normally were taught at home by a tutor, they were taught subjects like Latin, French, Needlework. Poor women did not go to school and didn’t have an education. They didn't get paid much and had to work hard.

In the 19th century rich women were educated at home and learned pretty much the same as in the 17th century. They were learned to play the piano, speak French, entertain guests and look attractive. After 1870 it was made compulsory for all women to have an education. Girls didn't learn the same subjects as boys. Girls learnt subjects like laundry, cookery, needlework and housewifery skills.

Rich women did not work, but ran their home with the help of their servants, after 1870 some women became teachers and others could work as secretaries or clerks. But at that time any woman had to retire when she got married.

Poor women had to work as well as bringing up their children, they had to work in coal mines and factories for long hours earning little money.

In the 20th century, when the 1st World War started, women could get jobs at a factory because all men had gone off to fight for the war, so women worked in factories, making armours for the war.

Later jobs as secretaries became available for women. Some women became teachers. Women were now aloud to vote and the first female presidents came. Some women were involved in politics.

Vocabulary

tutor — домашний учитель, репетитор

needlework — рукоделие

compulsory — обязательный

laundry — прачечное дело

housewifery skills — навыки домашнего хозяйства

to bring (brought, brought) up — воспитывать, растить

coal mine — угольная шахта

underpaid job — малооплачиваемая работа

armours — вооружение

available — пригодный; достижимый

to vote — голосовать

2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Where were rich women taught in the 17th century?

2. What subjects did they learn in the 17th century?

3. Did poor women go to school that time?

4. What did rich women learn in the 19th century?

5. When did an education become compulsory for all women?

6. Who did all domestic tasks at rich women's home?

7. Where did poor women have to work?

8. Why could women get jobs at a factory when the 1st World War started?

9. What changes happened in women's life in the 20th century?

3. Please, point out the verbs in Past Simple.

4. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Listening

1. Listen to the dialogue.

Talking about school.

- Daddy, when were you born?

- I was born in 1947, in Greenwich.

- What school did you go to?

- First, I went to a primary school in a small village with only fifty other pupils.

- And then?

- Later, my parents and I moved to London where I started secondary school.

- How much can you remember from that time? How many subjects did you study at secondary school?

- A lot of subjects: maths, English, history, geography...

- And what was your favourite subject? PE, of course.

- How many lessons did you have every day?

- I don't remember exactly, perhaps six or seven...

- Was your school a state school or a public school?

- My parents couldn't afford to send me to a public school, so I had to go to a state school.

- When did you leave school?

- At the age of 18 I decided to go to university and study medicine, as you know.

- Did you like university?

- Well, we had to know every bone in a person's body, but generally it was all right. And what about your future, Mary?

- I want to go to university and study medicine just like you, dad.

- I'm very proud of you but now I think you should finish your homework, don't you?

2. What was it about?

3. Read it and point out all of the verbs in Past Simple.

Funny pages

Read and smile

1. A man knocked on my door and said, “Excuse me, I’m collecting for the swimming-pool.” I gave him a bucket of water.

2. During World War II, the German government sent two perfect spies to England. They behaved like perfect Englishmen and they spoke perfect English, so they were sure nobody would find out where they were from. One day they went to a pub for a drink.

- Martini, please – said the German spy.

- Dry? - asked the barman.

- Nein, zwei – replied the German.

Quicktest

Variant I

Rewrite the sentences in the past simple with yesterday.

I use the Internet. I used the Internet yesterday.

1. I watch TV. ……………….

2. Do you listen to the radio? ……………….

3. We study English. ……………….

4. He doesn’t work. ……………….

5. The film finishes at 7.00. …………………

6. I don’t like the film. …………………

7. Does she smoke? …………………

8. They play tennis. …………………

Variant II

Rewrite the sentences in the past simple with yesterday.

I use the Internet. I used the Internet yesterday.

1. Today is Monday. …………………..

2. She doesn’t cook. …………………...

3. Do you play the piano ? ……………………

4. We watch TV. …………………….

5. Kate studies French. ……………………..

6. I go to the swimming-pool. ……………………..

7. The shop closes at 8.00. ……………………..

8. Mary and Kate visit their friends …………………

Будущее простое время

(The Future Simple Tense)

I. Образование

В разговорной речи для образования будущего неопределенного времени используется вспомогательный глагол will (отрицательная форма - will not = won ' t).

В официальной устной и письменной речи для образования 1-го лица единственного и множественного числа будущего времени используется вспомогательный глагол shall , который в разговорной речи сокращается и имеет форму 'll:

I shall come to London in March. – Я приеду в Лондон в марте.

II. Употребление

The Future Simple Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое произойдет в будущем. Это время может выражать как однократное, так и повторяющееся в будущем действие:

I'll go to the country on Sunday. . — Я поеду за город в воскресенье

They will have English lessons once a week.- У них будут уроки английского раз в неделю.

III. Указатели времени

Обычно будущее время употребляется с такими обозначениями времени, как tomorrow (завтра), the day after tomorrow (после завтра), next year (в следующем году), in ( some ) days (через несколько дней), one of these days (один из этих дней), soon (вскоре) и т.д.

IV. Типы вопросов

We shall arrive in Moscow tomorrow.

1) Общий вопрос

Shall we arrive in Moscow tomorrow?

2) Специальный вопрос

When shall we arrive in Moscow?

3) Альтернативный вопрос

Shall we arrive in Moscow tomorrow or the day after tomorrow?

4) Разделительный вопрос

We shall arrive in Moscow tomorrow, shan’t we?

5) Вопрос к подлежащему

Who will arrive in Moscow tomorrow?

Exercises

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the verbs in the Future Simple Tense.

1. I want to get a medical checkup. I (to go) to my doctor tomorrow. 2. He (to give) me a complete examination. 3. The nurse (to lead) me into one of the examination rooms. 4. I (to take) off my clothes and (to put) on a hospital gown. 5. Dr. Setton (to come) in, (to shake) my hand, and (to say) "hello". 6. I (to stand) on his scale so he can measure my height and my weight. 7. He (to take) my pulse. 8. Then he (to take) my blood pressure. 9. After he takes my blood pressure, he (to take) some blood for a blood analysis. 10. He (to examine) my eyes, ears, nose, and throat. 11. He (to listen) to my heart with a stethoscope. 12. Then he (to take) a chest X-ray and (to do) a cardiogram (EGG or EKG). 13. After the checkup I (to go) home and (to wait) for Dr. Set-ton's call. 14. Dr. Setton (to call) me tomorrow afternoon and (to say) to me: "Stop worrying! Your blood analysis is excellent." He is a very good doctor.

Reading

1. Read the text.

A Futurologist Thinks That…

Long before the year 2000, the entire antiquated structure of degrees, exams and credits will be discarded. No two students will be taught in exactly the same way.

In the educational world of tomorrow the centralized work place will also become less important. Just as economic mass production required large numbers of workers to be assembled in factories, educational mass production required large numbers of students to be assembled in schools. This itself, with its demands for uniforms, discipline, regular hours, attendance checks and the like, was a standardizing force. Advanced technology will in the future, make much of this unnecessary. A good deal of education will be conducted in the student's own room at home or in a dorm (=hostel), at hours of his own choosing. Vast libraries of data (=information) will be used by students through a computerized information retrieval system. With his own tapes and video units, his own language laboratory and his own electronically equipped study room he will be freed, for much of the time, from the unpleasantness of the classroom.

Vocabulary

to discard - отбрасывать

to require – требовать, нуждаться

demand – требования

vast - обширный

a computerized information retrieval system - система получения информации через ЭВМ

2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Have you ever asked yourself why people who want to study have always been brought together since the earliest times? Give all the possible reasons you can think of.

2. How were students always taught? By whom were they taught? What were the functions of a teacher? Can a teacher be replaced by a machine?

3. Do you think that the educational world of tomorrow will be greatly changed? Why?

4. Computers will no doubt be used in education more than they are used today. Will the character of studies be changed by computers? Will a large part of a student's time be freed? Give your reasons.

3. Please, point out the verbs in Future Simple.

4. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Listening

1. Listen to the dialogue.

A phone call.

- Hello.

- Hi. Is that John?

- No, it's John's father.

- Oh, I'm sorry Mr. Black. This is Jane Spencer. Could I talk to John, please?

- No, sorry. I'm afraid John is not here at the moment.

- Do you know when he'll be back?

- He said he would be back before seven. Would you like to leave a message for him?

- Yes, could you ask him to phone me this evening, please? I have problems with my homework and I need his help.

- Right, I'll tell him.

- He's got my number. Thank you very much. Bye, bye,

-Bye.

(In the evening)

- Hello, this is John Black. Could I speak to Jane, please?

- Speaking.

- Oh, hi Jane, I heard you phoned me earlier.

- Yes, I had some problems with my homework but now everything is OK.

- That’s good! Listen, if you have finished doing your homework, maybe we could go out tonight?

- That’s a very good idea.

- I will pick you up in about half an hour.

- Ok. See you.

- See you.

2. What was it about?

3. Read it and point out the verbs in Future Simple.

Funny pages

Read and smile

Boy: Do you love me?

Girl: Of course, I love you.

Boy: How long will you love me?

Girl: I will love you forever.

Boy: Ho long is forever?

Girl: About a week.

2. The teacher says: “Today we will review our tenses. Now, if I say “I’m beautiful” – what tense is that?”

A student replies: “Obviously the past tense.”

3. A girl asks her boyfriend:

- Darling, if we get engaged, will you give me a ring?

- Sure – he says – what’s your phone number?

Quicktest

Variant I

Write sentences and questions with will / won’t.

It / be difficult + It’ll be difficult.

1. They / win –

2. The meeting / be long ?

3. He / get the job –

4. You / see him at the party ?

5. It / be impossible to park +

6. You / like the film –

7. She / love the chocolates we bought her +

Variant II

Write sentences and questions with will / won’t.

It / be difficult + It’ll be difficult.

1. There / be a lot of traffic at 6.00 –

2. You / can find a good job +

3. I / need this photo tomorrow +

4. You / see her at school ?

5. He / get a lot of money for it –

6. I / drive to the village +

7. The story / be interesting ?

Модальные глаголы

(Modal Verbs)

Глаголы can ( could ), may ( might ), need , must , ought , should относятся к группе так называемых модальных глаголов. Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают способность, возможность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого.

He can do it himself. – Он может сделать это сам.

They may come tonight. – Они, может быть, придут поздно вечером.

Инфинитив, следующий за модальным глаголом, употребляется без частицы to, за исключением глаголов ought to :

You ought to help him. - Вам следовало бы помочь ему.

Вопросительная форма образуется без вспомогательного глагола to do , причем модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:
Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help
him? Need he do it?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not ,
которая ставится непосредственно после модального глагола. В настоящем времени са n пишется слитно с not : He cannot do it.
You may not take it. He must not go there. He ought not to help
him. He need not do it.

К основным модальным глаголам относятся:

1) can – мочь, быть в состоянии; прошедшее время could (предполагаетналичие физической, интеллектуальной и прочих внутренних возможностей, позволяющих исполнить что-либо):

I can speak two languages. — Я могу (я в состоянии) говорить на двух языках.

I could run faster when I was younger. — Ямог (я был в состоянии) бегать быстрее, когда был моложе.

В будущем времени у глагола са nесть эквивалент – конструкция to be able to(быть в состоянии что-либо сделать):

I shall be able to call you when I am free. — Я смогу позвонить тебе, когда освобожусь.

Can в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях, когда не допускается возможность, что действие в действительности совершилось:

He can not have done it. – Не может быть, чтобы он это сделал.

2) may — иметь возможность, получить разрешение (делать что-либо); прошедшее время — might:

May I smoke here? – Можно закурить?

Yes, you may. — Да, можно.

Вбудущем времени у модального глагола may есть эквивалент — конструкция to be allowed to(получить разрешение сделать что-либо):

You will be allowed to visit him. – Тебе разрешат навестить его.

May в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется для выражения предположения, относящегося к прошедшему:

He may have returned to Moscow. – Он, возможно, возвратился в Москву.

3) must — должен, обязан.

You must do it now. — Вы должны сделать это сейчас. Эквивалентами глагола must являются глаголы to have toи to be to, которые, кроме этого, характеризуются некоторыми дополнительными оттенками значения. Глагол to have toозначает долженствование, вызванное обстоятельствами,в то время как глагол to beдолженствование,связанное с расписанием или заранее сделанной договоренностью:

I had to get up early yesterday.– Я вынужден был встать вчера

The train was to arrive at 6p.m. — Поезд должен был прибыть в 6 часов.

Must в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется для выражения предположения, относящегося к прошедшему:

He must be at home now. – Он должно быть сейчас дома.

Must в сочетании с Continuous Infinitive употребляется для выражения предположения, относящегося к моменту речи:

Where is he? He must be walking in the garden. – Где он? Он должно быть гуляет в саду.

4) Глагол ought to ( should ) должен, следует, следовало бы в сочетании с Indefinite Infinitive употребляется для выражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему:

He ought to help his friend. – Он должен (ему следует) помочь своему другу.

О ught to в сочетании с Perfect Infinitive употребляется по отношению к прошедшему времени и выражает, что лицо, о котором идет речь, не выполнило своего долга или поступило, по мнению говорящего, неправильно, т.е. выражает упрек или порицание:

You ought to have done it yesterday. – Вам следовало бы сделать это вчера.

5) Глагол need употребляется для выражения необходимости совершить действие со значением надо, нужно:

You needn’t come so early. – Вам не нужно приходить так рано.

Глагол need может употребляться как смысловой глагол со значением нуждаться:

You need a long rest. – Вам нужен длительный отдых.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Put the right modal verb.

1. I usually leave work at 7, but I _________leave earlier on Fridays.

2. You________get a visa before you go abroad next month.

3. I________come tomorrow. I’m afraid, I’m too busy.

4. The children are happy because they_____________do any homework tonight.

5. It is going to be a cold day. You__________wear a coat.

6. He read the messages but he_________understand it.

7. Laura________do her homework every day.

8. I have a toothache. I________go to the dentist.

9. Pam is a bit overweight. She__________eat between meals.

10. When Lily was younger she________run very fast.

11. Our teacher says we___________speak English well in a few months.

Exercise 2. . Put the right modal verb.

1.The doctor said, "The child is very ill. He…..be taken to the hospital at once. 2. A man…..help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we... walk. 4. Everybody…….learn a foreign language. 5. We ... live without food and water. We ... eat and drink. 6. I... get up early tomorrow, so I... go to bed late tonight. 7. You... drive a car at night without lights on. 8. Tom's father told him that he ... ask silly questions. 9.Man ...live by bread alone. 10. The matter ...be discussed in tomorrow's debate. 11. You... sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch a cold if you do. 12. They... do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them. 13. You... do whatever you like. 14. We... go away right now; our train doesn't leave for half an hour yet. 15.I... read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Why ... I go there? 17. She ... sing quite well. 18. You ... say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand. 19. ... I use your phone? - You ... ask for permission, you ... use it whenever you like. 20. You ... leave your dog with us if you don't want to take him with you. 21. You... take a horse to water but you... make him drink. 22. The ice is quite thick. We... walk on it. 23. If you don't know the meaning of a word you... use a dictionary.

Exercise 3. Choose the right form.

1.You (don’t have to, mustn’t, needn’t, don’t need to) Buy bread. We have got a lot of bread. 2. I’m afraid (nothing can do, nothing can be done, anything can do, something can be done, nothing can be done) in the situation. There is no way out. 3. Please dust () the furniture and sweep the floor. But you (mustn’t, can’t, needn’t, haven’t to) wash it: it’s not so dirty. 4. I’m afraid you’ll have to cook supper and lay the table. But at least you (mustn’t, can’t, needn’t, haven’t ) go shopping: I have bought everything already. 5. Nothing (can’t be done, can be done, need be done, needn’t be done, must be done) in this situation. We won’t manage to help him in any case.

Exercise 4. Match the sentences.

1. She may come 1. Ей можно приходить

2. She shouldn’t come. 2. Ей можно прийти.

3. She must come. 3. Она сможет прийти.

4. She had to come. 4. Ей не следует приходить.

5. She couldn’t come. 5. Она не могла прийти.

6. She will be able to come. 6. Она должна прийти.

7. She needn’t come. 7. Ей не разрешают прийти.

8. She isn’t allowed to come. 8. Ей пришлось прийти.

Exercise 5. Translate into English .

1. Что ты умела делать, когда тебе было 5 лет. – Я умела танцевать, петь, но я не умела говорить по-английски. Сейчас я могу говорить немного. 2. Аня живет очень далеко от школы. Ей приходится вставать рано утром. 3. Нельзя курить в комнате. 4. Тебе пришлось долго ждать автобус? – Около часа. 5. Можно мне взять газету? 6. Я не могу пойти в кино в субботу. Мне придется посидеть с больной тетей.

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian .

1. Не must have sold his piano.

2. He may have sold his piano.

3. He might have sold his piano.

4. He can't have sold his piano.

5. He should have sold his piano.

6. He shouldn't have sold his piano.

7. He needn't have sold his piano.

8. He didn't have to sell his piano.

9. He had to sell his piano.

10. He was to sell his piano.

Exercise 7. Put the right modal verb.

1. ... you translate this text into English? — I think I .... 2. They spent all the morning on the river bank. Only Ann ... return home as she ... not stay in the sun for such a long time. 3. How do you feel when you ... take a test? — I'm always a little frightened and unhappy. 4. She ... decorate a room nicely. 5. We ... not afford to pay the bill. 6. He's got a lung problem and he ... go to hospital every two weeks. 7. Ann ... not go to his birthday party yesterday because she ... go to the dentist. 8. You ... take medicine three times a day before meals. You ... not stop taking it until you have finished the bottle. Don't forget. You ... drink water as much as you ... . You ... get up tomorrow if you like. You ... not stay in bed all the time. But you ... not do any work at all. You ... just relax for a few days.

Reading

1. Read the text.

In Work and out of Work.

The majority of young people worry more about money than their parents did twenty years ago. They try to spend less and save more. They want to be able to get homes of their own one day.

As children move to independence, it is important to make sure that they understand what decent values are. To prevent children from becoming spoilt and greedy parents should not indulge them too much. To make sure that they grow up well-mannered they should be taught to be polite from an early age. Children should be scolded for bad behaviour, which will be an effective way of helping them to distinguish right from wrong. Parents need to reward their children when they do things well to give them a sense of pride. But at the same time parents must be careful not to overdo it or they may become conceited. Parents should try to make their children tolerant and respectful of other people’s beliefs. Parents should try to place great importance on setting a good example to their children, because children’s behaviour is often an imitation of that of their parents. To bring up children to be normal, well-adjusted human beings? Requires great wisdom and perhaps a bit of luck.

Vocabulary

decent values –настоящие ценности

spoilt – испорченный

greedy –жадный

to indulge – давать себе волю, позволять себе

to scold – ругать

conceited – самонадеянный, тщеславный

well-adjusted – легко-приспосабливающийся

wisdom – мудрость

2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Do you do more or less what your parents did?

2. How will you bring up your children?

3. Do your parents understand you? What will you do to make sure that your children understand what decent values are?

4. Is it necessary to scold children for bad behaviour? Why?

3. Please, point out modal verbs in the text.

4. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Quicktest

Variant I

Write down the sentences in Past Simple and Future Simple.

1.We can help you.

2.I must wait for him.

3.I can do this work myself.

4.He must be at the Institute at 9 o’clock.

5.They can read English books.

Variant II

Write down the sentences in Past Simple and Future Simple.

1.She can translate this article into Russian.

2.I must do it at once.

3.I can buy a dictionary for you.

4.You must learn the story by heart.

5.He can go to the library with you.

Proverbs

Match the Russian and English equivalents of the proverbs. Comment upon the proverbs.

1. What can’t be cured must be endured.

2. You can’t eat your cake and have it.

3. To put the cart before the horse.

4. What’s done cannot be undone.

5. If you want knowledge, you must toil.

6. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

1. Хочешь знать – трудись.

2. Делать шиворот-навыворот.

3. Пытаться сделать невозможное.

4. Что прошло, уж того не воротишь.

5. Не откладывай на завтра, то что можешь сделать сегодня.

6. Нужно мириться с тем, что от тебя не зависит.

Раздел III

Структура there is/there are

Оборот there is ( there are ) употребляется для выражения наличия в определенном месте лица (лиц) или предмета (предметов), еще неизвестных собеседнику. Оборот there is имеет значение "есть, находится, имеется".

В русском языке предложение в таких случаях, как правило, начинается с обстоятельства места или времени: На столе книга. В классе студенты.

В английском языке такие предложения начинаются оборотом there is / are , за которым следует имя существительное с относящимися к нему словами и затем обстоятельство места или времени. Глагол to be согласуется со следующим за ним первым существительным:

There is a book, some pencils and a pen on the table. – На столе (есть) книга, несколько карандашей и ручка.

There are some pencils, a book and a pen on the table. – На столе (находится) несколько карандашей, книга и ручка.

Перевод таких предложений начинается с обстоятельства места или времени, причем оборот there is на русский язык зачастую не переводится.

There is a book on the desk. — На письменном столе (лежит) книга.

Поскольку there в обороте there is не переводится, то, если в предложении должно быть слово there в значении "там", оно занимает обычно место обстоятельства и переводится на русский язык:

There is a chair there. — Там стоит стул.

После оборота there is исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе употребляются с неопределенным артиклем:

There is a book on the table. — На столе есть книга.

Существительные во множественном числе часто употребляются с неопределенными местоимениями some , any , many , a lot , much , little и с количественными числительными:

There are some books on my table. — На моем столе несколько книг

Глагол to be в обороте there is может употребляться в различных временах:

There was a meeting at the club yesterday. — Вчера в клубе было собрание.

There will be a good concert at our club tomorrow. — Завтра у нас в клубе будет
хороший концерт.

В вопросительной форме глагол to be ставится перед there :

Is there a library at your institute? — У вас в институте есть библиотека?

Если глагол to be употреблен в сложном времени, то на первое место выносится вспомогательный глагол:

Will there be a meeting at the institute tomorrow? —Завтра в институте будет собрание?

Отрицательная форма оборота there is образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not , которая ставится непосредственно после глагола to be . При этом после not исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе употребляется с неопределенным артиклем, а исчисляемое во множественном числе или неисчисляемое - с any :

There aren't any books in the desk. – На столе нет книг.

Отрицательная форма образуется также при помощи местоимения по, которое ставится перед существительным. Местоимение по исключает употребление артикля перед существительным:

There is no map in that room. — В этой комнате нет карты.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the right form of the verb to be.

1.There______two men at the door. 2. There_______a good clothes shop not far from here. 3. There_______a lot of people at the concert today. 4. There__________a police woman over here. 5. There_________a dog and the cat in the garden. 6. There ________no money in my bank account. 7. There___________four people in my family. 8. There_________no news from my friends.

Exercise2. Complete the sentences with there is(isn’t)/there are(aren’t) constructions.

1.______a train to Manchester? 2. ________a new disco near the college? 3. _______a good restaurant in this street? 4. ________two hospitals in this town. 5.________many children in the pool? 6. __________three families in this house. 7. ___________a television in the flat? 8. ________a big grey cloud over there.

Exercise3. Write sentences using there is/there are and the words given below.

1.bus, street. 2. lamp, room. 3. chalk, blackboard. 4. bread, table. 5. tea, tea-pot. 6. money, bag. 7. soap, shelf. 7. water, glass. 8. paper, box.

Exercise 4. Ask questions to the following statements then answer them according to the example.

Example:There is a good programme on TV tonight

-Is there a good programme on TV tonight?

- No, there isn 't

There aren't any theatres in my town.

-Are there any theatres in your town?

- Yes, there are.

1. There is a cat in the window. 2. There are a few changes in the text. 3. There are plenty of glasses in the cupboard. 4. There were a lot of people at the stadium. 5. There isn't anything on the plate. 6. There wasn't anybody in the room. 7. There are difficult exercises in this book. 8. There is something on the shelf. 9. There will be some interesting programmes on TV tomorrow. 10. There are several empty seats in the room. 11. There weren't any pears on the plate.

Exercise 5. Use "there is (are)" construction in the necessary tense form.

1. Look!........their telephone number in the letter. 2. Chester is a very old town. ……many old buildings. 3. Excuse me,………a restaurant near here? 4. How many students……….in your group? 5. I was hungry but………anything to eat. 6………..a football match on TV last night. 7………..many people at the meeting? 8. Look!.........an accident. Call the ambulance! 9. …24 hours in a day. 10. This box is empty. …………….nothing in it. 11. ……..somebody at the airport to meet you when you arrive tomorrow. 12. When we arrived at the cinema……..along queue outside.

Exercise 6.Translate into English.

1. В этом журнале много интересных статей. 2. В нашем городе много музеев и театров. 3. В этой комнате есть телефон? 4. В этой комнате два окна. 5. В чашке не было чая. 6. Сколько статей было в этом журнале? - Там было несколько статей. 7. Сколько студентов в аудитории? - Двадцать. 8. Рядом с нашим домом будет парк. 9. На этой улице была школа? 10. На столе лежит несколько книг.

Предлоги

( Prepositions )

Предлоги – это служебные слова, которые показывают отношение существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении.

Предлоги, обозначающие движение

Предлог	Значение	Пример
to	движение по направлению к предмету(лицу), протекающему процессу:	Let's go to Moscow. — Поедем в Москву.
from	движение от предмета (лица)	Take this book from the table. - Убери книгу со стола. I come from Australia. -Я из Австралии.
into	движение внутрь ограниченного пространства	Come into office. – Войдите в офис.
out of	движение из ограниченного пространства	Take it out of the table. – Достань это из стола.
on to/onto	движение на поверхность	He stepped onto the platform. – Он сошел на платформу.
through	через, сквозь	I was passing through the hall. – Я проходил через холл.

Предлоги, обозначающие место

Предлог	Значение	Пример
at	место нахождения у предмета (лица), а также там, где протекает определенный процесс	I work at a factory.- Я работаю на заводе
in	местонахождение внутри ограниченного пространства	The boss is in the office. – Начальник в офисе.
on	местонахождение на поверхности	The folder is on the desk. – Папка на столе.
under	местонахождение под другим предметом	The box is under the table. – Коробка под столом.
across	через	The bank is across the street. - Банк находится через дорогу
above	местонахождение над другим предметом:	There is a lamp above the table. - Над столом висит лампа.
between	между	Between you and me. — Между мною и тобой.
in front of	местонахождение впереди другого предмета	There is a telephone in front of him. — Перед ним стоит телефон.
behind	местонахождение позади	My house is behind the post-office. — Мой дом находится поза почты (за почтой).
around	местонахождение одного предмета вокруг другого	We are sitting around the table. - Мы сидим вокруг стола.
beyond	по ту сторону	The city is beyond the mountain. - Город - по ту сторону гор
over	над, через, сверх	Не jumped over the fence. - Он перепрыгнул через забор.
near	рядом, вблизи	I am sitting near the window. – Я сижу рядом с окном.
up	вверх	Up the river. – Вверх по реке.
down	вниз	Down the river. – Вниз по реке.

Предлоги времени

Предлог	Значение	Пример
in	внутри временного отрезка	in September, in 1997 - в сентябре, в 1997 году
in	через некоторое время	in an hour, in two days — через час, через два дня
at	в (точка во времени)	at 5 o'clock, at midnight - в 5 часов, в полночь
on	в (с названием дней недели, датами)	Monday, on the 21st of May - в понедельник; 21 мая
by	к определенному моменту	by 5 o'clock tomorrow - к 5-ти часам завтра
from…till/from…to	от…до	from 5 till 6 o'clock /from 5 to 6 o'clock - с 5-ти до 6-ти
for	в течении (отрезок времени)	for hour — в течение часа
during	во время (чего-либо)	during the meeting — во время встречи
after	после	after work — после работы
before	до, перед	before breakfast - перед завтраком
within	внутри, в рамках	within a year — в течение года
since	с	since childhood – с детства

Прочие предлоги

Предлог	Значение	Пример
by	при, около, посредством	by the river, by train - около реки, поездом
with	с, вместе	with a friend- с другом
for	для:	I do it for you. — Я делаю это для тебя.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Translate the Prepositions and explain their meaning.

1. Возьмите учебник в сумке. 2. Поставьте чашку на стол. 3. Мы в прошлом месяце ездили к морю. 4. Я вчера пришел домой в 2.30. 5. Сколько ему лет? – Где-то около 40. 6. В прошлом месяце они приезжали сюда через день. 7. Через два дня мы прибудем в Москву.

Exercise 2. Fill the gaps using the necessary prepositions (in, into, on, at, before, for, after, daring, since, while)

1. The wedding will take place___the 23rd of May___ten o'clock. 2. Don't enter___the room: the group is writing a test. 3. What's the matter with you? We have been waiting___you___two hours! 4._______we came to this town, we lived in Exton, and we were there, our two youngest children were born. 5. We have been friends almost all my life,___1975. 6. What did you do every day___the two months of your summer holidays? 7. Please, wait for me: I shall be back ten minutes.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the right prepositions.

1. I'm sorry, but I can't help you. Nothing depends (on, of, from, for) me. 2. Before we came to this city, we lived in Kiev, and (when, as long as, while, during) we were there, our sons were born. 3. The child is badly looked (at, after, for). 4. The Browns are very nice people. Let's invite them (at, in, to, on) the party. 5. I approve of his interest (in, of, for) history. 6. I have been looking (at, after, for, forward to) my watch for three days, but I haven't found it yet. 7.When I failed to do the job everybody started laughing (on, over, of, at, for) me.

Exercise 4. Fill the gaps using the necessary prepositions

1. Stop laughing___me, will you? 2. I've done it many times, and nothing has ever happened___me. 3. What did he mean___saying this? 4. She entered___the room so quietly that he didn't hear her. 5. I can't wait___they return. I must go. 6. He is getting worse.

Let's send___a doctor. 7.We explained___them how to use this machine.8.He is ill___bronchitis.

Exercise 5. Fill the gaps using the necessary preposition

1. They have been married for fifteen years. 1880. 2. What did you do every day in summer the two months of your summer holidays? 3. Let me be the first,and you can follow___me. 4. Ioffered to assist her, but she refused___my help. 5. I live___15, ParkStreet. 6. He is very angry___me for being often late. 7. Why do you keeppeople waiting___you? 8. 1 can stay at the office an hour longer, ___8o'clock.

Exercise 6. Fill the gaps using the necessary prepositions to or into

1. In winter I usually go ... bed at ten o'clock because I go... school and have to get up early. But in summer, when I don't go ... school and live ... the country, I like to go ... bed late. 2. Do you like to read ... bed? 3. We did not want to stay ... town on such a hot day, so we went ... the country. 4. It is very late. Go ... bed at once. 5. Where is your little sister? — She is ... bed. Mother always puts her ... bed at eight o'clock.

Exercise 7. Fill the gaps using the necessary prepositions at or on

1. I get up ... seven o'clock or ... a quarter past seven. 2. ... Sunday I usually get up ... nine o'clock or ... half past nine. But last Sunday I slept very long and got up only ... noon. 3. My birthday is ... the ninth of July. 4. The school year begins ... the first of September. 5. ... the twenty-fifth of December people celebrate Christmas. 6. ... Wednesday I usually have a lot of homework. 7. Lev Tolstoy liked to get up ... sunrise. 8. Our lessons are usually over ... twenty minutes to two. 9. They returned from the wood ... sunset. 10. I began writing my composition ... seven o'clock and finished only ... midnight.

Exercise 8. Fill the gaps using the necessary prepositions with or by

1. Не was taken to hospital ... an ambulance. 2. He was treated ... very effective drugs. 3. He was cured ... a very skilful doctor. 4. He wrote his letter ... a pencil. 5. He was scolded ... his mother. 6. The boy cut his finger ... a knife. 7. The boat was carried ... the waves into the open sea. 8. The teacher was pleased ... our work. 9. America was discovered ... Columbus. 10. "Hamlet" was written ... Shakespeare. 11. We eat soup ... a spoon.

Reading

1. Read the text.

Club culture in Britain.

Going to nightclubs, or “clubbing” as it called, is very popular in Britain. From the age of about fifteen young people like to go clubbing at the weekend. Usually friends meet in the evening and go to a pub or a cafe, or just sit at home and chat. Then, late in the evening, after 10 pm, they travel to the centre of the town and wait in a queue outside the nightclub.

There are clubs which play only one kind of music, but most have different music on different nights. There is a chill-out room in the club. It is for people who are tired of dancing. They can relax there.

When you go clubbing, you need a special outfit. It’s a good idea to come to the club in a taxi and also order a taxi to take you home. It’s very expensive, but teens usually share the fare.

There is usually a bar there. If you want beer or cocktail, the barman must check your identification. You have to prove you are old enough to drink. The legal age is eighteen.

There are often “under-eighteens” nights. Normally you must be eighteen to get into a club. At the door one can usually see a bouncer. On a normal night he checks the identification of all the clubbers as they enter the club. You need to show a card with a photograph, like a driver’s license. A teen usually spends about forty pounds on a night out, including the taxi home.

Vocabulary

queue – очередь

chill-out room – комната для отдыха

to share the fare – делить оплату между собой

bouncer – вышибала

2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Why is clubbing very popular in Britain?

2. What is the legal age of going clubbing?

3. What are “under-eighteens” nights?

4. What does a bouncer do?

5. How much do teens usually spend on a night out?

6. Would you like to go clubbing? Why?

3. Please, point out the prepositions and there is/there are constructions.

4. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Listening

1. Listen to the dialogue.

I live in a house.

-Where do you live, Bob?

-In London.

-Bob, I know that! But which part?

-Oh, I see. I live in Kensington.

-Uh. Do you live in an apartment of a house? Oh, you don’t say “apartment” in Britain, do you? You say “flat”.

-That’s right. But it isn’t.

-It isn’t what?

-It isn’t a flat. It’s a house.

-A house?

-Yes.

-How big is it? I mean, hoe many rooms has it got?

-Well, downstairs there is a small kitchen, a beautiful dining room, and two sitting rooms.

-Two sitting rooms! And upstairs?

-Upstairs it’s got two large bedrooms and two small bedrooms.

-That’s four bedrooms!

-Mm…and there are two bathrooms, and a toilet. Oh, yes, and there is a toilet downstairs too.

-Hey! You’ve got a very big house! Has it got a garden?

-A garden? In Kensington! No, it hasn’t! Have you got a garden?

-Yes, I have.

-Oh! You are lucky.

2. What was the dialogue about?

3. Read it and point out the prepositions and there is/there are constructions.

Funny pages

Read and smile.

1. - What is red and goes up and down, up and down, up and down?

1. A tomato in a lift.

2. There is this terrible story in the paper about a ship that was carrying a cargo of yo-yos. It sank ninety-three times.

3. There are two lost explorers in the desert. One of them says, “There is some good news and some bad news. The bad news is we are going to have to eat sand.” His friend says, “Gosh, what’s the good news?” “There is plenty of it.”

Quicktest

Variant I

I. Put in at/on/in.

1. Goodbye! See you … Friday.

2. I got up … 8 o’clock this morning.

3. Where is he? … the kitchen.

4. Don’t sit …the grass. It’s wet.

5. What have you got … your bag?

6. Look! There is a man …the roof. What is he doing?

7. I think I heard the doorbell. There is somebody …the door.

II. Put in there is/there isn’t/there are/there aren’t/are there.

1. Kenham isn’t an old town. …any old buildings.

2. Look! …a photograph of your brother in the newspaper.

3. How many students …in the class? – Twenty.

4. Can we take a photo? – No, …a film in the camera.

5. …seven days in a week.

Variant II

I. Put in at/on/in.

1. I usually do my shopping … the city centre.

2. My sister lives … Brussels.

3. There is a mirror … the wall … the living room.

4. There are a few shops …the end of the street.

5. Let’s meet …7.30 tomorrow evening.

6. Do you work … Saturdays?

7. I like to look at the stars … night.

II. Put in there is/is there/there are/are there.

1. Excuse me, …a bank near here? - Yes, at the end of the street.

2. …any problems? – No, everything is OK.

3. …one table, two armchairs and a bookshelf in the room.

4. What’s wrong? - …something in my eye.

5. … five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me.

Времена группы Continuous

( The Continuous Tenses )

К этой группе относится три времени:

1.The Present Continuous Tense. — Настоящее продолженное время.

2.The Past Continuous Tense. — Прошедшее продолженное время.

3.The Future Continuous Tense. — Будущее продолженное время.

Все времена этой группы выражают длительное действие, происходящее в определенный момент (или отрезок) настоящего, прошедшего или будущего времени. Действие это является непостоянным, временным.

Настоящее продолженное время

( The Present Continuous Tense )

I. Образование

The Present Continuous Tense образуется при помощи глагола to be в настоящем времени и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола:

to be + Participle I

I am working now. – Сейчас я работаю.

В вопросительном предложении глагол to be ставится на первое место:

Are you writing now? – Вы сейчас пишите?

При образовании отрицательного предложения в глаголу to be прибавляется отрицательная частица not :

They are not washing now. – Они не стирают сейчас.

Краткие ответы:

Are you learning English? – Ты изучаешь английский?

Yes, I am. – Да.

No, I am not. – Нет.

II. Употребление

1) The Present Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения длительного незавершенного действия, происходящего в момент речи.

Why are you wearing that funny hat? — Зачем ты носишь эту смешную шляпу?

2) Данное время также выражает длительное действие, совершающееся в настоящий период времени, не обязательно в момент речи.

Please don't take that book. Anna's reading it— Пожалуйста, не бери эту книгу. Аня ее читает.

3) The Present Continuous Tense передает будущее событие, которое к моменту речи уже запланировано и произойдет в ближайшем будущем. В этом значении The Present Continuous используется с глаголами движения или действия ( activity and motion ): to see , to meet , to go , to come , to leave , to start ,и др. и, обычно, с обстоятельством времени, указывающим на будущее:

They're getting married in June. — Они поженятся в июне.

We're leaving at 11.00 in the morning. — Мы уезжаем в 11 утром.

Некоторые глаголы не могут иметь форм Continuous , т.к. в их значении уже содержится идея непрерывно длящегося действия:

I like Indian food. — Я люблю индийскую пищу.

4) Глаголы, не употребляющиеся в форме Continuous :

· Глаголы мыслительной деятельности: to know, to mind, to understand, to believe, to forget, to remember, to mean, to doubt, to recognize:

She knows a lot about astrology. — Она много знает по астрологии.

· Глаголы выражения отношения: to like, to dislike, to look, to prefer, to want, to care, to hate, to love, to need, to appreciate, to seem:

I like playing football. — Я люблю играть в футбол.

· Глаголы пяти чувств: зрения, обоняния, вкуса, слуха, ощущения (to see, to smell, to taste, to hear, to touch). Обычно они используются с модальным глаголом can: can see, can smell, can hear, can taste, can feel:

What's that noise? Can you hear it? — Что это за шум? Ты слышишь?

· Глаголы обладания: to possess, to own, to belong, to have:

I have two sisters. — У меня есть две сестры.

· Некоторые другие глаголы: to cost, to need, to contain, to depend, to consist, to seem:

Be careful. That bottle contains poison. — Осторожно. В этой бутылке яд.

ВНИМАНИЕ! Некоторые из вышеперечисленных глаголов могут использоваться в форме Continuous , но значение их при этом изменяется.

· to have в значении "обладать" не имеет формы Continuous .

В форме Continuous используется to have + существительное при обозначении деятельности:

John's having a bath. — Джон принимает ванну.

· to look at и listen to могут использоваться в Continuous:

She's looking at my holiday photographs. — Она смотрит на мои фотографии, сделанные в отпуске.

· to see употребляется в форме Continuous в значении "посещать", "осматривать", "смотреть (фильм)":

We are seeing a film. — Мы смотрим фильм.

· to think взначении "иметь что-то в мыслях, думать" используется в Continuous , т.к. это умственная деятельность, а не состояние:

You aren't listening to me? What are thinking about? — Ты меня не слышишь? О чем ты думаешь?

III. Указатели времени

Момент речи может быть выражен следующими наречиями или словосочетаниями: now , at present , at the moment и т.д.

Прошедшее продолженное время

( The Past Continuous Tense )

I . Образование

The Past Continuous Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем времени и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола:

Was/were + Participle I

I was working when the phone rang. – Я работал, когда зазвонил телефон.

В вопросительном предложении глагол to be ставится на первое место:

Was she (I, he, it) working when the phone rang? Она работала, когда зазвонил телефон?

При образовании отрицательного предложения в глаголу to be прибавляется отрицательная частица not :

You weren't working when the phone rang. – Вы не работали, когда зазвонил телефон.

Краткие ответы:

Were they (you, we) working when the phone rang? Они работали, когда зазвонил телефон?

No, they (you, we) weren't (were not). – Нет.

Yes, they (we, you) were. – Да.

II . Употребление

Как и все продолженныевремена, The Past Continuous Tense выражает незаконченное, длительное действие, происходившее в какой-то период времени (в прошлом). Сравните следующие предложения:

At 10.001 had a bath. — В 10 я принял ванну.

At 10.001 was having a bath. — В 10 я принимал ванну

Первое предложение обозначает, что действие началось в 10.00, а второе — что действие в 10.00 было в процессе осуществления.

1) The Past Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось до определенного момента в прошлом и продолжалось в указанный момент.

Этот момент может быть определен:

· точным указанием времени:

What were you doing at 6 o'clock yesterday? – Что ты делал в 6 часов вечера?

I was reading. – Я читал.

· другим кратким одновременным действием в прошлом, причем это действие всегда выражается глаголом в Past Indefinite :

I was reading when you came in. — Я читал, когда ты вошла.

· контекстом или ситуацией, т.е. точное указание времени или начало другого действия выражены в предыдущем предложении или ясны из ситуации:

I came to the station. My brother was waiting for me on the platform. — Я приехал на станцию. Мой брат ждал меня на платформе.

2) The Past Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое непрерывно продолжалось в течение указанного отрезка времени с целью придания эмоционального оттенка длительности действия. Обычно в предложениях с таким значением употребляются слова all day ( night , и др.) long , the
whole morning ( day , night , и т.д.), all the time :

I was reading from 7 till 9 o'clock. — Я читал с 7 до 9 часов.

3) The Past Continuous употребляется для выражения двух длительных действий, которые происходили одновременно в течение одинакового промежутка времени:

While he was speaking to the teacher I was waiting for him. — Пока он разговаривал учителем, я ждал его.

4) Поскольку The Past Continuous Tense передает идею длящегося действия, оно используется для описаний:

This morning was really beautiful. The sun was shining, the birds were singing, and everyone in the street was smiling and saying hello to each other. — Утро было дейст вительно прекрасным. Сияло солнце, птицы пели, люди на улице улыбались, приветствуя друг друга.

Будущее продолженное время

( The Future Continuous Tense )

I. Образование

The Future Continuous Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be вбудущем времени и причастия I смыслового глагола:

Shall/will be + Participle I

You will be reading when he comes. — Ты будешь читать, когда он придет.

Отрицательная форма:

You will not be reading when he comes. — Ты не будешь читать, когда он придет.

Вопросительная форма и краткие ответы:

Will you be reading when he comes? — Ты будешь читать, когда он придет?

Yes, I will be. – Да.

No, I won’t be. – Нет.

II . Употребление

1) The Future Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения длительного действия, которое начнется до определенного момента в будущем и будет продолжаться в этот момент. Этот момент может быть определен:

· точным указанием времени:

I shall be reading at 6 o'clock. — Я буду читать в 6 часов.

· другим будущим действием, причем это действие выражается глаголом в Present Indefinite

Не will be reading when his friend comes. — Он будет читать (в тот момент), когда его друг придет

2) The Future Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет непрерывно продолжаться в течение указанного отрезка времени.

I shall be reading from 7 till 9. — Я буду читать (в этот отрезок времени) с 7 до 9 часов.

3) The Future Continuous Tense употребляется для выражения непреднамеренного длящегося действия в будущем. Это время сходно с Present Continuous , однако Present Continuous употребляется для выражения запланированного действия в ближайшем будущем, a Future Continuous — для выражения обычного хода событий в будущем:

I am leaving tomorrow.—Я уезжаю завтра (действие совершится в соответствии с планом).

Exercises

Exercise 1. Open the brackets using the Present Continuous Tense.

(NOW) 1. Timothy (to feed) his dog. 2. Mr. Jones (to clean) his yard. 3. Nancy (to paint) her kitchen. 4. Our neighbours (to wash) their car. 5. I (to wash) my hair. 6. Who (to fix) your sink? 7. What she (to do) now? — She (to dance). 8. The children (to brush) their teeth. 9. What he (do) at the moment? — He (to fix) his bicycle. 10. They (to have) a big dinner together. 11. The boys (to run) about in the garden. 12. I (to do) my homework. 13. John and his friends (to go) to the library. 14. Ann (to sit) at her desk. She (to study) geography. 15. A young man (to stand) at the window. He (to smoke) a cigarette. 16. The old man (to walk) about the room. 17. The dog (to lie) on the floor. 18. You (to have) a break? 19. What language you (to study)? 20. Who (to lie) on the sofa? 21. What they (to talk) about? 22. It still (to rain). 23. I (to open) an umbrella. 24. John (to play) computer games.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

(СЕЙЧАС) 1. Я читаю. 2. Он не пишет. 3. Мы не работаем. 4. Вы читаете? 5. Он спит? 6. Коля и Миша играют в футбол. 7. Катя играет на рояле.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using the Present Continuous Tense or the Past Continuous Tense.

1. I (to write) an English exercise now. 2. I (to write) an English exercise at this time yesterday. 3. My little sister (to sleep) now. 4 My little sister (to sleep) at this time yesterday. 5. My friends (not to do) their homework now. They (to play) volleyball. 6. My friends (not to do) their homework at seven o'clock yesterday. They (to play) volleyball. 7. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday. 8. She (not to read) now. 9. Now she (to go) to school. 10. What you (to do) now? — I (to drink) tea. 11. You (to drink) tea at this time yesterday? — No, I (not to drink) tea at this time yesterday, I (to eat) a banana. 12. My sister is fond of reading. She (to read) the whole evening yesterday, and now she (to read) again. 13. Look! My cat (to play) with a ball. 14. When I went out into the garden, the sun (to shine) and birds (to sing) in the trees. 15. You (to eat) ice cream now? 16. You (to eat) ice cream when I rang you up yesterday? 17. What your father (to do) now? 18. What your father (to do) from eight till nine yesterday? 19. Why she (to cry) now? 20. Why she (to cry) when I saw her yesterday?

Exercise4. Open the brackets using the Past Simple Tense or the Past Continuous Tense.

1. I (to go) to the cinema yesterday. 2. I (to go) to the cinema at four o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to the cinema when you met me. 4. I (to do) my homework the whole evening yesterday. 5. I (to do) my homework when mother came home. 6. I (to do) my homework yesterday. 7. I (to do) my homework from five till eight yesterday. 8. I (to do) my homework at six o'clock yesterday. 9. I (not to play) the piano yesterday. I (to write) a letter to my friend. 10. I (not to play) the piano at four o'clock yesterday. I (to read) a book. 11. He (not to sleep) when father came home. He (to do) his homework.

Reading

1. Read the text.

A hobby.

A hobby is something you like doing in your free time, such as reading, listening to music, growing, collecting different things, etc. Different people like doing different things, so we can say that people have different hobbies. “Tastes differ”, says the proverb.

And so, here is the story of one poor student, whose hobby brought him fame and determined his future occupation. It was back in 1953. The student was living in Paris. He didn’t have much money, and was living in a small room, and taking photos of the city every day. All he owned, was an old camera, his father left him. Taking pictures was his hobby.

One day he saw that some people were painting the Eiffel Tower, and he decided to take some photographs. He went up the tower and suddenly he saw the man in the photo. The man was painting. The student was very nervous because he was sure that the painter was going to fall. He took his photo and a few weeks later the photo was in Life magazine. The photo became very famous and they made postcards and a poster with it. Later the company that paints the Eiffel Tower phoned him and invited him to lunch. They told him that the painter was an acrobat. His name was Zazou.

Later this student became one of the most famous photographers in France, who was taking dramatic and memorable photos for national magazines and newspapers. Marc Riboud was his name.

Vocabulary

Tastes differ. – О вкусах не спорят.

fame – слава

determine – определять

to own – владеть, принадлежать

memorable – достопамятный

2. Answer the questions to the text.

1. Where did the student live?

2. What did determine his future job?

3. What was his photo famous for?

4. What is the name of the photographer?

5. Do you like taking photos?

6. Who is good at taking photos in your family?

3. Please, point out the verbs in Continuous forms.

4. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Listening

1. Listen to the dialogue.

Excuse me, where is …

-Excuse me.

-Yes?

-Could you tell me where St. Mark’s Church is?

-I’m sorry I don’t know.

-Um… What about the British Museum? Could you tell me where the British Museum is?

-Hmmm, sorry. I don’t know!

-Well, what about Madame Tussaud’s? Do you know where that is?

-Madame Tussaud’s? Of course – you go straight ahead along this street, then you turn right and you’ll see it next to the hotel.

-Thanks! What’s your name?

-Oh, my name is Emma.

-Hey, Emma! Would you like to go to a restaurant for a meal?

-Um… I’m not doing anything at the moment so … OK!

-Hey, then we could go to the cinema or theatre, maybe go dancing…?

-Hmmm. Maybe not so fast!

-We could try to find the British Museum on Saturday.

-Come on! I’m hungry.

2. What was the dialogue about?

3. Read it and point out the verbs in Continuous form and modal verbs.

Funny pages

Read and smile.

1. During a geography lesson the teacher is telling the pupils about the north, the south, the east and the west. He says that when they face the north, the south is behind them, the east is on their right hand and the west is on their left hand. Then he sees that one of the boys, whose name is Johnny, is not listening.
The teacher asks him: ”Johnny, stand up and tell me what is on your left hand.”
Johnny stands up and says, “There is some ink on it.“

2. – I want to tell you a hair-raising story.

- You are wasting your time. I’m bald.

3. – “We are living in a better neighbourhood now.”

-“So are we.”

-“Have you moved too?”

-“No. We are still living in the same block you moved away from.”

4. Teacher: “Now, John, what are you doing-learning something?”

Pupil: “No, sir, I’m listening to you.”

5. One Scot is running very fast. The other stops him and asks: “Where are you running so fast?” “I can’t stand it any more! I’ve decided to drown myself!” “Are you crazy? In a new suit?!”

Quicktest

Variant I

Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.

1. (working/Paul/today?)

2. (what/doing/the children?)

3. (you/listening/to me?)

4. (where/going/your friends?)

5. (your parents/television/watching?)

Variant II

Write questions from these words. Use is or are and put the words in order.

1. (what/cooking/Ann?)

2. (why/you/looking/at me?)

3. (coming/the bus?)

4. (who/you/waiting for?)

5. (what/Paul/doing?)

Proverbs

Match the two halves of proverbs. Comment upon the proverbs.

1. No pains, a late to learn

2. Tomorrow b is that I know nothing

3. A friend in need c is a new day

4. It’s never too d no gains

5. So many men e is a friend indeed

6. Knowledge f is power

7. All I know g so many minds

Раздел IV

Времена группы Perfect

(The Perfect Tenses)

К этой группе относится 3 времени:

1.The Present Perfect Tense. — Настоящее совершенное время.

2.The Past Perfect Tense. — Прошедшее совершенное время.

3.The Future Perfect Tense. — Будущее совершенное время.

Настоящее совершенное время

( The Present Perfect Tense )

I. Образование

The Present Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have / has и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

to have/has + Participle II (третья форма глагола)

I have seen the Queen. – Я видел королеву.

В отрицательных предложениях к глаголу to have / has добавляется отрицательная частица not:

I have not (haven’t) seen the Queen before. – Я никогда раньше не видел королеву.

Вопросительные предложения и краткие ответы:

Have you seen the Queen before? – Ты когда-нибудь раньше видел королеву?

Yes, I have. – Да.

No, I haven’t. – Нет.

II. Употребление

1) The Present Perfect Tense используется для выражения действия или состояния, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи, т.е. при помощи этого времени выражается незавершенное действие:

I've been a teacher for ten years. — Я работаю учителем уже 10 лет.

2) The Present Perfect Tense используется для выражения действия, которое произошло в прошлом и закончилось, но говорящего не интересует, когда оно закончилось. Говорящий заинтересован в каком-то событии, как в чьем-то опыте:

Have you ever been in a car crash? — Ты когда-нибудь попадал в автокатастрофу?

3) The Present Perfect Tense связывает прошедшее действие с настоящим его результатом:

The taxi has arrived. (It's outside the house now.) — Такси прибыло. (Оно сейчас у дома.)

I've recovered from my illness. (I'm better now.) — Я выздоровел. (Мне сейчас лучше.)

4) Часто новости передаются с использованием настоящего совершенного времени, т.к. говорящий подчеркивает, что действие является событием, связанным с настоящим:

Have you heard? Mary has had a baby girl. — Ты слышал? У Мэри - девочка.

Однако, если есть детали, уточняющие событие или действие, время изменяется:

Mary had the baby at 6.30 this morning. The baby weighs seven pounds. — Мэри родила сегодня утром в 6.30. Ребенок весит 7 фунтов.

Внимание! The Present Perfect Tense никогда не употребляется:

· если есть обстоятельства, указывающие на время совершения действия в прошлом. В этом случае употребляется The Past Simple Tense :

I never smoked when I was young. — Я никогда не курил, когда был молод.

· в специальных вопросах, начинающихся со слова when (когда):

When did you start your job? — Когда вы начали работу?

III. Указатели времени

The Present Perfect Tense употребляется с наречиями неопределенного времени: already, never, ever, often, always, so far, just, yet, lately, since, for и др.

Как и все наречия неопределенного времени, эти наречия ставятся перед смысловым глаголом:

They have just gone out. — Они только что ушли.

Прошедшее совершенное время

( The Past Perfect Tense )

I. Образование

The Past Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времен: (had для всех лиц) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

had + Participle II

He had finished his work before they arrived. — Он закончил работу до того, как ое приехали.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Had he finished his work before they arrived?

В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

Не had not (hadn't) finished his work before they arrived.

II. Употребление

The Past Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, закончившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом.

Этот момент может быть выражен различно:

· может быть точно указано время, к которому действие было закончено. Оно обычно выражено обстоятельством времени с предлогом by (к):

I had written the report by two o'clock. — Я написал доклад к 2 часам.

· может иметься другое прошедшее действие, к началу которого рассматриваемое действие уже закончилось:

When we came to the station the train had already gone. — Когда мы приехали на станцию, поезд уже ушел.

Будущее совершенное время

( The Future Perfect Tense )

I. Образование

The Future Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

shall (will) + Participle II

Не will have finished his work by 5 o'clock. — Он закончит работу к 5 часам.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол будущего времени ставится перед подлежащим:

Will he have finished his work by 5 o'clock? — Он закончит работу к 5 часам?

В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола будущего времени:

Не will not have finished his work by 5 o'clock. — Он не закончит работу к 5 часам.

II. Употребление

The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится до определенного момента в будущем. Момент в будущем, к которому будет закончено действие, может быть выражен двояко:

· может быть указано время, к которому действие будет закончено (обычно обстоятельством времени с предлогом by :

I shall have written the report by 7 o'clock. — Я напишу доклад к 7 часам.

· может быть указано другое будущее действие, к началу которого рассматриваемое действие уже закончится:

Не will have finished the report when you come. — Он закончит доклад (к тому моменту), когда ты придешь.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Remake the sentences into the Present Perfect Tense.

1. The pupils are writing a dictation. 2. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 3. I am learning a poem. 4. She is telling them an interesting story. 5. Kate is sweeping the floor. 6. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 7. I am eating my breakfast. 8. We are drinking water. 9. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 10. You are putting the dishes on the table. 11. They are having tea. 12. She is taking the dirty plates from the table. 13. The children are putting on their coats. 14. Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party. 15. She is opening a box of chocolates. 16. I am buying milk for milk shakes. 17. James is ordering a bottle of apple juice. 18. We are looking for more CDs with good music. 19. Are you recording your favourite film on his video recorder? 20. I am translating a difficult article from German into Russian.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets paying attention to the use of the Past Perfect Tense.

1. He already (go) by the time I (come) to the party. 2. Mother (cook) dinner before he (come). 3. When I (reach) the front door, I realized that I (lose) the key. 4. The shop (close) by the time I (get) there. 5. The scientists (carry) out many experiments before they (achieve) satisfactory results. 6. When I (arrive), he (stay) in the same hotel where we first (meet). 7. By the end of the year he (finish) research. 8. He told me that he (not see) much of her since she (move) to another town. 9. When I (enter), ho already (come) and (sit) near the fireplace looking through a magazine. 10. She said that they (meet) in 1990 for the first time.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using Present Continuous or Present Perfect.

1. What are you (to do) here? — I am (to write) a letter to my friends. 2. Who has (to write) this article? 3. What language are you (to study)? 4. We have already (to learn) a lot of English words. 5. What is she (to teach) them? 6. Who has (to teach) you to do it? 7. He has just (to do) something for us. 8. Have you (to find) the book? 9. What are you (to look) for? 10. What are you (to talk) about? 11. We have just (to talk) about it. 12. He has just (to say) something about it. 13. She is (to tell) them some interesting story. 14. He has (to tell) us nothing about it. 15. She has (to tell) them some stories и bout dogs. 16. We have (to have) two lessons today. 17. They are (to have) a meeting. 18. She has not (to speak) yet. 19. They have (to ask) me several questions. 20. He has already (to learn) the rule. 21. I am (to write) an exercise. 22. What is he (to do)? — He is (to read) a newspaper. 23. Have you (to read) any stories by Jack London? 24. I am (to answer) the telephone right now. 25. He has (to fix) the car and now he is (not to have) any trouble with the brakes anymore.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets using Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1. By two o'clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 2. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home. 3. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examinations successfully. 4. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 5. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to remember what (to happen) to him. 6. All the passengers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life. 7. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home. 8. During the holidays my friend (to visit) the village where he (to live) in his childhood. 9. When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 10. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me that she (to receive) a letter from grandfather. 11. Where you (to work) before you (to enter) the institute?

Reading

1. Read the article. Is Alexandra Kosteniuk …?

a) beautiful but not very good at chess.

b) not very beautiful but good at chess.

c) beautiful and good at chess.

The new face of chess.

17-year-old Alexandra Kosteniuk is sometimes called the Anna Kournikova of the chess world. The International Chess Federation have asked her to be the new face of the game, which traditionally has had an image of middle-aged men wearing glasses.

Alexandra started playing chess when she was five. She learnt to play from her father, and became a grandmaster when she was only 14. Experts say that her game is one of the most exciting they have seen for a long time.

“Chess is not as popular as it should be, and I think I could help it”, Kosteniuk said last week. “It’s an honour for me to be described as the face of the game.” She has her own website with pictures, poems, and the opportunity to play chess against her.

Nigel Short, the British grandmaster, says, “There are a lot of attractive women in chess, but Alexandra Kosteniuk has made a very big impression. She is obviously very talented. Any sport needs attractive personalities, and I have no problem with marketing the game through her.”

Vocabulary

exciting – захватывающий, увлекательный

honour - честь

attractive – привлекательный, симпатичный

obviously – очевидно, ясно

2. Mark the sentences True or False or Doesn’t say.

1. The International Chess Federation wants chess to have a more modern image.

2. Alexandra never wears glasses.

3. Alexandra’s father taught her to play chess.

4. She became a grandmaster after playing chess five years.

5. She thinks that chess should be more popular.

6. If you have Internet access, you can play chess with Alexandra.

7. Nigel Short has an attractive personality.

3. Please, point out the verbs in Perfect forms.

4. Give a short summary of the text in English.

Listening

1. Listen to the dialogue.

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