СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ (DEGREES OF COMPARISON)
Имена прилагательные образуют, как и в русском языке, две степени сравнения: сравнительную (the Comparative Degree) и превосходную (the Superlative Degree). Основная форма прилагательного не выражает сравнения и называется положительной степенью (the Positive Degree).
Прилагательные односложные образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления к форме прилагательного в положительной степени суффикса -ег, который произносится [э]. Превосходная степень образуется путем прибавления суффикса -est, который произносится [ist]:
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| sharp острый cold холодный deep глубокий | sharper более острый, острее colder более холодный, холоднее | sharpest самый острый, острейший coldest самый холодный, холоднейший |
По этому же способу образуются степени сравнения двусложных прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -у, -ег, -ow, -ble:
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Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень | |||
| busy | занятый | busier | более занятый | busiest | самый занятый |
| dirty | грязный | dirtier | более грязный, | dirtiest | самый грязный, |
| грязнее | грязнейший | ||||
| clever | умный | cleverer | более умный, | cleverest | самый умный |
| умнее | умнейший | ||||
| narrow | узкий | narrower | более узкий, уже | narrowest | самый узкий |
| able | способный | abler | более способный, | ablest | самый способный, |
| способнее | способнейший | ||||
Этим путем образуют степени сравнения также ряд других двусложных прилагательных: polite, simple, severe, common, sincere.
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Прилагательные двусложные и многосложные образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления more, а в превосходной степени the most.
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| active - активный | more active – более активный, активнее | most active – самый активный |
| famous - известный | more famous – более известный, известнее | most famous – самый известный |
| comfortable - удобный | more comfortable – более удобный, удобнее | most comfortable – самый удобный |
| difficult - сложный | more difficult – более сложный, сложнее | most difficult – самый сложный |
В превосходной степени с прилагательным чаще всего употребляется определенный артикль the, как с односложными и двусложными, так и с многосложными прилагательными: the longest, the most interesting.
Некоторые прилагательные образуют степени сравнения от другого корня и являются словами исключениями:
| Положительная степень | Сравнительная степень | Превосходная степень |
| good – хороший | better - лучше | the best – самый лучший |
| bad - плохой | worse - хуже | the worst – самый плохой |
| little - маленький | less - меньше | the least – меньше всего |
| much/many - много | more - больше | the most – больше всего |
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После сравнительной степени употребляется союз than, соответствующий русскому союзу чем.
Moscow is larger than St. Petersburg. - Москва больше, чем Санкт-Петербург.
Сравнительная степень может быть усилена употреблению перед ней слов much или far со значением гораздо, значительно.
The Volga is much longer than the Thames. – Волга гораздо длиннее Темзы.
Для сравнения двух предметов одинакового качества прилагательное в положительной степени ставится между as …… as со значением такой же…. как, так же……как.
He is as young as my brother. – Он такой же молодой как и мой брат.
В отрицательных предложениях обычно первое as заменяется на so:
He is not so young as my brother. – Он не так молод как мой брат.
Русская сравнительная степень после выражений в два раза, в три раза и т. д. передается в английском языке прилагательным в положительной степени, стоящим между as ... as :
Your room is twice as large as mine. – Твоя комната в два раза больше моей.
Exercises
Exercise 1. Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct position.
Example: a modern house (attractive) – an attractive modern house
1. a young girl (pretty)
2. a handsome man (young)
3. a kitchen cupboard (oak)
4. a brown bag (leather)
5. an American film (old)
6. big eyes (blue)
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7. a cold day (rainy)
8. a hot bath (nice)
9. an old coat (worn)
10. a red car (old)
Exercise 2. Give the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives.
Hot, long, short, simple, important, great, bad, interesting, much, green, difficult, comfortable, yellow, many, good, deep, light, serious.
Exercise 3.
Older, better, worst, warmer, smallest, coldest, stronger, weaker, bravest, nicer, tallest, fatter, thinnest, wider, cleanest.
Exercise 4. Make up sentences according to the model using “as…..as” and the words giving below.
Example: This book, the other one, interesting. – This book is as interesting as the other one.
1. Jane, Ann, charming. 2. He, I, tall. 3. Michael, his brother, strong. 4. Our car, their car, good. 5. His report, your report, interesting. 6. Her new hat, her skirt, modern. 7. Your job, his, essential. 8. The sitting room, the dining room, large. 9. The ice-cream, the cake, delicious. 10. His stories, his jokes, funny.
Exercise 5. Put the right form of the adjective.
1. Jane is the (tallest - taller) of the two girls. 2. Father was the (eldest - elder) of seven sons. 3. This pencil is the (sharpest-sharper) of the two. 4. I think your plan is the (best - better) of the two. 5.This is the (heaviest - heavier) of the five books. 6. A (worse - worst) habit could not be found. 7. This was the (most large - largest) power station I ever saw. 8. That is of the (less - least) importance of all. 9.I like your plan the (better-best) of the two.
Exercise 6. Put the right form of the adjective.
1. Kate is (young) than Mary. 2. John is the (clever) boy in the class. 3. The weather is (dull) today than it was yesterday. 4. London is one of the (big) cities in the world. 5. This sentence is (difficult) than the first one. 6. My dog is as (good) as yours. 7. His dog is (good) than yours. 8. Her dog is the (good) of the three. 9. The cat is much (happy) in her new home. 10. My cold is (bad) today than it was yesterday. 11. This mountain is the (high) in Europe. 12. This piece of homework is as (bad) as your last one.
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Exercise 7.Translate into Russian.
1.English is as difficult as German. 2. My composition is not as long as yours. 3. It isn't as warm today as it was yesterday. 4. The house his aunt lives in is as old as the one his uncle lives in. 5. His apartment isn't as elegant as her apartment, but it's much bigger. 6. Johnny isn't as rich as Don but he is younger and much happier. 7. My dog isn't as friendly as your dog. 8. You can eat as much as you like. 9. A football match isn't as exciting as a hockey match. 10. The hotel isn't as cheap as we expected. 11. His songs aren't as popular as the Beatles songs. 12. Her brother is as intelligent as his wife.
Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using as...as or so…as.
1. Mike is ... tall ... Pete. 2. Kate is not ... nice ... Ann. 3. My room is ... light ... this one. 4. This book is not ... thin ... that one. 5. Sergei is ... old ... Michael. 6. She is ... young ... Tom's brother. 7. This woman is ... good ... that one. 8. Nick's English is not ... good ... his friend's. 9. I am not ... tall ... Pete. 10. This woman is ... young ... that one. 11. I am ... thin ... you. 12. Kate is ... lazy ... her brother. 13. This child is not ... small ... that one.
Exercise 9. Put the right form of the adjective.
1. We should eat (healthy) food. 2. Today the streets aren't as (clean) as they used to be. 3. It's (bad) mistake he has ever made. 4. This man is (tall) than that one. 5. Asia is (large) than Australia. 6. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi. 7. Which building is the (high) in Moscow? 8. Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. 9. The Alps are (high) than the Urals. 10. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 11. She speaks Italian (good) than English. 12. Is the word "newspaper" (long) than the word "book"? 13. The Thames is (short) than the Volga. 14. The Arctic Ocean is (cold) than the Indian Ocean. 15. Chinese is (difficult) than English. 16. Spanish is (easy) than German. 17. She is not so (busy) as I am. 18. It is as (cold) today as it was yesterday.
Reading
1. You are going to read the text about some ways in which our lives are faster. Are any of these things true in your country?
We’re living faster, but are we living better?
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