REPORTED SPEECH. THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES

Ex. 152. A. Change the sentences into reported speech according to the model.

 Model: Miranda says, “I work for a small publishing house.”– Miranda says (that) she works for a small publishing house.

1. I’m going to work in England next year. 2. I’m their marketing manager. 3. The company has opened an office in London. 4. Up till now I’ve been very successful in my career. 5. I’ve been chosen to run the new office in London. 6. I’m studying English in the evenings. 7. I don’t have much time to enjoy myself. 8. I haven’t had lunch with a friend for ages. 9. I hope my friends will come and visit me in London. 10. I went there last week with my secretary. 11. We didn’t have much time for sightseeing. 12. I have to get bad to work now.

       B. Tell your friend what Miranda said.

Ex. 15 3 . Explain how the rules of the Sequence of Tenses work in these daises. Translate the sentences.

1. She called my mother to say that they had just got a telegram from Boston announcing that Henry’s brother had been married in Germany. 2. I knew she was itching to tell me what had happened. 3. He knew that his mother would think he was seriously ill and would probably speak to the teacher. 4. He wanted to return to the house to see how Billy was doing and tell him that he would be going out to California in two or three days. 5. Rudy decided that he would have to tell Bogart that it was impossible for him to appear before the board the next day, but that he would offer to do so any other day.

Ex. 15 4 . Make the action of the following object clauses simultaneous with those of the principal clauses.

1. I thought you (have) better sense. 2. She could not imagine what he (do) there. 3. I forgot what he (look) like. 4. Idid not know whether the doctor (mean) what he (say) or whether he (have) a joke at my expense. 5. What surprised me was that Pat (be) so much at home here. 6. He asked me what work I (do) and whether I (intend) to go to the university. 7. I was surprised you (know) my name. 8. He told his father that now he (make) ten dollars a week less. 9. The last two weeks she had been saying to everyone who phoned her that she (be) unwell and (not / leave) home. 10. When I knew him better he admitted that he (feel) lonely in London. 11. She wanted Wilfred to forbid my walking in the park alone. She said it (be) dangerous.

Ex. 15 5 . Make the actions in the following object clauses precede those of the principal clauses.     

1. At ten o’clock he telephoned again, saying that he (change) his mind. 2. I knew that for the past twenty-five years he (buy) the same paper each morning. 3. Indeed it was whispered that the headmaster (receive) a telegram from the boy’s father. 4. She seemed to have forgotten what (happen) a few minutes before. 5. But he was uneasy. His wife would easily find out that he (go) to Saigon. 6. It was not known where he (to spend) early childhood. 7. The question was why he (do) it at all. 8. Then he admitted that he (live) since the summer in his father’s house. 9. What she could not understand was why he (tell) them such a pack of lies. 10. She wrote that they (let) their house for a year. 11. Her mother had once confided to her that she (want) to be an actress. 12. It was probably true that he (be) quite fond of his late brother. 13. One day she told me why she never (get married). 14. I wondered what she (do) there so late at night.

Ex. 15 6 . Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences, observing the rules of the Sequence of Tenses, where necessary.

1. When I went into the office next morning I already (formulate) my plan. 2. Well, I don’t think I ever (see) you before. 3. She ended by saying that she (think) she (make) a mistake.        4. She knew what (go) on in their minds. 5. So I went into the living room, where my aunt already (wait) for me. 6. She telephoned her husband to the office to say that her brother (return) from abroad. 7. An old friend rang up to ask how Elizabeth (feel), and whether she (can) go with his wife to the concert on Sunday morning. 8. Most of the trees already (put) out their leaves and there were buds everywhere. 9. He remembered that he (not /see) Lily for three weeks. 10. She hadn’t yet figured out what she (be) going to do and she (hope) to be able to wait a little. 11. It was possible that Jack (hang) around. 12. Everybody thought they (live) in happiness for nearly thirty years. 13. She didn’t know why she (invent) suddenly the story.

Ex. 15 7 . Translate into English.

1. Він мені казав, що цікавиться історією. 2. Він знав, про що вона задумалася.   3. Він сказав, що повернеться дуже скоро. 4. Я знав, що він живе в Лондоні. 5. Я знав, що вона жила в Сан-Франциско. 6. Вона сказала мені, що розмовляла з ними. 7. Я сподівався, що він одержує від неї листи. 8. Я був радий, що він одержав від неї листа. 9. Я думав, що вони запросять нас. 10. Я впевнений, що він працює на цьому заводі. 11. Я був впевнений, що він працює, і тому не зайшов до кімнати. 12. Він сказав мені, що бачив їх напередодні. 13. Я був впевнений, що він у саду. 14. Вона казала, що книга їй подобається. 15. Я був впевнений, що він живе тут вже багато років. 16. Я чув учора, що вони в Единбурзі.17. Ми чули, що вони були в Ліверпулі. 18 Я чув, що вони працюють вже кілька місяців. 19. Ми не знали, що він хворіє. 20. Ми не знали, що він хворіє вже так довго. 21.Він не знав, що ми дружимо один з одним з самого дитинства. 22. Я був впевнений, що він вже повернувся до Києва.

Ex. 1 58 . You are being interviewed for a job and are asked the following questions. When you come back home, tell your parents what questions you were asked.

1. How old are you? 2. Where do you live? 3. What’s your address? 4. What school did you go to? 5. When did you leave school? 6. Where are you working now? 7. Who are you working for? 8. How long have you been working? 9. Are you enjoying your present job? How big is your salary? 10. Why do you want to leave?

Ex. 1 59 . Translate into English, observing the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.

1. Я був впевнений, він жалкує, що посварився з нею. 2. Він пообіцяв мені, що поговорить з професором, коли зустріне його в університеті.3. У мене було враження, що він знаходиться там вже деякий час. 4. Я кивнув і промовив “так”, відчуваючи, що це саме те, чого їй потрібно. 5. Вона казала, що не може зрозуміти, чому вони змінили рішення. 6. У мене була підозра, що вона забула повідомити, що я чекаю на нього. 7. Не маю уявлення, чи знає вона, що Філ буде тут. 8. До речі, Тед знає, що моя сестра приїздить завтра. 9. Він ще не зрозумів, що буде робити в Нью-Йорку. 10. Він казав, що вони обговорять це питання, як тільки директор повернеться з Києва. 11. Я думав, що ви зателефонуєте мені, коли одержите телеграму.  12. Я казав, що прочитаю цю книгу після того, як здам іспити. 13. Він казав, що не піде додому, доки не закінчить цю роботу. 14. Я боявся, що він буде сердитися, якщо я не прийду вчасно.

Ex. 16 0 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the use of the Future in the Past.

1. He knew that their paths would cross again. 2. Emma hoped that the baby would be a girl. 3. I promised Edwina I would help her to dress the tree. 4. I knew you would do the right thing. I trusted you. 5. Maggie was a kind of woman a man wouldn’t look at twice. 6. And he often thought that if he was lucky he would meet another woman one day and fall in love. He would get married again. And hopefully there would be a wife, a home, a family, and his own business. 7. He knew that with Frank in Venice, for a few days he would be able to shake his depression, and recharge his batteries completely.      8. The knowledge that she would have to leave him was an agony. She prayed to God every night that Sigi would succeed in getting the child out of Germany.

Ex. 16 1 . Change the sentences into indirect speech. Use the verbs in brackets.

 1. Smile, and say Cheese! (ask) 2. Now then, darling, don’t cry! (beg) 3. Never trust a stranger! (advise) 4. Freeze! Dismiss! (command) 5. Never, never answer me back! (order) 6. Don’t let’s stand here in the middle of the road. (offer) 7. Open your mouth wide and say R! (ask) 8. Don’t cheat like a crook. (warn) 9. Don’t pull the cat’s tail! He may scratch you. (order) 10. Make haste slowly. (advise) 11. Relax, it’s not the end of the world. (recommend) 12. Now don’t get me wrong. (warn) 18. Never say “never”. (advise) 14. Welcome to Jurassic Park. (invite)

Ex. 16 2 . Use the required tense-aspect forms in the following sentences.

1. She scarcely realized what (happen). 2. Oh, Jane! I didn’t think you (be) so-unkind.                3. Mary (return) to the room. Al (sit) beside the gas fire and (take off) his shoes. 4. Her eyes (be) puffed, and she obviously (cry) that afternoon. 5. She realized that he (try) to tell her how lonely he (be). 6. His cheek (be) cut. When she (see) it she (say), “Oh, you (fight) again.” 7. I thought I (sleep) well, being tired. 8. She (make) me promise to say nothing about it till she (have) a chance of breaking the news to her father gradually. 9. She asked if Mr. Clennam (tell) her where he (live). 10. As we (drive), her eyes (stare) rigidly out of the car window. 11. Sir Wilfred knew, from the frequency with which she used her handkerchief, that tears (run) down her cheeks. 12. Delany (sit) up in bed and (eat) his dinner when Jack (come) into the room. His complexion (be) ruddy. Obviously he (be) shaved. He (have) a glass of red wine with his meal. He (wave) his fork as he (see) Jack.    13. (remain) in his seat, as though studying his programme, till the three (pass) out into the foyer. 14. Darkness (tall) when he finally (return) to the hotel. He (say) nothing to Pat except that he (turn) down the job. He (cannot) give her any explanation until he completely (understand) the meaning of what (happen). 15. I (sit) there for about ten minutes, pretending to read, when someone (sit) down at my table. 16. She (look) up at him from where she (sit). Her make up things (lie) in front of her. She (do) her face. 17. While his wife (read) the letter, he (cross) to the window. 18. As Hugh and I (come) down the steps we nearly (run) into my father.

Ex. 16 3 . Translate into English.

1. Вона казала, що була дуже зайнята і давно не ходила до театру. 2. Я був впевнений, що він казав вам, що одержав від неї листа. 3. Я був здивований, що ви не повідомили їх, що збираєтесь їхати до Дувра. 4. Я думав, що ви прочитаєте в газеті, що делегація вже прибула до Києва. 5. Він обіцяв, що розповість вам, що я вже повернувся і дуже хочу побачитися з вами. 6. Вона боялася, що ви скажете, що не зможете допомогти їй. 7. Я знав, що він відчуває, що я незадоволений результатами його дослідів. 8. Я був впевнений, що він вже чув, що ми вже повернулися з відпочинку. 9. Він сказав, що відішле телеграму, якщо не одержить звістку від брата. 10. Роберт сказав, що його дружина все ще в лікарні і він збирається відвідати її ввечері. 11. Наш гід сказав, що автобус тільки-но прийшов і відправиться до Глазго через годину. 12. Ваш товариш сказав мені, у чому річ, і я думаю, що зможу допомогти вам. 13. Викладач сказав нам, що ми повинні повторити всі правила, якщо хочемо здати іспит добре. 14. Мій друг пообіцяв дістати кілька книг з цього питання, як тільки я почну працювати над статтею. 15. Вона думала, що завтра буде гарна погода. 16. Ми чули, що ви зараз вільні, і вирішили, що ви зможете допомогти нам.

Ex. 16 4 . Put the following into Indirect Speech.

I. 1. I asked my friend, “How do you feel after your holiday?” 2. “Ernie’s an educated man,” remarks Florrie. 3. “John never seems low or depressed,” says Jane. 4. Jack’s father asked  him, “who are you writing a letter to?” 5. “Jack is on the terrace. He is playing chess with his brother,” says Nelly. 6. I saw a cloud of smoke and asked, “What is burning?” 7. “I can’t understand what he is talking about,” replies Bessie. 8. I asked her, “Who gave you that watch?” 9. “I’ll tell you when I’ll be back,” Nora says to Jack. 10. Mr. Nyman asked his wife, “How much do you spend on food every week?" 11. “You have known me long,” Barbara says to Martha. 12. “You’re the best assistant I’ve ever had, Sheppey,” he says. 13. Henry asked Tom, “Who did you visit in the hospital?” 14. “He was born in Kyiv,” she says.       15. “We didn’t have dinner there,” the boy says. 16. “I was so thrilled and excited by the opera,” Stella says to Maurice. 17. “When I came Jane was playing the piano,” says Kitty.     18. “When the doorbell rang I was writing a letter to John,” says George.

II. 1. “He always has dinner there,” she said. 2. “He has a nice voice,” she said. 3. “I’m quite prepared to stay up until Mrs Maurice comes in,” said Stella. 4. “I’m sorry to disturb you.^”      5. “I’m her guest at the moment,” he said. 6. “You are the very person we want, Thornton,” said Pearl. 7. “John always comes home to luncheon,” said Martha. 8. “I don’t think anyone can accuse me of not being frank,” said Martha. 9. “I’m learning French said Florrie. 10. “The taxi is waiting,” Bently said to Constance. 11. “Florrie, you’ll be all right in a minute,” said Bessie. 12. “I’ll go in and see him before I go to bed,” said Stella. 13. “You won’t be able to see me on Tuesday,” she said to Jack. 14. “We shall not do that,” he said. 15. “I shall wait for Sheppey,” said Bolton. 16. “Whatever the future may have in store I Shall never forget your courage, your self-sacrifice, and your patience,” Mrs. Tabret said to Stella. 17. “I’m deeply grateful for all you’ve done for Maurice,” Mrs. Tabret said to Stella.

Ex. 16 5 . Put the verbs in brackets into the required past tense, pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses.

1. She (hear) the band playing and she (know) that in a few moments the curtain (go) up. 2. Myra (think) he (prefer) to be by himself. 3. I (hear) from your mother that you (be) late and so I (order) coffee and sandwiches. 4. Mrs. Streep (ask) him if he (have) dinner there. 5. The old man (ask) me if I (have) parents. 6. He (be) very sorry for Jennie, and he (tell) his wife that he (have) to go out and see her. 7. And the other day I(have) a letter from him saying he (be) in Kyiv soon. 8. I (say) I (be) back by nine o’clock. 9. You (promise) you (try) to persuade him to stay on for a bit. 10. In a few words I (tell) him what happen). 11. She (ask) me if I (live) long in that town. 12. When I (ring) her that evening she (say) she (not like) to discuss those problems on the phone. 13. That evening she (tell) me (be) at the hotel number, and about half past eight I (dial) that number, but there (be) no answer. 14. I (put) the papers back where they (belong), (tell) the manager I (do) no clipping or tearing, (return) to the hotel, (treat) myself to a glass of milk in the coffee shop, and (go) to bed. 15. He (write) that he (come) to lunch the following day.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Ex. 16 6 . Change the sentences from active to passive.

1. The teacher explains the new rule. 2. The teacher is explaining the new rule. 3. The teacher has explained the new rule. 4. The teacher explained the new rule.  5. The teacher was explaining the new rule. 6. The teacher had explained the new rule. 7. The teacher is going to explain the new rule. 8. The teacher will explain the new rule. 8. The teacher can explain the new rule. 9. The teacher should explain the new rule. 10. The teacher ought to explain the new rule. 11. The teacher must explain the new rule. 12. The teacher has to explain the new rule. 13. The teacher may explain the sew rule. 14. The teacher might explain the new rule.

Ex. 16 7 . Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1. This program (run) by very good managers. 2. These workers usually (pay) monthly. 3. The public not (allow) to drive on the park roads. 4. This city (bomb) heavily in the war. 5. The editorial staff (call) to the conference room. 6. Tim studies hard. He hopes he (give) the highest grades this semester. 7. The lost children just (find) in the park. 8. The new computer system (install) at the moment. 9. I (teach) to play chess by the time I was four. 10. He was getting the best care and treatment in the hospital, and he (monitor) night and day. 11. If all the money in the world (collect) and (divide) equally among all the people living on the Earth, each of us (give) three million dollars. 12. Don’t worry! By the time we meet again, all your problems (solve). 13. We (tell) that the exact days for the talks not (set) yet. 14. It (decide) last week that this novel (televise). 15. The Olympic torch (pass) from one runner to the next one.

Ex. 168. A . Read the following text and learn it by heat.

When packages don’t arrive on time

things can’t get done,

people wait, clients leave,

orders get backed up, jobs get lost,

bosses get angry, people are disappointed,

stores can’t open, factories shut down,

money gets lost, meetings are missed,

conferences are cancelled, businesses can’t open,

blood pressure goes up, people can’t work,

promises are broken, trust is lost,

opportunities are missed, deals aren’t made,

transactions never happen, ideas aren’t shared,

products don’t get made, information is missed,

and the person who used the shipping company

that messed it up looks really really really bad.

When packages do arrive on timethe world works just fine.

   B. Say what happens to you if you are not on time.

Ex. 1 69 . Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or Past Continuous Passive.    Example:They (shut) the window. The window was shut.

1. The student (ask) to tell the story again. 2. Such mistakes (make) by even the best students. 3. A modem tune (play) when we came into the hall. 4. Every morning the workers (tell) what they had to do. 5. The houses (build) of stone, brick and wood. 6. At last the problem (solve) to everyone’s satisfaction. 7. A new museum then (open). 8. A week ago two students of our group (choose) for jury service. 9. A special rule (make) for students to be taken to the University. 10. Last Friday he (meet) at the railway station. 11. When Tom was young, he (teach) two languages.

Ex. 17 0 . Express the following sentences in the Passive, Do not mention the subjects of the active verbs. The first sentence has been done for you.

Example:They asked me my name and address. I was asked my name and address.

1. Someone told us a very funny story yesterday. 2. The people gave him a hearty welcome.         3. They nave offered my brother a very good job. 4. The house agents showed us some very nice flats. 5. The secretary didn’t tell me the exact time of my appointment. 8. They have never taught that rude boy good manners. 7. The teacher hasn’t asked Peter any questions at this lesson. 8. People wished the newly married couple a long and happy life. 9. They never tell me the family news. 10. The examiners didn’t give us enough time to answer all the questions. 11. A guide will show the tourists most of the sights of London. 12. He didn’t tell me the whole truth.

Ex. 17 1 . Write the sentences in the Passive.

 Example:(my sister / operate on / a distinguished surgeon)   My sister will be operated on by a distinguished surgeon.

  1. (a sound of violin / hear / in the hall)

  2. (he / praise / his father / hard work)

  3. (Bob / take for / his brother)

  4. (I / wake up / at 7 o’clock / my mother)

  5. (the envelope / find / on my desk)

    6. (this book / buy / a week ago) (the picture / paint / great artist)

  7. (the window / break / the other day)

  8. (the letter / post / tomorrow)

  9. (your report / discuss / next week)

10. (the time-table / change / in a week)

12. (we meet / at the station / Tom)

13. (the letter / bring / recently)

14. (this cup / break /my little brother)

15. (the room /dust /carefully)

16. (she / show / the shortest way / station)

17. (the lecturer / ask / question / about Dreiser)

18. (I / lend / this book / last Tuesday)

19. (the telegram / send / her brother)

20. (the doctor / send for)

21. (the teacher / listen to / attentively)

22. (his speech / speak about / much)

23. (this article / refer to / often)

24. (the plan / agree upon)

25. (his lecture / listen to / with great interest)

26. (he / find fault with / always)

27. (this house / live in / never)

Ex. 17 2 . Change the sentences from active to passive if possible.

1. Doctors use this medicine widely. 2. They deliver before 8 a.m. 3. When I came to the service station, they were still repairing my car. 4. Jack walked to school yesterday. 5. Don’t worry, our people will meet the group at the airport. 6. This man is installing a new xerox inthe office. 7. We stayed in a three-star hotel. 8. The police arrested the wrong man mainly because they confused the names which the witness had given them. 9. They threw him into prison and deprived him of his property.      10. The leaves fell to the ground. 11. Have you received the message yet? 12. People are destroying large areas of forest every day. 13. Mary’s cat ran away last week. 14. I hope they will have completed the repairs by tomorrow. 15. Some people were using the tennis court so we couldn’t play. 16. No one has solved that problem yet.      17. Did someone invite you to the party? 18. I agree with you, gentlemen. 19. This news surprised me. 20. Mr. Lee will teach this class.

Ex. 17 3 . Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.

Nearly a quarter of a century has passed since this book first (publish).During this period severs hundred thousand copies of the book (dispose) of, it (sell) practically in every country in the world where English (teach) as a second language. Nevertheless, the twenty-fifth anniversary is so important an occasion that it (commemorate) with the publication of the new edition, which throughly (revise) and considerably (enlarge). Additional sections (include). Another innovation is that a list of irregular verbs in everyday use (introduce). These verbs intentionally (place) as endpapers for easy reference. Besides, the opportunity (take) of revising the book from cover to cover, bringing it up to date and introducing many little improvements here and there. Much care (give) to the preparation of the Index, which it (hope) will make the book a useful work of reference. The writer is of the opinion that the best results (achieve) if it (use) by the students both as a text book and as a book of reference.

Ex. 17 4 . Change the sentences from active to passive. Remember at only one passive construction is possible with these verbs.

1. If you want, I’ll dictate the address to you. 2. The customer repeated his request several times. 3. In his speech the lecturer mentioned some historic dates. 4. The council pointed out some shortcomings in the project. 5. The client explained his terms clearly. 6. Sally described all the details of the incident vividly. 7. The chief announced the good news to everybody’s delight. 8. The lawyer suggested the new strategy. 9. She pointed out the mistake to us. 10. The policeman repeated his orders several times. 11. You won’t get lost. We’ll describe all the directions thoroughly.  12. I’ll point him out to you.

Ex. 17 5 . Put the following into the Passive, mentioning the agent where necessary.

1. You can’t wash this dress. (it / dry-clean) 2. They discuss unimportant things. (a lot of time / waste) 3. They will type your letters in a minute. (the letters / type / in the other office) 4. I can’t play now. (my piano / repair / at the moment) 5. The guests ate all the sandwiches, and drank all the lemonade. (nothing / leave) 6. I can’t find my parcel anywhere. (it / post?) 7. I have no information. (I / inform / of the change of the plan) 8. I’m afraid we have sold all our copies but we have ordered more. (more / order) 9. The letter can’t be mailed. (it / not stamp) 10. I would like to meet her mother. (I / not introduce / yet) 11 .The town is in ruin, (it / destroy / earthquake). 12. It is difficult to do (it / more easily / do / machine) 13. Umbrellas and sticks are notallowed. (they / leave / in the cloakroom)

Ex. 17 6 . Translate into English.

1. Нам пояснили, як працює апарат. 2. Його так добре описали, що ми відразу зрозуміли, що це він. 3. Лист був продиктований по телефону. 4. Про цей закон фізики було лише згадано, його не пояснювали студентам. 5. Тобі коли-небудь пояснювали значення цих слів? 6. Повідомлення повторювалося кожні півгодини. 7. Їм указали на їх непристойну поведінку. 8. Замовникам запропонували нові умови контракту. 9. Днями вам було вказано на цю проблему. 10. Ця інформація буде записана для вас автовідповідачем. 11. Знову обговорюється це питання?    12. Її відсутність можна вибачити. 13. Її успіхам заздріли менше, ніж вона очікувала. 14. Йому пробачили помилка і забули про неї.

Ex . 177. Change the sentences from active to passive.

1. You can hear this hit everywhere. 2. One can’t learn a foreign language in a few weeks. 3. You shouldn’t fruit into the fridge. 4. She is a rude child. Her mother must teach her goodmanners. 5. Ihave to complete the letter today. 6. Clara is going to mail these letters tomorrow. 7. Someone must call the police. 8. We ought to invite them, too. 9. They may raise the price of gas. 10. I am going to paint the walls white. 11. The customer has to pay this bill. 12. You shouldn’t carry large sums of money with you. 13. Aluminum is a valuable metal. You can use it again and again. Because you can recycle this metal, nobody should throw away aluminum cans. 14. People must protect endangered wildlife from extinction. 15. They may easily fool you.

Ex. 1 78 . Translate into English.

1. Всю важливу інформацію звичайно пересилають електронною поштою.            2. Слово граматика українською мовою пишеться з однією “м”. 3. Через шість місяців вони обвінчалися в маленькій сільській церкві. 4. Коли всі книжки були пораховані, з’ясувалося, що однієї не вистачає. 5. Здійснюються спроби визволити заручників. 6. Точні цифри ще не були опубліковані. 7. Вершки були добре збиті. 8. Мені повідомили про це лише вчора. 9. Грабіжники виявили, що код на сейфі був змінений. 10. Якщо головою підприємства оберуть його, всі будуть приголомшені. 11. Дверцята твоєї машини вже тиждень зламані. Ти збираєшся ремонтувати їх? 12. Ми відчували, що за нами стежать. 13. Вони сподівалися, що будуть запрошені на вечерю. 14. Якщо щось буде розбито, вам доведеться сплачувати.

Ex. 1 79 . Ask questions indicated in the brackets.

l. Such equipment is sold inspecial shops. (in what shops?) 2. These files must be returned in two hours. (when?) 3. This picture gallery was destroyed by the fire. (how?) 4. This work can be done in two days. (in how many days?) 5. The money will be spent on medicine. (on what?) 6. Such questions are often asked by children. (by whom?) 7. The post will be delivered at 7 o’clock. (when?) 8. New roseshave been planted in her garden. (what?) 9. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell (who?) 10. Rice is grown in many countries. (where?) 11. A new house is being built on Elm Street. (what?) 12. This report must be signed by Mr. Hardy. (who?) 13. These data will have been collected by the end of the year. (by what time?)

Ex. 18 0. Change the sentences from active to passive.

l. They offered me the vacancy. 2. The boss has given us all the instructions. 3. We showed the girls our buys. 4. Father promised Ted a new skateboard. 5. Somebody told him the truth. 6. The manager sent them the fax last night. 7. Ben offered the fellow a beer. 8. The expert recommended the client several solutions to the problem.                     9. Grandmother gave me a wonderful cookery book. 10. Our partners promised us support and understanding. 11. The policemen showed us the way to the Tower. 12. They paid him a pretty sum of money. 13. They filled the glasses and made another toast. 14. They took these examples from literature.

Ex. 18 1 . Match the words or phrases in the column A and the correct endings in column В in the following signs and labels.

A.	B.
1. Rooms	a. must not be removed from the
	the library.
2. Shoplifters	b. should be addressed to the
	office.
3. This wine	c. will be prosecuted.
4. This dictionary	d. must not be left unattended.
5. No goods	e. is protected by guard dogs.
6. Applications	f. can be exchanged without a
	receipt.
7. Bags	g. must be vacated by 12 p. m.
8. This building	h. is best served at room
	temperature.

Ex. 182. Translate into English.

 І. 1. Під час екскурсії містом нам показали фабрику, де друкують книги. 2. Зі мною ще ніколи так не розмовляли. 3. Книги, які читають добре, рідко знайдеш на полицях бібліотеки. 4. Чи пояснили вам, чому тоді вам не дозволили брати участь у змаганнях. 5. Коли ми приїхали до Київа, цей будинок було тільки-но відбудовано. 6. Минулого місяця нарешті вийшла книга, на яку з таким нетерпінням очікували. Зараз її широко обговорюють у пресі. 7. Не кажи таких речей, бо над тобою будуть сміятися. 8. Мені ще нічого про це не казали. 9. Ваш проект вже прийняли? – Ні, його все ще розглядають. – Скільки ж часу його розглядають? 10. Вас проінформують, як тільки креслення будуть відіслані.        11. Учора йому запропонували нову роботу, але вона йому зараз не потрібна.      12. Він увімкнув радіо. Виконували Чайковського, фортепіанний концерт. 13. Я не знав, кому мене відрекомендовують.

 ІІ. 1. Що-небудь робиться, щоб відбудувати цей будинок? 2. Його ще ніколи не приймали за англійця. 3. У твоїй кімнаті ні до чого не торкалися з тих пір, як тебе послали до санаторія. 4. За кожний пенні треба звітувати (account for). 5. Вас коли-небудь вчили, як треба поводитися? 6. Дітей пригостили морозивом. 7. У мене вкрали колекцію марок. 8. Треба щось зробити для цих людей. 9. Боюся, що цю вазу не можна склеяти. 10. Мого дядька зробили капітаном (promote to). 11. Тобі повідомлять, коли відправляється потяг. 12. Вона відчувала, що вони щось приховують від неї. 13. Буде так темно, що мене не буде видно зовсім. 14. Чому так прохолодно в залі? – Там зараз провітрюють. Читальний зал, як ви знаєте, провітрюють кілька разів на день.

ІІІ. 1. Хворого не будуть оперувати без його згоди. 2. Телеграму прийняли пізно ввечорі, і тому, що вона була важливою, капітана відразу розбудили та передали йому. 3. Факти, на які посилається свідок, зацікавили адвоката. 4. Було розглянуто багато різних маршрутів, а про цей навіть не подумали. 5. Проект у цілому ухвалили, але архітектору було вказано на окремі недоліки. 6. Раджу вам піти на цей концерт: будуть виконувати ваші улюблені твори. 7. Нам пояснили нове правило, потім продиктували декілька прикладів і дали вправи для домашньої роботи. 8. Не хвилюйтеся, про вашу валізу потурбуються і принесуть до вашої кімнати. 9. Я не чув, про що в цей час говорилося. 10. Йому дали першокласну освіту.

Ex 18 3 . Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. Meg (look) upon as a perfect wife for a clergyman. 2. After his brother’s departure Paul sat for a long time thinking about what (say). 3. “I’m not prepared,” my father said, ”to listen to your suggestions that you never (treat) fairly at school.” 4. “Remember I (pay) by an hour,” grumbled the driver. 5. But there were signs that order (restore) in the town. 6. Well, what (do) about it, Ted? 7. He went into the bedroom. The bed (turn) down for the night by the maid many hours before. 8. Please find out if our father (see) to leave. 9. She could have gone to Cambridge if she had wanted, she (offer) a scholarship. 10. On Friday she (give) two weeks’ notice at the Works. 11. Then the voice announced that the passengers (ask) to pass through the Customs. 12. I wondered to what extent she (influence) by his name to accept his offer. 13. Such are the matters that (deal) with in Mr. Burroughs’s book. 14. I found the idea of going to Hereford very upsetting because I (promise) a very nice job a couple of weeks before. 15. Not far away she noticed the film manager in whose office she once (make) to feel so ridiculous. 16. “You must be very prosperous, Eustace, to own a car like that.” – “This car (lend) to me by an American woman.”

MOOD

Ex. 18 4 . Comment on the mood of the verbs in the following sentences.

1. My children ask me too many questions. 2. Now, ask your question! Go ahead!         3. Steve was sure that his teacher would answer all his questions. 4. I wouldn’t ask you this question if I knew the answer. 5. Relax! There is no hurry. Take your time. 6. She looks as if she were miserable. 7. I shall ask you for support if any need arises. 8. I know that you will do it as soon as you can. 9. I know that you would do it as soon as you could.     10. He promised he would go there if he had a chance. 11. I should go if I had time. Time is money, you know. 12. – You could do it if you tried. – Shall I really make an effort?        13. You could have done it if you had tried. 14. It would have been most helpful if you had done the washing. 15. If the ancient Egyptians had not had slaves, they would not have been able to build the Pyramids. 16. But for our books we would be ignorant and unaware of so many things! 17. I know you are a great man. But your greatness would be enhanced if you said “Sorry”. 18. If it weren’t for the last minute, a lot of things wouldn’t get done. 19. If you gave him a penny for his thoughts, you would get some change. 20. Ifyou want to be happy, be.

                                                                                                                 (Leo Tolstoy)

Ex. 18 5 . Read the text and find the cases of the Imperative Mood. Translate them into Ukrainian.

It was Matilda’s first day in Miss Honey’s class. After the usual business of going through all the names of the children, Miss Honey said, “Now this is the very first day of school for each one of you. It is the beginning of at least eleven long years of schooling that all of you are going to have to go through. And six of those years will be spent right here at Crunchem Hall where, as you know, your Headmistress is Miss Trunchbull. She insistsupon strict discipline throughout the school, and if you take my advice you will do your very best to behave yourselves in her presence. Never argue with her. Never answer her back. Always do as she says. If you get on the wrong side of Miss Trunchbull she can liquidize you like a carrot in a kitchen blender. It’s nothing to laugh about, Lavender. Take that grin off your face. All of you will be wise to remember that Miss Trunchbull deals very severely with anyone who gets out of line in this school. Have you got the message?” “Yes, Miss Honey,” chirruped eighteen eager little voices.

                                                                                                                    (after R Dahl)

Ex. 18 6 . Translate into English.

1. Треба ставитись до цього легше. 2. Струнко! Вільно! 3. Посміхніться та розслабтеся! 4. Ну ж бо, не будемо сваритися! 5. Бюрократи! Господи, спаси мене від них! 6. Будь собою! 7. Люба! Не плач! 8. Ніколи не довіряйте незнайомим людям! 9. Відкрийте широко рот і скажіть “А”! 10. Ніколи не сперечайтеся зі мною! 11. Голосуйте за нашого кандидата! 12. Хай грає музика, хай співають голоси, давайте будемо разом до кінця! 13. Не звертайте увагу на собаку, вона грається! 14. Не смій знову щось робити через мою голову (go over one’s head).   15. Відчепись! Забирайся геть! 16. Зберігай спокій! (Не гарячкуй!)                   17. Насолоджуйся життям! 18. Оберігайтеся грабіжників! 19. Стоянку заборонено! 20. Не палити! 21. Не хвилюйтеся! Будьте щасливі!

Ex. 18 7 . Practise the following according to the example.

      Example: He runs round the park every morning, so he keeps very fit.If I ranround the park every morning I would keepfit too.

1. He lives in the South, so he can grow a lot of flowers. 2. They use electric typewriters, so they finish their work soon. 3. He lives near his work, so he is never late. 4. He goes to bed early, so he always wakes up in time. 5. His French is good, so he reads French books in the original. 6. They have a maid, so they can enjoy themselves.

Ex. 1 88 . Read and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the mood of the verb.

   1. If no one were allowed to ignore the rules, language would stagnate. 2. If I lived in England, I wouldn’t have any problems with my English. 3. If people trusted and respected each other, it would make life easier. 4. If I could read people’s thoughts, it would be interesting to know all beforehand. 5. If you met her, you would fall in love with her at first sight. 6. If I were ill, I wouldn’t eat anything. The best remedy would be to starve a day or two. 7. If Caroline didn’t love roses, he wouldn’t give them to her on her birthdays. 8. If Alison had bought the dress yesterday, she would have spent all her money. 9. Just imagine what chaos there would be if we lived in a society without laws! 10. If you had given us a hint, we would have guessed your secret then. 11. If Olga hadn’t been so exhausted, she might have been suspicious of this.

Ex. 1 89 . Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.

Example: If I were you, I (read) the book in the original. If I were you, I would read the book in the original.

1. They (go) to the beach if it were warmer. 2. If the poem were not so long, I (learn) it by heart. 3. Even if it were not so late I don’t think I (go) to the cinema. 4. Even if he knew how difficult the situation was, he (not / stop) the preparations. 5. Even if I had a dictionary I don’t believe I (be able) to write the test. 6. Even if you had given her your car, she (cannot arrive) in so short a time.7. Even if I wanted to, I (can do) nothing now. 8. If you really wanted to buy the house, you (can do) it even now.

Ex. 19 0. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the right form of the verb.

Example:If I (know) about it, I (help) you. If I had known about it, I would have helped you.

1. The place was very dull. Even if it (not / be raining) the whole week, we (not enjoy) our holiday. 2. If you (not / interfere), they (forget) all about it in an hour. 3. If you (trust)me, I (can lead) you safely through. 4. The dinner (not / be spoiled) if you (not forget) the dish in the oven. 5. She (know) how to behave if she (be) a born lady. 6. He (not / take) this case even if he (be asked). 7. The accident (not happen) if you (be) more attentive. 8. She (go) there even if she (have) to walk all the way. 9. None (mind) if he (be dismissed). 10. Someone (may notice) if she (open) the letter.

Ex. 19 1 . Compose conditional sentences on the basis of the following statements.    Example: It’s raining hard. We can’t go out. If it were not raining so hard, we could go out.

 1. She thought of her future and refused to marry the young man.

2. He was deep in his thoughts and did not notice the “no parking” sign.

3. I have a lot of work to do, I can’t go to the pictures.

4. There is no one to sit with the baby, 1 have to stay at home.

5. The rain has stopped at last, and we began to enjoy ourselves.

6. She did not think of the consequences and agreed to forge (підробити) the document.

7. There were so many people there that nobody noticed his absence.
8. We don’t like cheese. We don’t buy it.

9. He lost his temper and said things he did not really mean.

10. I don’t know your cousin, I can’t meet her at the station.

Ex.19 2 . Compose sentences according to the example. Use but for +noun/pronoun  Example: I don’t want to tell you this, but I promised to. But for my promise, I wouldn’t tell you this.

1. He wants to go swimming but the water is cold. 2. He couldn’t see us off as he was busy at the office. 3. She wasn’t alone in the house, her husband was asleep in his room. 4. I want to go but I have an examination tomorrow. 5. In the end he went to see the doctor. His wife made him do it. 6. It began to rain and we didn’t go for a walk. 7. We couldn’t have a picnic. The weather was too bad. 8. Of course I want to help you but I have a conference today. 9. He had a good guide so he could see all the sights. 10. You can’t prepare the contract because the computer is out of order.

Ex. 19 3 . Translate theverbs in brackets.

 I. 1. If I had known that you were in hospital (я б провідав тебе). 2. If (я би знав) that you were coming I’d have baked a cake. 3. If (ти б прийшов) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat. 4. You would have seen my garden at its best if (ти був би тут) last week. 5. I wouldn’t have believed it if (я б не побачив)it with my own eyes. 6. (Я б запропонував) to help him if I had realized that he was ill. 7. If (я б зрозумів) what a bad driver you were I wouldn’t have come with you. 8. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red (я б зупинився). 9. (Кури не зайшли б) into the house if you had shut the door. 10. If he had known that the river was dangerous (він би не поривався) to swim across it. 11. If (ви б говорили) more slowly he might have understood you. 12. If he had known the whole story (він би не розлютився). 13. If (я б спробував) again I think that I would have succeeded. 14. (Ви б не попали) into trouble if you had my instructions. 15. If (я була б готова) when he called he would have taken me with him. 16. If she had listened to my directions (вона б не повернула) down the wrong street. 17. (Я б взяв таксі) if I had realized that it was such a long way. 18. If (ти б не чихнула /sneeze) he wouldn’t have known that we were there.

II. 1. If (я зустрів) you yesterday, of course (я б попередив) you. 2. I’m sorry I threw the newspaper away. (Я б не викинув її) if (я б знав) you had wanted it.         3. Why didn’t you ask me to help you? Of course (я б допоміг) if (ти б попросив мене). 4. I’m sorry I couldn’t come to the cinema with you last Friday. (Я би пішов) if (я не був) so busy. 5. (Я б не пішов) the office early yesterday if (я не закінчив) my work.

Ex. 19 4 . Complete the sentences by using the Past Conditional of the verbs in brackets.

1. He didn’t know anything about the party, or he (come). 2. The doctor told me nothing about the new treatment, or I (try) it. 3. Why didn’t you consult your tutor? He (advise) you what to do. 4. We couldn’t get in touch with each other, or we (avoid) a lot of trouble. 5. There were no computers in those times, or my father (learn) them.    6. He was pressed for time last week or he (visit) his in-laws. 7. Helen didn’t buy the dress though it was just what she wanted. In her place I (buy) it. 8. Michael finally made up with his son or he (change) his will. 9. Why didn’t you ask me? I (can) (give a lift) you to the fitness centre. 10. It really was hitting news or everybody (take) it easy.       11. – You’ve got into a mess again! – Really, you (can) (be) more careful! 12. Olga’s mother did all the housework, or she (learn) how to cook. 13. She had an alibi or the police (arrest) her. 14. The new perfume was too sweet or I (buy) it. 15. The serial was too long otherwise I (watch) it to the end. 16. If it weren’t for electricity, we all still (watch) television by candlelight.

Ex .195. Translate into English.

1. Я був би радий знову зустрітися з вами. 2. Якби не невезіння, він би виграв у лотерею. 3. – А що б ви зробили на моєму місці? – Я б поїхала. 4. Олена їде відпочивати до Юрмали. Я б поїхала на Кіпр. 5. Марина не хоче миритися з Петром. На її місці я б помирилася з ним. 6. Катерина знову купила нову сукню. Я б їй дала пораду не витрачати так багато грошей. 7. Який солодкий джем! Я б не клала так багато цукру. 8. Ти знову гуляв під дощем? – Я б так не робила. У тебе нежить. 9. Не турбуйтеся, я вам зателефоную. – Була б вам дуже вдячна. 10. Що ви сказали? Перепрошую, не могли б ви повторити. 11. Шкода, що ви не читали цю книгу! Ви би змогли знайти в ній багато корисної інформації. 12. Я сподіваюся одержати цю роботу. – Коли б не низька зарплатня, усяк би ухопився за такий шанс. 13. Моя донька не хоче читати Діккенса. А я б залюбки. 14. – Ви б поміняли своє рішення за інших обставин? – Ні, я настояв би на своєму. 15. Шкода, тому, що з нього напевно вийшов би гарний актор.

Ex. 19 6 . Transform the verb to be into the Present or Past Subjunctive, to express an unreal wish.

Example: It’s not sunny today. – If it were sunny today!

1. It’s autumn now. 2. He isn’t my friend. 3. She wasn’t my teacher. 4. This dress isn’t my size. 5. I’m not happy about it. 6. The bag was too expensive. 7. I am a dreamer. 8. My holiday wasn’t long. 9. This money isn’t mine. 10. The party is very dull.  11. The secretary isn’t efficient. 12. The car was out of order. 13. The boss is out.   14. We were scared. 15. English phonetics is so difficult! 16. Uncountable nouns are so misleading!

Ex. 19 7 . Transform the sentences into unreal ones, paying particular attention to the use of the negative particle not where necessary.

 Example: Simon smokes too much. — If Simon didn’t smoke so much!

1. Our neighbours visit us every weekend. 2. He didn’t notice me. He ignored me. 3. I don’t often meet my school friends now. 4. The children don’t obey their grand­parents. 5. Emma had too much work to do last week. 6. I have to work even on Sunday.          7. Theresa didn’t help her mother about the house. 8. The dog eats too much meat.       9. Nobody knew his address or telephone number. 10. I don’t speak English fluently. 11. They have no chance to travel. 12. Ridge makes friends too easily. 13. Nelly went there too late. 14. She doesn’t often go to the theatre. 15. My sister buys too many things.

Ex. 198 . Make the following sentences with the modal verb can unreal.

 Example: – You can’t speak to the boss now, he is busy. – If the boss were not busy, you could speak to him now.

              – They couldn’t join us, it was too late. – They could have joined us if it hadn’t been so late.

 1. The children can’t play this game in the house. They are so noisy! 2. You can’t watch this film before going to bed. It’s a horror film. 3. We couldn’t listen to pop-concert. It started too late. 4. I can’t sing at all. I’ve lost my voice. 5. Angela couldn’t dance with Nick. They had quarreled. 6. They can’t show you all the sights of the city. They are working all the week. 7. Pam can’t afford this ring. She earns too little money. 8. We can’t relax at the moment. There is some work to do. 9. Nobody in the office knows Turkish. We can’t read the letter. 10. The child can’t tell the truth. He is too scared. 11. I can’t help you out. I’m leaving the city. 12. My grandparents can’t live in the country all the year round. There are no conveniences in the cottage. 13. My friends and I couldn’t meet very often. Everybody was so busy! 14. I can’t sit and watch the telly with you! I have to cook supper. 15. The police can’t find the robbers. They didn’t leave any traces.

Ex. 199. Join the sentences making them unreal.

   1. He’s getting fat. He doesn’t take much exercise. 2. He smokes about 50 cigarettes a day. He is always coughing. 3. She goes to bed very late. She feels tired in the morning. 4. He is not a strong child. He never eats fruit. 5. Jack doesn’t listen to the teacher very carefully. He makes a lot of mistakes.                  6. Unfortunately I don’t know his address. I can’t write to him. 7. Vera went to the market too late. She couldn’t buy any fresh strawberries. 8. You didn’t sweep the room properly. It’s dirty. 9. The play was boring. Some people didn’t even watch it to the end. 10. Yuri didn’t even try do the job. It wasn’t done. 11, Molly felt that the woman was deceiving her. So she didn’t obey her. 12. My T- shirt shrank. I think I didn’t dry it properly. 13. The flowers have died. You constantly forget to water them. 14. The tourists didn’t wear sensible shoes. Now they have blisters. 15. The store is not well located. It doesn’t attract many customers.

Ex . 200 . Translate into English.

І. 1. Коли б не застуда, я б теж поїхав. 2. Коли б не погана дорога, ми б вже давно приїхали до міста. 3. Коли б не вона, вони б ніколи не посварилися. 4. Якщо б не цей юнак, дитина б утопилась. 5. Коли б не ваша допомога, вона б не наздогнала свою групу. 6. Коли б не його діагноз, її б вчасно не прооперували. 7. Коли б не погода, ми б чудово провели літо. 8. Це була б непогана робота, коли б не орфографічні помилки. 

ІІ. 1. Якщо б не шрам на щоці, я б його впізнав. 2. Якби не цей дзвінок, це був би чудовий вечір. 3. Ми б дісталися туди вчасно, якби не нещасний випадок. 4. Якби б не тісне взуття, я б одержав задоволення від прогулянки. 5. Якби не я, ти б забув про це. 6. Якби не ти, я б сиділа зараз собі вдома. 7. Коли б не його нога, він би теж взяв участь у цій грі. 

 ІІІ. 1. Навіть якщо б ви зателефонували мені вчора, я б не зміг прийти. 2. У залі було так багато людей, що я не зміг би її розшукати. 3. Навіть якщо б ви попередили мене, я не встиг би з ним побачитися. 4. Я не зміг би поспілкуватися з ним, навіть якщо б зустрів його вчора. 5. Навіть якщо б він дуже змінився, я впізнав би його. 6. Якщо б вам поставили таке питання, змогли б ви на нього відповісти? 7. Коли б станція не була так далеко, ми б донесли речі самі. 8. Він би ніколи не залишив друзів у біді, навіть якщо йому довелося б ризикувати життям.  9. Якщо не застанеш нікого з нас вдома, залиш записку. 10. Навіть якщо б йому нічого не сказали, він би все одно здогадався. 11. Якщо він почне відмовлятися, я намагатимуся його переконати. 

Ex. 20 1 . Supply the necessary forms for the verbs given in brackets in the following sentences of unreal condition.

1. “Are you still thinking of going on that cruise?” – “It (may be) enjoyable,” he said, “if one (have) just the right person to go with.” 2. It (be) fun if Roberta (write) a book. 3. I never tried to understand my brother. If I (try) I (may stop) him from going away. 4. If I (be) you, Meg, I (not / let) myself believe this hateful gossip. 5. I (hate) myself if I (deceive) him. 6. He said he had no pain, and if it (not / be) for the doctor, he (get up) and (go) home. 7. She (can go) to Cambridge if she (want). She had been offered a scholarship. 8. You (be) horrified if I (tell) you what I have had to go through. 9. I’m glad I wasn’t at home. He (not / get) much help if he (ask) me.   10. The house looked awful. If I (be) given to crying I (may cry). 11. “No, I won’t tell you,” she said. “It (not / be) fair to them if it just (turn) out to be gossip.” 12. It (may be) fatal if she (learn) the truth. 13. “May I read this?” – “I (not / bother) if I (be) you.” 14. If I (keep) to my original plan I (miss) the whole affair. 15. Alice thought it (may be) nice if you (can join) us. 16. It (look) silly if I (tell) them the truth. 17. If I (be) you, I (try) to rise above it. 18. If I (be) there, of course, I (do) something. 19. If it (not / be) for the children I (leave) you tomorrow. 20. If I (be) a painter, I (choose) an entirely different scenery.

Ex.202. Make the following sentences conditional (real or unreal), starting with if.

1. It’s important to protect wildlife now or there will be nothing left for future generations. 2. He’s not a millionaire. He won’t buy you a house. 3. The schoolchildren sowed some seeds, but they forgot to water them, so the seeds didn’t grow. 4. He hopes he will get rich one day and will see the world. 5. When they were young many people didn’t realize that smoking was dangerous. Now they are having serious health problems. 6. I couldn’t stop the car. There was an accident. 7. They are leaving soon and it makes me unhappy. 8. He didn’t enjoy school, so he didn’t do very well.       9. Time flies! You can never think of your future. 10. The fax hasn’t come yet. We can’t act. 11. It was raining quite hard, but Mary went out wearing thin sandals, and her feet soon got wet. 12. He bought the house without consulting the agent. Now he realizes it wasn’t a sensible thing to do. 13. Helen ate too much birthday cake. She was sick. 14. Heidi is going to eat the whole cake. She is sure to fall ill.

Ex. 203. Use the correct mood of the verbs in brackets.

1. She (wear) this frock tonight if she not (put on) so much weight lately. 2. If the storm not (rage) so furiously last night, many trees not (break). 3. I (go) and (live) in the tropics if only I (can). 4. What we (do) if television not (invent)? 5. If the laws of nature not (break), the situation (be) different. 6. Australia (be) a delightful country to live in if it not (be) so far. 7. He not (catch) a cold if he not (drink) so much cold beer in the pub yesterday. 8. If I (live) long enough, I (can) do so many great things! 9. If I not (pay) all my bills before leaving the hotel, I not (be) penniless now. 10. If the fellow not (leave) the city, the police (arrest) him. 11. If Mel not (be) so light-minded, Hilda not (leave) him! 12. If the case not (be) so interesting, the inspector not (take) it up. 13. If we (know) how dangerous the expedition was, we (refuse). 14. Ratchel (pass) the interview on Friday if she (know) a second foreign language.

Ex. 204. Translate into English.

1. Коли б вона була моєю сестрою, я б її ніжно любив. – Невже? 2. Коли б вона вміла добре готувати, її чоловік був би щасливий. 3. Якщо б я жив в Африці, я їв тільки фрукти: банани, апельсини, ківі. 4. Коли б він був більш енергійним, він давно б зробив чудову кар’єру. 5. Ми були б дуже вдячні, якщо ви попросите пробачення. 6. Якщо ти будеш прати свою футболку в гарячій воді, вона збіжіться та полиняє. 7. Троянди стояли б довше, якби ти поклала у воду дві ложки цукру. 8. Коли б вона носила короткі спідниці, то виглядала б молодше. 9. Якщо б йому потрібні були гроші, він міг би звернутися до нас. 10. Коли б справа не була такою складною, Девід не найняв би приватного детектива. 11. Коли вона дізнається про результат, то не повірить, що їй так поталанило. 12. Якби не заплутані обставини, детектив зміг би знайти злочинця значно раніше. 13. Якщо все буде гаразд, меблі привезуть сьогодні. 14. Коли б вони не переплутали адресу, меблі доставили б ще тиждень тому. 15. Коли б не його зовнішність та талант, він би ніколи не став зіркою Голівуду.

Ex. 20 5 . Practise the Conditional and the Subjunctive Mood while discussing the following ideas.

1. What if Christopher Columbus had been lost at sea on his first voyage to the New World? 2. What if the wheel had not been invented? 3. What if the ocean were filled with fresh water instead of salt water? 4. What if printing hadn’t been invented? 5. What if the airplane hadn’t been invented? 6. What if the electric light had not been invented? 7. What if man could control the weather all the time? 8. What if a new ice age should begin within the next five years? 9. What if everybody in the world spoke the same language? 10. What if signs of intelligent life were discovered on another planet? 11. What if science should discover a way to prolong life to 150 years? 12. What would you like to be: a sparrow or a snail? A hammer or a nail? A forest or a stream? 13. What animal or plant would you like to be and why? 14. If you had only one day to live, what would you do?

Ex. 20 6 . Translate into English.

1. Якби не ви, він не став би тим, ким він є зараз. 2. Якщо б ти зустрівся з нею, ти б закохався в неї. Вона сама чарівність! 3. Якби вона пристебнула ремінь небезпеки, інспектор не оштрафував би її. 4. Коли б у них було більше спільних інтересів, їх життя було б цікавішим. 5. За інших умов ваша пропозиція була б вельми приваблива. 6. Коли б нам вдалося зв’язатися з директором школи, ми б запросили його на конференцію, що відбулася минулого тижня. 7. Якби я знала, що зустріну його, я б постаралася виглядати привабливішою. 8. Земля була б здоровішою, коли б усі магазини, що продають хімікати, були закриті. 9. Якби не нескінченні свята, роботу можна було закінчити ще вчора. 10. – Марія! Що б сказала твоя матуся, коли б побачила тебе зараз? – Вона б мене вбила! 11. Якби ти знав її як знаємо ми, ти б не довірився їй. 12. Вона могла б стати моделлю, але батьки відрадили її. 13. Все було б зараз чудово, якби я не провалилася на останньому іспиті.

Ex. 20 7 . Make the condition more problematic according to the example.

   Example: If danger comes, we shall be prepared to meet it.

             – Should danger come, we shall be prepared to meet it.

1. I don’t care if the whole village knows. If that happens, we shall have to send you away. 2. If you decide to sell your country house, my brother will be willing to buy it. 3. If there are many problems by chance, we are ready to help. 4. If you get lost in the area, ask a policeman. 5. If I get the job, I’ll invite you to the restaurant. 6. If there is something urgent, call us. 7. If Maxim fails you again, forget that he has ever existed. 8. If something goes wrong, we’ll hire a private detective. 9. If I lose my independence, I’ll get a full-time job. 10. If Adrian turns up, inform him of the latest events. 11. If he insists, ask him to give all the reasons. 12. If the weather by chance turns out to be on the miserable side ... well, there are alternatives.

Ex. 2 08 . Translate into English.

1. Якщо ви коли-небудь мандруватимете Італією, обов’язково їдьте до Неаполя, щоб побачити Везувій, Помпею та Капрі. 2. Доведеться бути вам в Італії, обов’язково відвідайте Венецію. 3. Сьогодні я поїду до “Книжкового світу”. Якщо побачу гарний словник, куплю його. 4. Я не знав, що ти книголюб і часто буваєш у книжкових магазинах. Коли зненацька побачиш словник сленгу, купи його, скільки б він не коштував. 5. Якщо він вирішить ризикнути, ну що ж, це його вибір. 6. Якщо ти отримаєш цю інформацію по інтернету, дай мені знати. 7. Тобі дуже пощастить, якщо ти зненацька знайдеш ці данні в інтернеті. 8. Якщо шеф затримується, він завжди телефонує і попереджує про це. 9. Якщо я затримуюсь, мій помічник може почати переговори без мене. 10. Якщо літак затримається, ось тобі журнал, щоб не було нудно. 11. Якщо він знову потрапить в аварію, він лишиться прав. 12. Доведеться вам відвідати Кенію, їдьте на сафарі. 13. Що буде, якщо вона справді вийде заміж за цього мафіозі? 14. Звідки мені знати, чим він займається? І чому це тебе хвилює?

Ex. 2 09 . Comment on the use of tenses in sentences after wish.

1. We wish she                        a). were with us now. b). had been with us last night.           c). would be with us next summer

2. John wishes Sue                a). always had time for him. b). had had more time last week. c). would have more time in future.                             

3. We wished she                      a). were with us at the moment. b). had been with us the night before. c). would be with us (the) next summer.

4. I wish (wished) I                      a). could do it myself. b). could have done it then.   c). would be able to do it soon.

 5. Linda will wish he                              a). always told her the truth. b). had told her the truth then. c). would tell her the truth one day.

Ex. 21 0 . Explain the relative use of tenses in the following sentences.

1. Kate wished her boyfriend were more attentive to her. 2. Now she wishes she had agreed to marry him. 3. We wish it would rain. It’s too hot. 4. I wish you wouldn’t talk about that, Dad. 5. She wishes she were in love again. 6. I wish you would stop contradicting me! 7. We wished the police were more efficient and hadn’t just turned everything upside down in the house. 8. Oh, I’m so miserable! I wish I were dead!   9. I wish I could make him change his mind! I wish he would give up that silly idea.        10. Sometimes I wish I were thousands of miles away from civilization. 11. How I wish it were so for ages and nothing would ever change! 12. Many people wish life were not so hectic. 13. They wish you were less bossy and were not ordering people about. 14. How I wish I could fly in the blue sky, over the roofs, over this town!        15. – What is love? – I wish I knew the answer. 16. I just wish I had your kind of spirit, Maggie.

Ex. 21 1 . Add to each of the following a sentence, beginning: “I wish...”. The words in brackets will help you to form your sentences.

1. We lost the game yesterday. (win) 2. I sat at the back of the hall, and couldn’t hear his speech very well. (every word) 3. The sea is rough, we can’t sail to the island. (calm) 4.There were no taxis, so I had to walk from the station. (find) 5. I went to bed very late last night, and I’m half asleep this morning. (so late) 6. I could only answer three of the questions at the last examination. (all of them) 7. The box was heavy, I couldn’t carry it. (help me) 8. My father gave me some good advice, but I didn’t take it. (his advice) 9. One of my friends went to London for a holiday last summer, but I couldn’t go. (with him) 10. Why didn’t you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. I’m so angry with you. (more attentive) 11. There was so much noise in the streets last night that I couldn’t sleep well. (better) 12. There was a very good film on last week, but I didn’t see it. (readthe program) 13. We went for a picnic yesterday, but it rained all the time. (so hard) 14. I was lazy and wasted my time when I was at school. (harder) 15. I didn’t understand what he said yesterday. (louder) 16. This house is very nice and comfortable. I’d like to buy it, but it is very expensive. (less expensive)

Ex. 212. Express regrets about the following (starting with if or wish) and add four more regrets of your own.

1. My students are not always in time for class. 2. I didn’t work hard when I was at school. 3. Our climate is so changeable! 4. Nelly is sorry that she didn’t save enough money when she was still working. 5. What a pity we haveever met! 6. I didn’t stay at home late at night and got involved into an accident. 7. My neighbours are very noisy people. 8. Helen didn’t buy the dress and is very sorry about it. 9. My director is too bossy and demanding. 10. Victor can’t get on well with his relatives. 11. My father couldn’t fix our new VCR yesterday. 12. I don’t know who you really are.

Ex. 213. Translate into English.

1. Нажаль, мої діти не зі мною, і що вони кинули мене, як тільки закінчили школу. 2. Даремно я зараз з вами. Вдома так багато роботи! 3. Даремно ви не підписали папери вчасно. 4. Прикро, що ви підписали тоді папери. 5. Нажаль, життя таке коротке та жорстоке! 6. Хотілось би, щоб життя було щасливішим.      7. Нажаль, Денис не закохався в цю чарівну дівчину. 8. Даремно, що Іван закохався в цю вередливу дівчину. 9. Прикро, що ми живемо так далеко один від одного. Ми б могли стати близькими друзями. 10. Ми могли б стати близькими друзями, але не стали. Прикро, що цього не сталося! 11. Прикро, що в мене вчора боліло горло, і я не змогла піти з вами на дискотеку. 12. Прикро, що ми заблудилися саме в центрі Парижа. 13. Нажаль, ми не говоримо французькою і забули взяти з собою карту міста. 14. Даремно я виправ білу футболку з чорними джинсами. Тепер вона стала модного сірого кольору.

Ex. 21 4 . Express an unreal wish according to the example.

Example: I have too much work. – / wish I didn’t have so much work.

             Amanda didn’t study Spanish. – Amanda wishes she had studied Spanish.

1. It isn’t Sunday today. 2. Brendon has to study so hard! 3. Lucy has too many friends. 4. I don’t have a computer. 5. My cousin can’t find a good job. 6. They live far from the station. 7. She doesn’t know Ted’s address. 8. Billy leaves for work too early. 9. The child didn’t tell us the truth. 10. Helen didn’t finish high school. 11. I didn’t call my parents yesterday. 12. We spent all our money at the sale. 13. My neighbour bought a used car. 14. Paul went to bed too late last night. 15. The weather was miserable last week.

Ex. 21 5 . Use the right forms of the verbs in brackets.

1. I have never seen your kids. I wish you (have) a picture of themwith you. 2.The police wish they (be) better equipped to work more efficiently. 3. They wished their daughter (be) more careful in choosing friends. 4. Susan wishes she (go) to college instead of leaving school and getting a job. 5. Iwish we (buy) a house of our own long ago and not (live) with our grandparents all these years. 6. Melanie wished she not (say) she was going to the party. 7. He wished his mother still (live) nearby. 8. TheDixons wish their son not (marry) that punk girl. 9. We wish you (can wait) to see him. 10. I wish I (be) nicer to my parents when I was a teenager. 11. Ted wishes he (follow) his tutor’s advice. 12. How I wish I (can play) some musical instrument!  13. I wish people (be) more honest. 14. People wish the government (do) something about unemployment. 15. I wish I (start) learning English much earlier.

Ex. 21 6 . Paraphrase the following so as to use the Subjunctive Mood in object clauses after the verb wish.

1. What a pity that I have grown up and that I am not a child any longer! 2. The patient is sorry that he lost control of himself and spoke to the doctor rudely. 3. What a shame that you can’t believe us! 4. Mike’s parents regret not having listened to what their son wanted to do in life. 5. My brother is a born worrier, I’m sorry to say. 6. I am awfully sorry I disturbed you in the middle of the night, but the matter was urgent. 7. It’s a pity she couldn’t find accommodation in the city. 8. What a spendthrift you are! But today you really spent too much! 9. It’s so annoying but we have to go. 10. We’re upset that our plan failed. 11. Marina was sorry that she hadn’t invited her classmates to her party. 12. What a shame! I forgot to call Robert again. 13. The whole family was disappointed that they couldn’t buy the house. 14. I must say she’s an extremely tough woman. 15. Unfortunately, you will not receive the job you’ve applied for.

Ex. 21 7 . Translate into English.

1. Хотілось би, щоб люди були більш дружелюбні. 2. Було б добре, якщо б він зателефонував мені ввечорі. 3. Даремно я зателефонувала йому перша. 4. Нажаль, Петро не вміє користуватися комп’ютером. 5. Даремно я навчилася працювати на комп’ютері. Це як наркотик! 6. Хотілось би, щоб цей психолог не випробовував свої методи на моїй дитині. 7. Було б добре, якщо б цей психіатр використовував більш сучасні методи лікування. 8. Даремно я не прийняв ці ліки від головної болі. 9. Нажаль, Олена не завжди відверта зі мною. 10. Прикро, що ти часто буваєш відвертим з моїми друзями. 11. Даремно ви були так відверті. Адже він наш конкурент. 12. Прикро, що вона не вміє ні співати, ні грати на музикальних інструментах. 13. Нажаль, наш шеф не зміг попередити нас, що справа дуже ризиковано. 14. Я б хотіла, щоб мій день народження продовжувався і продовжувався, і щоб я завжди була така щаслива!

Ex. 2 18 . Comment on the use of the Subjunctive Mood in subject clauses after the expression It’s (high, about) time.

1.Your car is absolutely filthy! It’s high time you had it washed. 2. Well, well, young man, it’s time you settled down, had a wife and nice kids! 3. It’s time we turned over a new leaf in our life, my darling. 4. Isn’t it time we should put an end to this horrible war? 5. It’s high time yon should forgive me. 6. Well, it’s high time you should realize that times have changed. 7. Sergeant, it’s high time you reported to the captain. 8. Isn’t it time the children switched off TV and went to bed? 9. It was high time she got used to his strange ways. 10. Don’t you think it’s high time you changed your manner of dressing? 11. I’m sure it’s high time you told it to her face. 12. It’s time you earned your own living.

Ex. 2 19 . Paraphrase the sentences using It’s time.

1. Marina should think of her future. 2. Oleg must consult a specialist. 3. The family ought to have a holiday. 4. The house needs to be given a new coat of paint.     5. We need to call an electrician. 6. I must independent from my parents. 7. The children should go to bed and switch off the light. 8. You ought to feel responsible for your family. 9. Will you stop asking me provocative questions about my personal life. 10. Why should you live throwing your parents’ money around? 11. I’m sorry, I have to say goodbye and leave. 12. Howcan you watch that boring programme? 13. Youare a modern woman. Don’t you want to learn to drive a car? 14. Your parents need your support. Why don’t you help them? 15. Will you get down to business, all of you!

Ex. 22 0 . Translate into English.

1. Усім слід зрозуміти, що назад шляху нема. 2. Який жах! Тобі слід давно вже вивчити англійський алфавіт. 3. Шоста година! А чи не слід вже запросити гостей до столу? 4. – А не час тобі змінити футболку і джинси? – А не час тобі припинити робити мені зауваження? 5. Я думаю, що тобі вже час переключити телевізор на інший канал. 6. Тобі слід припинити розпускати плітки про своїх друзів та колег. Невже тобі нічим зайнятися? 7. А не час нам витягнути пиріг з духовки? Він може підгоріти. 8. А не час установити охорону у твоєму офісі? 9. Я думаю, що нам давно слід припинити зустрічатися, хоча б на деякий час. 10. Тобі давно слід змінити своє ставлення до шлюбу. 11. Це погана ідея! Час зрозуміти тобі, що я не погоджуся з нею. 12. Адвокату давно слід пред’явити головний козир у цій справі. 13. Давно вже час сказати їй, що ти думаєш про неї. 14. А не час вже вам, дітки, йти спати?

Ex. 22 1 . Comment on the Subjunctive Mood in predicative and comparative clauses introduced by as if, as though.

1. Erik looks as if he were at peace with himself and the universe. 2. Samantha looks as if she had fallen in love. 3. Sindy felt as if she had lived a long, long time. 4. He looks as though butter wouldn’t melt in his mouth. 5. Adrian felt as if he were suddenly transported into a different world. 6. The children now felt as if their father had never been away on that terrible war in the Persian Gulf. 7. The girl looked happy as though she had been waiting for that moment all her life. 8. Daniel felt as if he were being reprimanded, as if he had let his friends down. 9. Molly dropped the bracelet instantly, as if it were red-hot coals. 10. Bill behaves as if he had got into a pretty good mess. 11. We began talking as though we were old friends, as if we had known each other for many years. 12. For a second she hesitated as if she were taking the last chance to refuse. 13. The Stones behaved as though we were the bitterest of enemies and hadn’t been living next door to each other for twenty-four years.         14. Glan pushed his father’s chair closer to the table and tucked a serviette under his father’s chin, as if he were a baby in a high chair. 15. Don’t act as if you cared nothing for my feelings. 16. They were looking as though someone had died.

Ex. 22 2 . Complete the following sentences.

1. The situation was as if ... . 2. The weather looked as though ... . 3. The policeman nodded as if ... . 4. They feel as if ... . 5. She always looks smart as though … .      6. Dan always interrupts people as if ... . 7. The sheriff spoke firmly as if ... . 8. Why is Nell looking at Ted as if ... ? 9. The child was scared as though ... . 10. Why are you crying as if ... ? 11. She looked nervous as if … . 12. They met again as if ... . 13. I know London so well as if ... . 14. You are asking so many questions as if … .                    15. Margaret did the job as if ... .16. The inspector behaved as though ... .      17. She felt his pain as acutely as if ... .

Ex. 22 3 . Open the brackets using the right form of the Subjunctive Mood.

1. When you watch all those soaps on television, you feel as if people in them (think) only of love and (not have) any problems. 2. She walked as if she (be) a Queen, as if the world (belong) to her. 3. He felt fresh and rested as if he(not work) for twelve hours non-stop. 4. In that small dress Miranda looked as if she (be) a teenager. 5. What a fuss and what a mess! It looks as if the last preparations for Christmas (make). 6. He was holding the baby as if it (be) something very fragile. 7. Sometimes it seems to me as though the world (come) to an end! 8. It appears now as if Cora never (love) Martin, as if it (be) a bad dream. 9. While reading the novel I felt as if I also (live) in those times and actually (take) part in the events. 10. When you are looking at the Vesuvius you feel as if it (can erupt) at any minute. 11. Nigel is searching for something. It looks as though he (lose) the key. 12. The agent felt as if he (watch) by somebody.      13. She put on her sunglasses as if she (try) to hide the expression of her eyes.          14. Surprisingly, there were no people in the streets. It looked as if they (stay) at home or (leave) for their country houses. 15. Adrian looked at Pamela so tenderly as if he (forgive) her and (be) in love with her again. 16. She looked as though her mouth (be) full of lemon juice. 17. He kept gazing at her as if she (be) some sort of goddess or something. 18. Snape looked as though Christmas (cancel). 19. In so many ways he felt as though he (know) nothing, (learn) nothing, though he was sixty-eight years old.       20. She looked to him as if she (need) a good meal.

Ex . 22 4 . Translate into English.

1. Життя проходило спокійно, наче ніколи нічого не відбувалося. 2. Якщо б я був на твоєму місці, я б спробував вести себе так, начебто нічого не трапилося. 3. Вона відчувала, наче щось незвичайне повинно було трапитися з нею. 4. Чому ти поводишся, начебто щось приховуєш від нас, чи зробив щось погане? 5 Він посміхнувся до мене з розумінням, начебто прочитав мої думки і про все дізнався. 6. Я вже дорослий! Чому ти поводишся зі мною, немов я дитина. 7. Вона виглядала так, немов була цілком задоволена своїм життям і не перенесла такий страшний шок. 8. Емма подивилася на нього та посміхнулася так, мовби знову прочитала його думки. 9. Все це виглядає так, немов Микола все життя вивчає англійську мову і все ж таки не може розмовляти нею. 10. Лектор почав говорити повільно, мовби старався з самого початку заволодіти увагою аудиторії. 11. У кімнаті був такий аромат, немов у ній  було мільйон троянд. 12. Пиріг був таким незвичайним на смак, начебто до нього поклали всі прянощі Сходу. 13. Фільм справив на мене таке сильне враження, немов він був саме про моє життя. 14. Все виглядає так, начебто вони дізналися про моє рішення і зараз намагаються примусити змінити його. 15. – Я відчуваю себе так, мовби я цілком щаслива людина. – Невже це можливо!

Ex. 22 5 . Open the brackets using the right mood of the verb in brackets.

1. – Fiona (get) the job if she (know) computers. – What a shame! 2. If they (be) more careful and (lock) her flat the burglars (break in). 3. If the head master (be) here he (tell) us what to do. 4. If I (have) enough money next year I (go) to Cyprus. 5. Do you think it (be) a good idea if we (phone) the police? 6. Well, honey, what you (say) if I (ask) you to marry me? 7. We (go) and see the Lovedays tomorrow if we (know) the address. 8. If we (have) time next Sunday we (go hiking). 9. If Mason not (be) so shortsighted he (notice) the change in the figures at once. 10. We not (be) in such a tough situation now if you (make) all the arrangements beforehand. 11. If you (be) a stamp collector at the beginning of the 1840s, you (have) no problem in getting an example of every different stamp in the world. After all, there were only two! For 1840 was the year the postage stamp was invented. 12. Her daughter-in-law was coming toward her; she looked as if she (walk) on air, so graceful was she. As if she not (have) two kids. 13. I’m sure Gideon not (make) the announcement if he not (be) deeply in love with Lenore. I just wish the situation (be) a little less complicated. 14. This (be) a headache years ago; now all the programs are computer aided. 15. If you (have) 30 children and (be asked) which is your favourite you (have) to say that the youngest, because they are the ones who still need you the most.

Ex. 22 6 . Translate into English.

1. Шкода, що ви прийшли так пізно. 2. Прикро, що ми пішли перед тим, як він прийшов. 3. Нажаль, він такий легковажний. 4. Нажаль, вони вже знають про все. 5. Я зараз шкодую, що не послухав його порад. 6. Мені б хотілося подивиться цей фільм ще раз. 7. Шкода, що ви не прийшли раніше. 8. Мені б хотілося, щоб ви ще раз обміркували мою пропозицію. 9. Шкода, що ми так і не зустрілись до від’їзду. 10. Краще було, якщо б ти не був такий упертий і послухав нас. 11. Він пошкодував, що прийшов і привів з собою друга. 12. На твоєму місці я б не робив цього. 13. Якщо б він прийшов вчасно, цього могло б і не бути. 14. Якщо б не ти, я не знаю, щоб я тоді зробив. 15. Якщо б ти не був такий зайнятий, ми могли б піти кудись разом пообідати. 16. Якщо б не усмішка, я б щиро повірив йому. 17. Якби я був художником, я б намалював його портрет. 18. Ви б пішли куди-небудь сьогодні ввечорі, якби я запросив вас? 19. Якщо б я знав, що тобі потрібна ця книга, я б захопив її з собою. 20. Якщо він почне відмовлятися, я буду намагатися переконати його. 21. Шкода, що я не зможу прочитати цю книгу в оригіналі.       22. Вам було шкода, що ви не скористалися цією нагодою? 23. Шкода, що ви не звертаєте увагу на свою вимову. 24. Хоч би він припинив палити в кімнаті!         25. Вони б помітили помилку, якщо б були більш уважні. 26. Якщо б не важливість цієї справи, я б залишився вдома. 27. Мій брат жалкував, що не зміг бути присутнім при проведенні цього експерименту. 28. Шкода, що ти не сказав мені про це одразу. 29. Якщо б я жив у Києві, я би часто ходив би до музеїв та театрів. 30 Що ми будемо робити, якщо вони запізняться? 31. Якщо б не моя робота, я залюбки був би вашим гідом. 32. Як я хотіла б піти на цю вечірку! Вона, напевно, повинна бути веселою. 33. Шкода, що ви не слідували його пораді.       34. Дивно, що вона відмовляється від такої роботи.

MODAL VERBS

Must

Ex . 227 . Comment on the meanings of the modal verb must.

1. Who says A must say B. 2. Knowledge must be gained by ourselves. 3. What everybody says must be true. 4. What can’t be cured must be endured. 5. I felt sure it must be a ghost, a visitor from another world. 6. I think we must rely only on ourselves. 7. We must not look for a golden life in an iron age. 8. Caesar’s wife must be above suspicion. And so should Caesar. 9. Well, I must have looked an ass. 10. My matches must have fallen out. I believe I must have dropped them somewhere just by the bridge. 11. At work today, my boss told me that I must stop sleeping.     12. He realized he must do it. 13. Henry must be still sleeping. 14. – Must I send the fax and write the contract today? – You needn’t send the fax, but you certainly must write the contract. 15. Phil must have been looking for the right girl all his life.       16. There must be a legal loophole, a way out of this ridiculous marriage. 17. After all, if you are a teacher, you must, by nature, be an original and creative person.

Ex. 2 28 . Open the brackets using the right form of the infinitive alter verb must.

1. He looks intelligent. He must (be) a good chess player. 2. They must still (play chess), they really must (make) a break. 3. Ted looks upset. He must (lose) the game again. 4. The friends must (play) chess non-stop the whole day. 5. “Something must/keep) the children,” said Aunt Molly. “They must still (look) for the dog.” 6. She went red in the face. She must (offend). 7. He must (know) about her state of mind long before, but finally he came to say that they must (do) something about it. 8. I realized that it must (be)a wrong word to use in a lady’s presence, and that now I must {apologize). 9. He must never (be) poor. How should he know what poverty is?       10. The Browns must (fail) to get in touch with us. 11. The children must never (suffer), however difficult the situation may be. 12. Janice’s number is still engaged. She must (be) on the phone all morning. 13. The Dean must (misunderstand) me. I didn’t really mean that. 14. “Oh, you mustn’t (go) yet.” he protested. “You must (come) and see my new kitchen.” – “Oh, it must (cost) you a fortune with all those new prices!” 15. She must really (make) your life unbearable all these years.

Ex. 2 29 . Make sentences according to the example.

 Example: All the shops are closed. — It must be Sunday.

           Nell is crying. — She must be having some problems.

            The girl turned pale. — She must have been frightened.

1. He lives in a cell. 2. They’re shouting at each other. 3. I don’t think he is telling the truth. 4. I can’t find my purse anywhere. 5. The dress is gorgeous.         6. The leaves on the trees are golden. 7. The two sisters look alike. 8. The little girl is blowing out the candles on the cake. 9. I phoned you last night but I got no answer. 10. He was shining like a new penny. 11. Everybody is congratulating the producer. 12. The patient is in the maternity ward of the hospital. 13. The creature is green and has an antenna on its head. 14. The audience is shouting for more.         15. The hotel had no vacancies.

Ex. 230. Make the following sentences opposite in meaning using the words given below.

1. He must be very competent in economics. 2. Brian must have been very experienced in mountaineering. 3. They must have realized the danger. 4. The lawyer must have found the clue to the crime. 5. The committee must have been informed of the coming changes. 6. Everybody must have done the wrong thing. 7. This young man must have had any chance to succeed. 8. The fax must have reached him at last. 9. The doctor must have read my mind. 10. Thedetective must have understood the policeman’s words. 11. The poor thing must have been aware of it all the time. 12. The parents must have been quite conscious of the child’s strange ways. 13. The landlady must have been very careful in choosing the tenants. 14. She must have loved him all her life. 15. He must have done something about it, I can see some changes in the design.

  to fail, to misinform, to be incompetent, no, to misunder stand, to be inexperienced, to be unaware, to be unconscious, to be careless, to dislike

Ex. 23 1 . Translate into English.

1. Ви повинні слідувати інструкції і в жодному разі не повинні натискати цю кнопку. 2. Для того, щоб викладати граматику, ви повинні зрозуміти, що мова – це система. 3. Для того, щоб приготувати торт, спочатку треба як слід збити яйця.     4. Він, напевно, дуже сильний. Погляньте на його біцепси. Він, напевно, тренується вже багато років. 5. Тобі не треба приходити додому так пізно. Ти, напевно, не можеш зрозуміти, що це небезпечно. 6. Він, напевно, не пізнав її. Життя, мабуть, було суворе до неї. 7. Диктор, напевно, неправильно вимовив це важке японське слово. 8. Олеся, напевно, знову закохалася. Досить просто подивитися на неї. 9. Поранений, напевно, був непритомним кілька діб, доки мисливці не знайшли його. 10. Вдома, напевно, знову нікого нема. Очевидно, всі пішли на концерт. 11. Пробачте, але ви, напевно, неправильно почули, або неправильно стлумачили мої слова. 12. – Марія, мабуть, чекає на нас біля клубу. – Так, і чекає, напевно, з шостої години. 13. – Треба зв’язатися з агентством сьогодні ж? – Це треба обов’язково зробити завтра. 14. Вам треба йти. Ви, напевно, дуже втомилися. 15. Він, напевно, не знає, що ситуація кардинально змінилася. 16. Це, напевно, було кохання.

Have to

Ex. 23 2. Analyse the meanings of the modal verb have (to).

1. Everybody had a really enjoyable experience last night. 2. James had a farm on which he raised sheep. 3. Does he really hare eight children? 4. Have a seat, please. I have to make a call before we leave. 5. You’ve just broken the law and you shall have to answer for it. 6. Norris had to learn a couple of hard lessons on his road to the top. 7. We’ll have to label all the goods which we have to sell. 8. – When will you actually have to report? – I have no idea. 9. I think I’ll have a snack, then I’ll have a look at the paper, maybe I’ll have a nap before I return to my studies. 10. Dad has something to tell you, Nick, and he has to say it right now. 11. I have been living here for a couple of weeks and I have already fallen in love with the place. 12. Do I have to have another check-up, doctor? 13. Teachers have to be performers.

Ex. 23 3 . Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, paying attention to the meaning of the verb have (to).

1. He had to raise his voice to be heard through the rising gale. 2. You don’t have to cheer up if you don’t want to! 3. Jane has to get up early to catch the coach. 4. You’ll have to say it to his face. 5. I had to run for my life! But for my feet I would have long been dead! 6. Just think of the arrangements that have to be made. And the people we have to fetch. 7. You’ll have to be very cautious, it wouldn’t do for you to get caught. 8. He had to submit to his fate. He had no choice. 9. From now on, my son, you’ll have to earn your own living. 10. Mary had to invent a story to escape from the house. 11. I understand, darling. Work hasto come first. 12. It was something she had to put up with. 13. It was the cross he had to bear in life.

Ex. 23 4 . Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. Mr. Bucket has to support his elderly parents. 2. We’ll have to admit that she is right. 3. They had to turn to a private detective. 4. Michael has to read a lot for tomorrow’s exam. 5. These contracts have to be filed. 6. Whether they like it or not they will have to do it. 7. Everybody has to be very careful with this device. 8. She had to study hard last semester. 9. I shall have to go out and greet the guests. 10. Again I have to have tinned food for dinner!

Ex. 23 5 . Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb have (to).

1. The car broke down so I ... go by bus. 2. We arrived too early so we ... wait.         3. Nobody likes it when he ... get up early in the morning. 4. The building ... be demolished. It’s not safe. 5. My passport was out of date so I ... renew it. 6. If weather conditions get any worse, the climbers ... give up. 7. The manager told me I ... reduce my lunch breaks. 8. If you broke it, you ...pay for it. 9. The old man told me he ... work very hard when he was my age. 10. If business hadn’t improved, they ... close down. 11. I ... learn Spanish at the moment because I need it for my job. 12. If I hadn’t passed the exam, I ... take it again. 13. It ... be ready by the end of the week or you won’t get paid. 14. I regret to ... inform you of the sad news. 15. … the Queen ... tell a black lie?

Ex. 23 6 . Translate into English.

 1. Сьогодні Олександру необхідно поїхати в центр міста, тому що в нього там ділова зустріч. 2. Нарешті вона купила собі машину. Тепер їй не треба їздити автобусом. 3. Якщо ви хочете отримати гарну освіту, вам необхідно багато вчитися. 4. Я не зможу піти з вами на вечірку, мені треба залишитися вдома з молодшою сестричкою. 5. Учора ми хотіли поїхати на пікнік, але не змогли, тому що ми повинні були приймати несподіваних гостей. 6. Якщо він хоче бути здоровим, йому доведеться слідувати порадам лікаря. 7. Містер Річ дуже заможній. Йому не треба працювати. 8. Більшість овочів можна їсти сирими, їх не треба готувати. 9. У суботу мої діти не мусять, як завжди, лягати спати о дев’ятій годині, вони можуть не спати до десятої години. 10. Сьогодні мені не треба робити домашнє завдання, я все зробила вчора. 11. – Вам ніколи не доводиться їздити у відрядження, чи не так? – Іноді буває. 12. Психолог допомагає людям перемагати труднощі. 13. Мері треба було дуже уважно слухати, щоб зрозуміти його. 14. Вона повинна була скоритися його волі. 15. Твоєму босу ніколи не доводилося брати кредит у банку, чи не так? 16. Вона повинна думати про себе, захищати себе. 

To Be (to)

Ex. 2 37 . Comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb to be.

1. We are to decide it right now. 2. It was the first and the last ceremony I was to see.     3. Who is to do the talking today? 4. What am I to tell my parents? 5. The Government was to have reduced inflation. 6. When he found what his fate was to be, he got very enraged, he wouldn’t submit toit. 7. I thought she was my love forever but it was never to be.      8. She couldn’t make up her mind whether the letter was to be answered or not. 9. There was a fair in our little town and we put on red silk robes and painted our faces red. I was to tell people’s fortunes. 10. “You are not to blame. How were you to know that they could have drugged me?” 11. Who was to have done the shopping? 12. A fortune-teller told me that I should be rich one day. I should soon be married, and after that I was to have a severe illness, from which I was to recover. My next adventure would be to cross the water, after which I was to return to my country. 13. Whatever will be will be! You are to discover very soon that it can’t be helped. 14. How was I to know all this was going to happen this summer? I just thought it was going to be a great lazy summer. How was I to know Carl Ray would come to town and turn everything into an odyssey? 15. Some months later she was to remember his words and wonder. 16. This was the way it was meant to be. 17. The new tax was to have been introduced last year, but the Rada boycotted it.

Ex. 238. In each of the following sentences the necessity of some action is stated. Use “to be” instead of “must”/”have to” to show that the action is not only necessary but also expected or planned.

1. I must buy a present for her birthday. 2. We had to take the letters to the post-office. 3. I have to make a report at the conference. 4. They must show us how to organize the work. 5. She had to take this group of the children round the picture gallery. 6. We had to start early. 7. I must do the shopping today. 8. I must explain it to you.

Ex. 2 39 . Replace the infinitives in brackets by “must”, “have + infinitive” if the action is only necessary; by “be + infinitive” if it is expected.

1. This is Dora. She (share) your room. 2. I must leave you now. I (do) the cooking. 3. Who (meet) you there? 4. My feet are wet. I (change) my stockings. 5. I’m afraid you (go) there alone, darling. I’ve such a headache! 6. When the lecture (begin)? 7. Two more apartment houses (be built) here. 8. Well, children, who (do) the dishes to-night? 9. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I(meet) mother at the metro station at 6 sharp. 10. You (leave) at six to catch the train. 11. I (write) a letter to my sister. I am worried about her. 12. She (wear) glasses as her eyesight is very weak. 13. It is raining. You (put on) your raincoat. 14. It was planned that we should wait for them after the performance. We (wait) for them at the entrance.

Ex. 24 0 . Translate into English.

1. Що ж мені робити, сер? Чи повинен я їхати? 2. Ми домовилися зустрітися завтра. 3. Детектив повинен вести розслідування. 4. Детектив повинен був вести розслідування, але обставини змінилися. 5. Прем’єр-міністр повинен вилетіти до Іраку за тиждень. 6. Генерал повинен був вилетіти на Балкани, але ситуація змінилася, і пілоту довелося повернути літак назад. 7. Олена повинна була зробити багато справ, але забула про них. 8. Я знала, що це мало статися. 9. Він повинен був виступити на конференції, але раптом захворів. 10. Який безлад! Хто повинен був прибирати сьогодні? 11. У жодному разі ви не повинні казати про це! 12. Вони збиралися одружитися, але не судилося. 13. Звідки ж мені було знати, що це доля, і йому судилося стати моїм чоловіком. 14. Вони пішли до зали, де повинен був відбутися аукціон.

Need

Ex . 24 1 . Comment on the form and meaning of the verb need.

1. You need to take more care of your kids. 2. – Do you really need my help? – You needn’t worry, I’m fine. 3. You needn’t finish the work if you are to leave, it can wait. 4. I need nobody to keep me occupied. 5. My cousin needed a new suit for his graduation ceremony so I took him to Marks and Spencer’s. 6. I didn’t need a coffee break, I needed a break from coffee. 7. You just need someone to love. 8. We needn’t have taken so much food for the picnic. 9. We didn’t need to go shopping. The fridge was full.    10. His followers are ready to help him when he needsthem. 11. Need I tell you that you needn’t have taken so much trouble? 12. He doesn’t really need to go. 13. You needn’t have done the shopping. We are dining out tonight. 14. What the boy needs is a good whipping. 15. Where have you been? I need you badly. 16. I think everybody needs a hero. Young or old, you need someone you can look up to.

Ex. 24 2 . Make sentences according to the example.

Example: He wore a hat. It wasn’t necessary. —He needn’t have worn a hat.

            He didn’t wear a hat. It wasn’t necessary. — He didn’t need to wear a hat.

l. She invited him. It wasn’t necessary. 2. They didn’t arrive early. It wasn’t necessary. 3. They arrived early.It wasn’t necessary. 4. She didn’t invite them. It wasn’t necessary. 5. He took the exam. It wasn’t necessary. 6. She went to the bank. It wasn’t necessary. 7. The teacher didn’t help him. It wasn’t necessary. 8. The teacher helped him.It wasn’t necessary. 9. He didn’t take the exam. It wasn’t necessary.      10. She didn’t go to the bank. It wasn’t necessary. 11. She went to the doctor. It wasn't necessary. He didn’t go to a language school. It wasn’t necessary. He went to a language school. It wasn’t necessary. She didn’t go to the doctor. It wasn’t necessary.

Ex. 24 3 . Complete the sentences with mustn’t, needn’t, don’t (doesn’t) have (to)

1. You ... pay. It’s free. 2. You ... forget to call me. 3. You ... shout. I’m not deaf. 4. You ... hurry. There’s plenty of time. 5. You ... drop it. It’s very fragile. 6. You ... accept a lift from a stranger. 7. Service is included. You ... leave a tip. 8. You ... stroke the dog because it bites. 9. Tomorrow’s Sunday so she ... get up early. 10. The old man retired so he ... work anymore. 11. You ... read in the dark. You’ll strain your eyes. 12. You ... worry. All is going to be fine. 13. When you’re driving you ... take your eyes off the road. 14. You ... cheat or you’ll be disqualified.

Ex. 24 4 . Use must (not) or need (not) to complete the sentences.

1. You ... go to school this morning unless you wish to do so. 2. You ... go to school because you may give your cold to your classmates. 3. Your father is very busy so you ... disturb him. 4. This is so easy that you ... ask your father to help you: you can manage it by yourself. 5. Debra ... have asked the teacher but she did.    6. Nicholas ... have failed to understand or he wouldn’t have asked the teacher to explain the point again. 7. You ... have told him to go in such a rude way. 8. There ... be a misunderstanding, she looks hurt. 9. You ... go or I shall be lost without you. 10. I am sure you ...go just yet, even though you have said you ... . 11. You ... pay tax on most things that you buy abroad. 12. If you are Ukrainian, you ... have a visa to get to Britain, but you ... any if you go to Turkey.

Ex. 24 5 . Translate into English.

1. Тобі справді потрібен цей словник? Адже він такий дорогий! Ти можеш користуватися моїм. 2. Якщо ти не хочеш, можеш з нами не їхати. 3. Нічого поспішати. Ми маємо достатньо часу. 4. Необов’язково здавати плащ у хімчистку. Він ще досить чистий. 5. Даремно я брала з собою парасольку. Дощу так і не було. 6. Навіщо ти мила вікна? Вони ж чисті. Не слід було робити цього.                          7. Холодильник повний. Тобі не слід йти за харчами. 8. Не треба було купувати шоколад! Чи не занадто ти його їси? 9. Мені не потрібно було рано вставати, тому я виспався. 10. Ви зовсім даремно встали сьогодні так рано. Сьогодні неділя, ви, напевно, забули? 11. Вам потрібен відпочинок. Не треба заперечувати, що ви перепрацювали. 12. Ні до чого було брати таксі. Від станції до мого дому рукою подати. 13. – Мені потрібні вірні друзі. – А кому ж вони не потрібні? 14. Я незалежний, і мені ні до чого просити грошей у батьків. 15. Тільки не розповідай знову, що ти забув про нашу зустріч. Не треба було мені хвилюватися і поспішати. 16. – Їм терміново потрібна твоя допомога! – Справді? 17. Мені потрібен був відпочинок від цього божевільного життя, тому я поїхала до Ялти. 18. Тобі треба зняти рожеві окуляри і реально подивитися на життя.

Can

Ex. 24 6 . Comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb can.

1. On a clear day, you can see the shores of Haiti and Cuba from the summit of Blue Mountain Peak. 2. I know you can do it because you have the courage. 3. Bungalows are for old people who can’t manage the stairs. 4. She gave Mary the names of several friends, whom she could trust. 5. We wish we could rely on him! 6. If I could, I would get the moon for you! 7. I can’t wait to get back into the swing of things. 8. Warm thoughts can fill the day with sunshine. 9. I can’t stop talking! I just can’t help it!    10. – Can I keep your CD till Sunday? – You could if it were mine. 11. Can this young girl really be my boss? 12. Oh, no! You can’t have failed the exam again! 13. Can the child have been watching the telly all day long? 14. Ben can’t be still sleeping! It’s time he went to college. 15. Who could have expected him to become a politician?    16. You can’t use your own name in a novel. 17. Even the best memory can let you down. 18. My God, what those walls could tell us if they could talk!

Ex. 2 47 . Read and translate the following sentences. Find their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. One Englishman can beat three Frenchmen. 2. You can’t please all of the people all of the time. 3. Life cannot be one endless round of pleasures. 4. Good advice can be given, good name cannot be given. 5. You can’t put new wine in old bottles. 6. A man can do no more than he can. 7. You never know what you can do until you try. 8. God could not be everywhere, therefore he made mothers. 9. You can take a horse to the water, but you can’t make him drink. 10. Where nothing is, nothing can be had there. 11. Love can neither be bought or sold; its only price is love. 12. One cannot love and be wise. 13. You cannot get blood from a stone. 14. You cannot make bricks without straw. 15. Man cannot live by bread alone. 16. You can’t change the number of hours in a day. But you can take control of your schedule. You can increase efficiency.

Ex. 2 48 . Comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb can in the following pairs of sentences.

1. Can I have a banana? Could I have a look at the papers? 2. Can you travel anywhere you like without a visa? Could you travel to England without a visa? 3. Can you drive? Could you drive us to the school? 4. Sorry we can’t join you on Sunday. Sorry we couldn’t visit you last Sunday. 5. Can you lend me your bike? Could you lend me a pound, please? 6. I could speak better English when I was at school. You could speak good English if you tried. 7. Can we cross the street here? There was no traffic and we could cross the street quietly. 8. What a perfect morning! Who could feel sad at heart on a day like this? He began to doubt whether the old man could smile.

Ex. 2 49 . Explain the meaning of “can” (ability, permission, request, prohibition, possible action) in the following sentences.

1. She is unwell, she can’tleave her room. 2. Can I smoke here, Mrs. Right? 3. The teacher said they could all go home. 4. A policeman arrived and told him he couldn’t park there. 5. My son is not in town; but he’ll be here before long. – Can I give him any message? 6. We can discuss it now. 7. I could never understand what made her behave as she did. 8. If you are tired you can lie on the sofa for a bit. 9. “Life,” the old man said, “can only be understood when you are old. Now I see all the mistakes I could have avoided.” 10. We are in charge of this great business. We cannot leave our responsibility to others. 11. He was surprised that she could paint so well. 12. She is not married though she could marry anybody she chose.

Ex. 25 0 . Fill in the spaces with “will be able to” or “will not (won’t) be able to”.

1. When her arm is better, she … play the piano again. 2. I’m sorry, but I … come to your birthday party next week. 3. He … eat everything when the doctor allows him. 4. My sister … go out to dances until she is seventeen. 5. Why do you sit at the back of the class if you can’t hear well? You … hear better if you sit in the front. 6. I’m too busy to have a holiday this year, but I hope I … have a long holiday next year. 7. The train leaves at five o’clock tomorrow morning. We … catch it if we don’t get up very early. 8. He was working very hard before he fell ill. He … work so hard when he comes out of hospital. 9. Perhaps one day we … travel to the Moon. 10. She … wear her new dress when it is ready. 11. This is a very difficult problem. I’m afraid you … solve it without help. 12. The doctor is very busy; he … see any more patients today.

Ex. 25 1 . Insert can (not), could (not), be able to. In some cases there can be more than one answer.

1. … you tell me the time, please? 2. No more for me thanks. I … eat another thing. 3. Who is that outside? It … be the policeman – he has already been here. 4. I … open the drawer in my desk as it was stuck. 5. You … make an omelette without breaking eggs. 6. We loved the cake … you give us the recipe for it? 7. Mr. Marshall is busy this week, but he … see you next week. 8. It … be 12 o’clock already! 9. We told him he … leave whenever he wanted to. 10. I’ll get a car of my own as soon as I … drive. 11. Interpreters … translate without thinking. 12. It would help if you … give me friendly advice. 13. Sometimes gossiping … be a real pleasure. 14. He promises he … inform us of the turn of events in future. 15. Angela … speak French when she was four, she … do it now and she … speak it perfectly in some years.    16. He … sell his car unless he reduces the price. 17. My aunt … tell fortunes from tea leaves.

Ex. 25 2 . Make the sentences negative and interrogative to express doubt or disbelief.

Example: He is lying. — Can he be lying? He can’t be lying.

1. The night before the exam I went to a party. 2. She’s drinking her tea from a saucer. 3. The bride is dressed in black. 4. The kid is drinking wine. 5. I left the gas on. 6. Angela threw the receipt away. 7. Brian is always late for work. 8. The judge sent an innocent man to prison. 9. It’s late but the children are still watching the telly. 10. He has been in love with her all those years. 11. Her name is also Tamara. 12. Violet has been so rude to her friends. 13. I’m afraid we’ve missed our stop.  14. What a shame! We’ve run out of salt again! 15. We don’t believe them. It’s not like her to behave so!

Ex. 25 3 . Read the text and translate it. Comment on the verbs in italic type.

 “Mal, you are still so very young, and I simply won’t allow you to become a mere vegetable, a blob sitting around doing nothing except mourning and feeling sorry for yourself. It’s vital that you mourn, yes. We must do that, we mustget the grief out. But Ican’t, I won’t permit you to throw your future away.” “Do I have a future, Diana?” “Oh, yes, you do. That’s another thing you have togain. Your future. But you must reach out, grab life with both hands and start all overagain. It will be the hardest thing you’ve ever had todo, but it willbe worth it.” “How wouldIbegin again?” I asked, my mind starting to work in a more positive way. “First, I think you have toget yourself completely fit physically. You’re far too thin, for one thing. You muststart eating properly, and walking and exercising, so that you regain your strength, that vigor and energy of yours which I’ve always admired. And then you must think of the kind of job you’d like to find. You must work, not only because you need to earn money, but because you mustkeep yourself busy.” I bit my lip and shook my head. “I realize I have tobegin to support myself, and very quickly. I can’tlet my Mother and Dad go on helping me. But I don’t have any idea what I coulddo. Or what I’m capable of doing, for that matter.”

Ex. 25 4 . Translate into English.

1. Вона ніколи не може прийти вчасно. 2. Не треба ігнорувати вплив всеохоплюючої комп’ютерізації. 3. Вони були раді, що змогли допомогти друзям. 4. – Ти можеш допомогти їй? – Міг би, якщо б хотів. 5. Вона не могла мусити себе працювати. 6. Петро не порадився з батьком, а він міг би дати йому розумну пораду. 7. Емілі і на думку не спадало, що з Робертом могло щось трапитися. 8. Не може бути, щоб він був такий жорстокий! Не міг він цього зробити! 9. Де вона може бути? Невже вона все ще робить покупки? 10. У нього є слабкі місця, це точно. Але ж він не міг вас так підвести. 11. Не може бути, щоб редактор не помітив цієї помилки. 12. Я не вірю тобі, ти не міг мене не впізнати. Невже я так сильно змінилася? 13. Невже ви його неправильно зрозуміли? Адже він так чітко все пояснив. 14. Невже ви не знайшли часу, щоб поспілкуватися з сином? 15. Не може бути, щоб вона неправильно витлумачила його слова. Адже це на нього не схоже. 16. Він просто не міг цього зробити! Він не може бути таким дурнем! 17. Я не можу ввечорі дивитися телевізор до кінця, дуже хочеться спати. 18. Мені нічого не залишається, як поступитися перед вами. (Не можу не поступитися перед вами.) 19. Що можна сказати? Правилам треба підкорятися.

May

Ex. 25 5 . Comment on the form and meaning of the modal verb may.

1. Mum, may I have another sweet? 2. I told him that he might go home. 3. At least you might phone your parents more often. 4. He seemed to read my mind. “Yes, you’re right. I have plenty of faults. But I might have been very different, I might have been as good as you, and perhaps wiser.” 5. I must check my diary. I may have a prior engagement. 6. He who falls today may rise tomorrow. 7. Fashions may be changing, but style remains. 8. A fool may give a wise man counsel.        9. Fortune may very well smile upon you one day. 10. May each day bring you closer to better health! 11. May this fresh bouquet of flowers brighten up your day! 12. Don’t throw it away, it may come in useful, you never know. 13. When the ship is sunk everyone knows she might have been saved. 14. We knew that it might be tough to ask the necessary question. 15. – Might I trouble you, madam? – You might have knocked! 16. Very simply, he was afraid he might say the wrong thing. 17. A stumble may prevent a fall. 18. They toasted the baby with theruby port. “May she be healthy, wealthy and wise.”

Ex. 25 6 . Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets after the verb may (might)

1. “I will go in first, shall I?” he said. “There’s no light in the passage, and you may (fall) over something.” 2. For all I hear he may still (live) in that old house of his.   3. Don’t reject me, I might (do) a thing or two. 4. I thought you might (discover) it accidentally during your last visit. 5. You might (get) the soldiers into no end of trouble if they had been convoys. 6. “All right this he said. “But you be careful in future, young man, it might (be) a very serious matter.” 7. After all, Timothy might (make) a mistake, and the magician might (hide) in the village; it would never do to pass it by. 8. Who knows what may (happen) tomorrow? 9. But for your help it might (turn out) to be hopeless. 10. What a fuss! You really might (spare) me all this! 11. It appeared much better than it might (expect). 12. – How did the boy manage the task? – Not bad, it might (be) worse.

Ex . 2 57 . Translate into English.

1. – Можна подивиться на цей документ, пан інспектор? – Боюся, що ні.          2. Рішення може бути дуже простим, можеш мені повірити. 3. – Можна мені визвати порт’є? Можна було б, якщо б ви жили в цьому готелі. 4. Ви, мабуть, прийняли мене за сестру. Ми близнюки. 5. Я, напевно, роблю помилку, але я не бачу іншого виходу. 6. Ви, можливо, не усвідомлюєте цього, але ви незвичайна людина. 7. Я був впевнений, що можуть з’явитися інші проблеми. 8. Він запевнив нас, що ми можемо прийти в будь-який зручний для нас час. 9. Дитина запитала, чи можна їй подивиться ще два мультики. 10. Він запізнюється. Застряв, мабуть, десь у автомобільній пробці. 11. Я не впевнена, але, здається, вони зустрілися на чийомусь весіллі. 12. – Вона виглядає так, наче нічого не трапилося. – Вона, певно, не чула останніх новин. 13. Ви могли б надати їм фінансову допомогу! Зараз вони збанкрутилися. 14. – Ти міг би бути більш чуйним, любий! – Вже який є! 15. Вона вирішила, що може скористатися машиною батька. 16. На оленів можна полювати тільки в певну пору року.

Ex .2 58 . Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.

1. David ... do the work. He is competent enough. 2. You ... take the last copy if nobody needs it. 3. … I ask you to look after the child? 4. ... you tell us of the final diagnosis? 5. You … never tell what ... come to her mind. 6. A fool ... ask more questions than a wise man ... answer. 7. You ... trust me, and who knows, you ... need me one day. 8. Helen ... grasp the idea. She ... have been thinking of something else. 9. I never thought that they ... get lost in the area. 10. Alexei … sometimes forget things, but he ... always admit his fault. 11. – ... I smoke here? – No doubt you ..., but you certainly ... not! 12. ... you lend me your bicycle for today?     13. You ... read this paper, it’s not secret. 14. – Why ... she agree to join our party? – She ... be busy or unwell. 15. ... you please open the door? ... I ask you for such a small service? 16. You ... never go back to your past; you have got to move on.

Ex. 2 59 . Paraphrase the following, using can or may in the necessary form.

1. I wish you would mind your speech. 2. We are upset that he didn’t apologize.        3. Daniel wished you had warned him. 4. Nancy’s mother wishes her daughter were not so messy. 5. I’m annoyed she didn’t offer to help. 6. Hewished she would remember to write down his address. 7. I think it was wrong of them not to invite us. 8. Nobody believes that he built the house all by himself. 9. Would you mind my using your fax? 10. I don’t believe that he is so sensitive. 11. Is it in your authority to cancel the flight? 12. It’s irritating the way he treats his wife.        13. Dick thinks it was wrong of her not to consult him. 14. I think you would remember to send Christmas cards. 15. Evidently they didn’t notice us, or they would have greeted us. 16. Is it possible that he should have been so tough? 17. She is crying, perhaps the boss was rude to her. 18. Nobody believes that they have left the country for good.

Ex. 26 0 . Read and translate the following sentences with concessive clauses.

1. However rich you may be, you cannot be sure of happiness. 2. I will not believe it, though an angel may come and say it. 3. However kind he may be, we cannot count on it. 4. However badly he may work, we must give him a chance. 5. However wise she may be, she won’t cope with the task. 6. However powerful a king may be, he cannot buy happiness. 7. Though he may live to be a hundred, he will never learn to be patient. 8. However little money I may have, I’ll survive. 9. However much he may try, I still don’t believe him. 10. Whatever may happen, life will still go on. 11. Accidents will happen, however undesirable they may be. 12. He is suffering, however hard he may try to hide it. 13. However badly he may have behaved to you in the past, he still remains your brother. 14. I would gratify all your wishes, however unreasonable they may be.

Ex. 26 1 . Complete the following sentences.

1. I shall buy it, however ... . 2. I am determined to go, whatever ... . 3. However powerful a king ..., he cannot force his subjects to love him. 4. Although Louis XIV ... powerful, his later days were unfortunate for France. 5. Though he ... live to be an old man, he will never change. 6. Although he ... fifteen years old, … .                   7. Although an elephant ... a powerful animal, ... . 8. Although he ... a thief, ... .   9. Though it ..., I will help you to escape. 10. However wise ... , he cannot answer this question. 11. He will never understand, though ... . 12. Though you ... in China, you will never master the Chinese language. 13. Although Belgium ... , yet it has a very large population. 14. Though you ... a millionaire, you cannot buy health. 15. The ships reached the harbour safely, although ... .

Ex. 26 2 . Read the text and translate it. Comment on the words in italic type.

Then it hit me. I had a moment of truth – I wanted to go home. I missed it. I was homesick. I needed to betherein order to get on with my life. Everybody had been telling me I must dothat, but I hadn’t been able to make a move. But now I must moveon immediately. Imust gohome, Imust livein that old house Andrew and I had so lovingly made ours. I needed to bein its lovely cool rooms, to be close to my old apple tree and my barns. But if I were to keep my Connecticut homestead, I had to earna living. I could openmy own shop. I could callit Indian Meadows. There could bea café as well, serving coffee, tea, cold drinks, soups, small snacks. Nora and Anna could helpme run it. They’d enjoy it, certainly they’d enjoy making the extra money. I experienced such a rush of excitement Icouldhardly contain myself. All kinds of ideas were rushing into my head. There mighteven bea catalogue one day.

                                                                                                                 (after B. Bradford)

Ex. 26 3 . Translate into English.

1. Давайте збережемо мужність, як би важко це не було. 2. Він не може згадати шифр, як би він не старався це зробити. 3. Хоча я й можу лишитися всіх своїх грошей, але до нього звертатися не буду. 4. Криза неминуча, як би наполегливо ми не намагалися її запобігти. 5. Хоча я і міг здаватися скупим, але ж я дав те, що міг собі дозволити. 6. Він не подякував їй, хоча і міг би. 7. Хоча криза і буде відчутна, компанія оговтається від її наслідків. 8. Як би багато коштів він ні жертвував на благодійність, він і зараз заможна людина. 9. Як би погано вона не водила машину, на відміну від тебе вона жодного разу не потрапила в дорожню аварію. 10. Щоб ні трапилося, річка назад не потече. 11. Освіта може бути великою перевагою, хоча шлях до неї і тернистий. 12. Щоб ви не думали, але такі речі неминучі. 13. Коли б ви не прийшли, вам завжди раді. 14. Ким би не була ця людина, її слід судити згідно з законом. 15. Яким би незначним не був цей шанс, ми повинні скористатися ним. 16. Хоча вітер може бути дуже сильним, наш намет витримає його.

Ex. 26 4 . Read the following wishes and try to realize them in your life.

   What I Wish for You

  Inspiration     May you dream magnificent dreams and

                                       awaken to make them come true.

  Sanctuary        May    your home always be a place of warmth,

                                     caring, friendship and sharing.

  Friendship    May  you have many wonderful friends w

                                           love you just the way you are, yet

                                          challenge you to be all that you can be.
  Work      May you find creative work that nourishes

                                your spirit with joy and fills your

                                      pocketbook with green.

  Well-Being  May you honor the needs of the body and

                                      spirit so as to experience good health

                                       always.

  Wisdom          May  you let your intuitive self become the

                                   supreme authority in your life, and

                                        may you always trust what you know

                                   from that self.
Humor       May  you cultivate the ability to laugh at

                                     yourself and eliminate the habit of

                                   feeling sorry for yourself.

Freedom     May you live each moment free of worry

                                       about the future and regret about the

                                      past.

  Recognition     May you realize what an incredible Being

                                      you are.

  Romance        May you join with mate and together share

                                         as much love and affection as anyone

                                     could ever want.
  Joy             And last, but not least, may you live with

                                    outrageous joyfulness in all your

                                       years.

Ex. 26 5 . Translate into English.

1. Ви, напевно, праві, але я все ж таки не можу погодитися з вами. 2. Можливо, він отримає першу премію. 3. Мені цей фільм може і сподобається, хоча бойовики і не подобаються. 4. Вона, можливо, зуміє скласти історію англійської мови з першого разу. 5. Вона, напевно, змогла б написати тест, якщо б постаралася.         6. – Чи можна подивитися на фото? – Так, звичайно. 7. Чи не можна мені сьогодні пройти до банку без перепустки? 8. Ви, напевно, неправильно зрозуміли мої слова.        9. Коли лікар сказав, що я можу покинути лікарню, я не міг у це повірити.           10. Шкода, що дитина не вміє плавати! Це може йому знадобитися в житті.    11. Якою б важливою ця справа не була, я не можу зараз займатися нею. 12. Хто б він не був, він повинен грати за правилами. 13. Де б ви не були, ми завжди згадуємо про вас з любов’ю. 14. Як би ви не старалися, але ж ми не поступимося. 15. Жахливо, коли ти не в змозі пригадати чиєсь ім’я.

Should

Ex . 26 6 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the form and meaning of the verb should.

1. When we say, “Oh, you really shouldn’t have”, we don’t really mean it. 2. You should call us to keep up with the latest IBM security solutions. 3. The report says the country should think twice before joining the European market. 4. A gentleman should be honest in his actions and refined in his language. 5. Children should be seen and not heard. 6. Law makers should not be law breakers. 7. We should consult three things in all our actions: justice, honesty and utility. 8. People should reflect how tender is the Earth’s environment. 9. We assured her that we should soon come back. 10. Is it vitally important that I should say “yes”? 11. Had it not been for miserable weather, we should have gone out for a stroll. 12. Well, you should be working now instead of relaxing. In factyou should have finished everything by now. 13. You shouldn’t remember the clothes but the feeling they give you. 14. The Admiral’s order was that every man should do his duty. 15. How should I know about their arrival? But should I hear something, I’ll let you know. 16. But why should I let you in my life? 17. You should always follow your star, me dear, and never listen to anyone!

Ex. 2 67 . Put “should” or ”shouldn’t” in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Watch the meaning of “should”/”shouldn’t.

1. You … work more; you … miss the lessons. 2. Mothers … look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You … be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you … buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone … be much more careful. 6. You … have followed the instructions of your coach. Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he … wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they … always say “Please” and “Thank you”. 9. It is dark in the room, you … switch on the light.

Ex. 268. A . Use the modal verb should to express:

a) inequalities

Example: Why should some people be rich while others are poor?

1. eat well / starve 2. happy / miserable 3. in palaces / slums 4. succeed / fail 5. have everything / nothing 6. educated / ignorant

b) surprise

Example: I was sitting in the park when who (what) should I see but my teacher (a flying saucer).

1. I was standing in the queue ... . 2. I was digging in the garden ... . 3. I was on my way to work … . 4. I was looking for something ... . 5. I was waiting for a bus … . 6. I was walking along the street ... .

         B. Speak about the four things you should have done, and about the four things you shouldn’t have done.

Ex. 2 69 . Give advice in the following using the verb should (have).

1. My eyes are tired. 2. They quarreled last night. 3. My life is hectic. 4. Bees’ boyfriend is too young. 5. What a horrible film! 6. Jack thinks his girl is light-minded.      7. Mr. Snow has gone bankrupt. 8. The roses have faded. 9. I caught a cold last week. 10. Now I’m coughing and sneezing. 11. The police are helpless in this case. 12. I havedeveloped a splitting headache. 13. I haven’t been getting enough sleep lately.       14. She’s been eating only one meal a day. 15. This is my sixth cup of coffee this evening.

Ex. 27 0 . Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive.

1. I don’t feel well now. I should (remember) to take the medicine yesterday. 2. Children should (obey) their parents. 3. It’s three o’clock and I’m feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father’s typewriter and of course he broke it; he shouldn’t (allow) him to play with it. 5. You have a weak heart. You shouldn’t (run). 6. I was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went for a walk he should (take) his umbrella, it looked like rain (but he didn’t). 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. You shouldn’t (eat) so much bread, now you’ve gained weight. 10. You shouldn’t (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn’t). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn’t). 13. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn’t). 14. Tom’s had another accident. It sounds like Tom’s fault. He should (wait) till the main road was clear.

Ex. 27 1 . Translate into English.

 1. Якщо ви хочете досягти успіху, вам слід набратися знань, досвіду і терпіння.         2. Тобі слід проконсультуватися у професіонала, перш ніж приймати якісь рішення.     3. А чи не почати мені брати уроки водіння? 4. Близнюків не слід розлучати! 5. Тобі не слід їсти так багато цукерок! Це шкодить твоєму здоров’ю. 6. Продукти, що лежали в морозильнику, слід розморозити раніше, ніж готувати. 7. Я переконана, що тобі слід звернутися до лікаря з приводу болю в серці. 8. Тварин не слід закривати в клітках, їм треба жити в природних умовах. 9. Вам треба було посадити цибулини восени, якщо ви хотіли, щоб квіти з’явилися весною.10. Як справжньому му другу тобі не слід було приховувати правду, ти повинен був розповісти мені все саме в той критичний момент. 11. Не слід тобі так багато думати про нього. Він не світло, що у вікні.           12. Раніше треба було думати, люба! Але ж нічого не вдієш, давай подивимося, що можна зробити. 13. Ви давно мусили кинути пити і палити. Треба було думати про своє здоров’є з молоду. 14. – Звідки ж мені знати, як їй живеться? – Як близькому родичу тобі  слід це знати! 15. Тобі не треба було брати з неї приклад всі ці роки! Те, що добре для неї, не може бути добре для тебе. Ви зовсім різні люди.

Ex. 27 2 . Fill in the blanks with “must”, “should” or “ought (to)”. Use the correct form of the infinitive.

1. Your questions surprise me, you … (know) this. 2. You … (be) absent for such a long time. Everyone forgot you. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I … tell you the truth. 4. We had a wonderful time at that party. You … (be) there. 5. Let’s tell him all as it is. He … (understand). 6. You … (apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. She is a very experienced doctor. You … (consult) her. 8. She … (not / say) such things in the child’s presence. Now you see the results. 9. I … (know) that it might come to that. 10. If they had been warned in time, they … (be) there by now. 11. He gave you just the feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor … (give).

Ex. 27 3 . Fill in the blanks with either “should” or “must”. Translate into Ukrainian.

 1. a) You look fresh! You … have had a good sleep at night.

b)You look tired! You … have a good sleep at night.

 2. a) They … have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on.

b) They … have studied thesubject thoroughly; they answered every question.

 3. a) You … have ignored the traffic regulations. That’s why you were fined.

b)You … have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined.

 4. a) He … be working at his problem now.

   b)  He … work at the problem, it hasn’t been solved yet.

 5. a) I … have taken Grandfather’s spectacles. I cannot see anything through them.

b) I … have taken my opera-glasses. I don’t see anything.

Ex. 27 4 . Translate into English.

1. Чому я маю їм не довіряти? 2. Неймовірно, що він може вірити в таку нісенітницю. 3. Так що ж, мені брехати тільки заради пристойності? 4. – Де діти? – Де ж їм ще бути, як не в спальні? Вже одинадцята година вечора. 5. Жахливо, що ти так зневажаєш людей, бідніших за тебе. 6. Не бачу причин, чому ви повинні розлучитися. 7. Дивовижно, що така молода дівчина вдягається як стара баба.       8. Чого це він зненацька зателефонував мені? 9. Дивно, що вона закохалася в цього ловеласа. 10 – Не слід було тобі втручатися. – Звідки було мені знати, що все так серйозно? 11. Смішно, що вона виглядає такою поважною. 12. Де ж мені бути ще, як не тут? 13. Є дещо, що мені варто було сказати тобі ще вчора. Я збирався кілька разів, але бракувало мужності. 14. Не слід було наполягати. Тобі варто було одразу зрозуміти, що справа безнадійна.

Would

Ex. 27 5 . Comment on the form and meaning of the verb would.

1. He had a wound that wouldn’t heal. 2. The boy said he wouldn’t eat up his porridge. 3. Jessica cried that she wouldn’t go to bed without her teddy bear. 4. He would say over and over again that he wouldn’t leave his father till he was better. He wouldn’t agree to leave him to the care of the nurses. 5. If you would be happy for aweek, take a wife; if you would be happy for a month, kill a pig; but if you would be happy all your life, plant a garden. 6. Tired though she was, sleep wouldn’t come to her.       7. He knew that one day he would win the world. 8. The monks would rise at four and pray and pray and pray. 9. She would often lie awake for a long time after she had gone to bed, thinking and planning. 10. Sometimes Bessie would come up to my lonely bedroom, bringing a piece of cake, sometimes she would tell me a story, and sometimes she would kiss me goodnight. 11. – Someone’s knocking at the door. – That would be the Pest Control man. 12. Not for love or money would he do it! 13. – Would you help me? – I would be delighted to do it! 14. Why she has to go I don’t know, for she wouldn’t say. 15. Once again, fate would intervene and change Norris’s course. 16. It would be such an honour if you would attend our party. 17. They used to be our regular customers. 18. She didn’t use to be like that. 19. Did you use to have long hair?

Ex. 27 6 . Use would to express:

a) wish

 Example: You are impolite. – I wish you wouldbe polite.

1. Ted is lazy. 2. Betty is so stubborn. 3. Monica isn’t my friend. 4 He isn’t trustworthy. 5. Nelly isn’t hardworking. 6. She doesn’t agree with me.

b) surprise

 Example: They aren’t here yet. – You wouldthink that they’ve got lost.

 1. She’s blushing. 2. He’s out of breath. 3. They are scared. 4. The sky is black. 5. She’s trembling like a leaf. 6. He’s complaining all the time.

c) assumption

 Example: Someone’s coming to paint the ceiling. – That would be the decorator.

1. Someone’s coming to clean the windows. 2. Someone’s coming to repair the car.             3. Someone’s coming to collect the rent. 4. Someone’s coming to mend the television. 5. Someone’s coming to unblock the sink. 6. Someone’s coming to read the meter.

Ex. 2 77 . Read the text and translate it. If you’ve ever had any experience of the same kind, speak about it.

The Way to Florence

I went on the world’s slowest train to Florence. It limped across the landscape like a runner with a pulled muscle, and it had no buffet. At first it was crowded, but as afternoon gave way to evening and evening merged into the inkiness of night, there were fewer and fewer of us left, until eventually it was a businessman buried in paperwork and me. Every two or three miles the train stopped at some darkened station where no train had stopped for weeks, where grass grew on the platforms and where no one got on and no one got off.

Sometimes the train would come to a halt in the middle of nowhere, in the black countryside, and just sit. It would sit for so long that you began to wonder if the driver had gone off into the surrounding fields for a pee and fallen down a well. After a time the train would roll backwards for perhaps thirty yards, then stop and sit again. Then suddenly, with a mightly whoomp that made the carriage rock and the windows sound as if they were about to implode, a train on the parallel line would fly past. Bright lights would flash by – you could see people in there dining and playing cards, having a wonderful time, moving across Europe at the speed of a laser – and then all would be silent again sad we would sit for another eternity before our train gathered the energy to creep onwards to the next desolate station. It was well after eleven when we reached Florence.

                                                                                                                        (after В . В ryson)

Ex. 2 78 . Insert “used to” or “would”.

1. When we were young we ... spend every summer on the beach. We ... swim, sunbathe, catch crabs. 2. We … live in this street. 3. I... meet her and she ... say, “Can’t stop. I must get home.” 4. Mr. Dobson ... be very generous to his servants.  5. She ... often hear him grumbling to himself. 6. What an agreeable town this ... be! 7. On Sundays he ... sleep late. 8. My English friends ... send me cards at Christmas time. 9. Whenever I went on hikes with my friends, we ... make a wood fire, bake potatoes, play the guitar and sing songs. 10. The museum ... be in the city centre.      11. – Oh, I’ve become so absent-minded! – But you ... be very punctual. 12. – Does Denny smoke? – He ..., but I think he has given it up. 13. Julia never ... be aggressive. 14. Every Saturday evening, Father ... take out his old accordion and start to play old songs. Mother … look at us severely if we laughed or made a noise. Sometimes Father ... go on for hours. 15. My Grandfather ... smoke like a chimney. 16. The Romans ... enjoy gladiatorial shows.

Ex . 2 79 . Translate into English.

1. Я б дуже хотіла, щоб ти не говорила про це, матуся! 2. Ми чекаємо вже півгодини, а потягу все немає. 3. Давай припинимо. Не варто псувати наші добрі відносини. 4. Це виглядало б дивно, якщо б ти туди пішов. 5. Ми вмовляємо її піти на пенсію, але вона і слухати не хоче. 6. Він обіцяв, що скоро навідається до них. 7. Щось трапилося із замком, і валіза ніяк не відчинялася. 8. Ніхто не припускав, що італійці виграють кубок. 9. Можна подумати, що без неї світло погасне. 10. Було б цікаво побачити його реакцію на цю новину. 11. Містер Грант, було, сидів годинами в кабінеті, малюючи родинне древо. 12. Як вона не намагалася, сон не йшов до неї. 13. Хотілось би, щоб ви не палили тут! 14. – Я чую дзенькіт склянок біля воріт. – Це напевно молочник. 15. Всі докази були проти нього, але він уперто не визнавав своєї провини. 16. Він, як завжди, розповідав нам про своє дитинство.

Ex. 28 0 . Fill in the spaces with should (have), would (have).

1. He ... do as he is told or it ... be the worse for him. 2. He ... know better if he were a little older. 3. ... the guests arrive before the time, show them into the drawing-room. 4. He has been misled by people who ... have known better. 5. I ... be ashamed to acknowledge my cowardice, if I were in your place. 6. Most savages ... run away if they heard a gun for the first time. 7. I ... learn music if I only had the time. 8. God promised Noah after the flood that day and night, summer and winter ... not cease, and that there ... never come another flood upon the earth. 9. One ... see and hear much, and speak little, and one ... only believe the half of what he hears. 10. Those who live in glass houses ... not throw stones. 11. I made up my mind that he ... pay what he owed me. 12. He was so miserly that he ... not give anything to the poor. 13. It seemed so incredible that I ... not believe it at first. 14. People who ... hear good of themselves, ... not listen behind doors. 15. The donkey ... not go any faster even when he was beaten. 16. I said you were wrong, but you were so obstinate that you ... listen to it.     17. ... misfortune overtake us, we must trust in Providence. 18. You ... not be во easily cast down by a small misfortune. 19. He ... have written better, if he had had more time. 20. I ... have arrived on time, if I had not lost my watch.

Ex. 28 1 . Insert the verbs can, could, may, might, should, would.

1. It is very curious that you ... take that view. 2. It is disappointing that he ... know so little. 3. If the enterprise ... succeed, he will be a rich man. 4. I hope I ... be famous some day. 5. I ... not despair even though I ... loseall my money. 6. He declared he ... not believe it, even though he ... see it with his own eyes. 7. It ... be so, though I doubt it. 8. He ... perhaps succeed, if he changed his way of living. 9. If there were less ice it ... be easy to reach the Pole. 10. I ... come and see you next summer, but my plans are not fixed. 11. If the matter were less involved, I ... possibly be able to help you. 12. However poor a man ... be, he has always something to be thankful for. 13. If it ... turn out wet, we must seek shelter where we can. 14. I am grieved that you ... be so overworked. 15. If disaster ... come upon us, we will cling to our leader. 16. Pigs ... fly, but they ... be strange birds. 17. If that ... happen, we could only say it was contrary to our experience. 18. Yet we trust that the sun ... continue to rise as before, and that we ... be alive to enjoy its warmth.

Shall

Ex. 28 2 . Comment on the meanings of the verb shall.

1. That’s against the law! I shall complain to the council. Well, what shall we do next? 3. Shall I tell you the real reason, sir? 4. Let’s go there, shall we? 5. It is a clever piece of work – and useful – as you shall see. 6. “You shall retain your human forms in the Impossible World,” said Old Nancy to the spies. “You shall become a hassock. You shall never, never return.” 7. – Seek and you shall find. –  All .right, I shall try. 8. – As a man lives so shall he die. – Yes, as you sow, so shall you reap. 9. Come live with me and you shall know me. 10. Even as the father was so shall the son be. 11. He is your enemy and you shall meet him everywhere. 12. He that has no money, shall need no purse. 13. He that commands well, shall be obeyed well. 14. Fragile articles, mosey, jewellery, business documents shall not be accepted as checked baggage. 15. Blessed be he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed.

Ex. 28 3 . Translate into English.

1. – Нам залишитися вдома чи піти з вами? – Це ви вирішуйте самі. 2. Мені відповісти на телефонний дзвінок? – Так, будь ласка. 3. Якщо не будете дотримуватись моїх порад, ви ще згадаєте про мене. 4. Що посієш, то й пожнеш.  5. Не хвилюйся, люба, ти отримаєш цю каблучку. 6. Будьте певні, ви отримаєте, що заробили. 7. Вони будуть йти за вами всюди, як тіні. 8. Якщо послухаєш цього дилера, напевно загубиш всі свої гроші. 9. Вона боїться, що їй доведеться відповідати за свої гріхи. 10. Будьте певні, вони забезпечать вашу повну безпеку. 11. Якщо все буде добре, я зателефоную тобі. 12. Не знаю, куди ми поїдемо відпочивати наступного літа. 13. Запевняю вас, нічого подібного більше не станеться. 14. Що ж мені тобі порадити?

Will

Ex. 28 4 . Comment on the meaning of the verb will. 

1. And I want you to help me, sir, if you will. 2. People will gossip, it’s in their nature. 3. I will wait for you for a thousand summers till you are back beside me! 4. Now, miss, if you will be so good, listen to me! 5. “I will lead you home if you will trust me,” she said. 6. Whatever will be, will be! 7. Keep your mouth shut, will you? 8. – Will you invite them for the weekend? – No, they will be away. 9. I will take no more “I love you” from you. 10. A wise man changes his mind, a fool never will.    11. There’s none so blind as those who will not see. Boys will be boys. Sometimes girls will be boys. We’d like her to retire but she won’t listen. 14. Emma has a strong character: she will not do what she is told to do. 15. Friends will be friends right to the end. 16. “Bad accidents”, he said, “will happen.” 17. Well, I’ll leave you now if you will excuse me. 18. If you think that a language is hard, it will be hard. 19. He will chair the meeting. Always.

Ex. 28 5 . Look at the following examples and:

1. decide which of them express purely the future.

2. find a way of paraphrasing any examples which don’t express futurity, but carry some modal meaning.

1. Will you have another drink? 2. Will you marry me? Do you think the President will win the next election? He will speak with his mouth full. 5. Trespassers will be prosecuted. 6. Opening the door will trigger off the alarm. 7. That will be the postman. 8. Oil will float on water. 9. I shall do it. I will certainly profit by it. 10. Will you shut up! Truth will out all the same! 11. She will always have it her own way. 12. Will I be happy, will I be rich? 13. The bird will always fly away before the cat can jump on it. 14. If you will wait for me, I’ll be right back. 15. He will not accept that some of us are born to rule, and others need to be ruled.

Ex. 286. Translate into English.

1. Що б ні трапилося, я завжди буду поряд з тобою. 2. – Чи не потанцюєш зі мною? – Потанцюю. 3. Він не впевнений, що справиться із завданням. 4. Піди погуляй з собакою, добре? 5. Злочин не приховаєш. Правда завжди вийде назовні. 6. Голос крові обов’язково виявиться. 7. Студенти є студенти. Вони все одно будуть пропускати лекції. 8. Ми умовляємо її купити вечірню сукню, але вона і слухати не хоче. 9. Справедливість все одно переможе! 10 Вона завжди наполягає на своєму і ніколи не поступиться. 11. Я поговорю з тобою, якщо ти почекаєш на мене. 12. А зараз, даруйте, мені справді вже пора йти. 13. Я намагаюся відкрити склянку, але кришка ніяк не відкривається. 14. Двірники зовсім не працюють (windscreen wipers).

Ex. 2 87 . Comment on the use of the verbs shall and will .

1. You can go back to the old life if you want to, but I shall stay with my poetry and my flute and my new life. 2. “Drive carefully, Nigel,” Tamara cautioned. “Don’t worry, I will. See you later, darling.” 3. It’s absolutely monstrous! I shall complain to the Dean! 4. “Go back to Paris and leave me alone, Alex.” “I will go if you will come with me, yes,” he said. 5. But you’d better not try cheating in this school, young lady. I shall be keeping a very careful eye on you from now on! 6. – Happy birthday, Mother! Congratulations! And your present is being delivered later. I hope you will like it. – I’m sure I will, darling. 7. Miss Honey turned and walked out of the study feeling depressed but by no means defeated. I am going to do something about this child, she told herself. I don’t know what it will be, but I shall find a way to help her in the end.     8. “I don’t really want to go beyond that price,” she said, “but I will if I have to.”       9. When you are ready to leave, I shall take you to dinner at the Ritz. 10. I will never forget tonight as long as I live.

Ought to

Ex. 2 88 . Comment on the meaning of the modal verb ought to. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Kings ought to be kings in all things. 2. A liar ought to have a good memory.        3. We ought to weigh well what we can only once decide. 4. We pass our lives in doing what we ought not, and leaving undone what we ought to. 5. He ought to have been more tactful and would havebeen but for the stress of the moment.                 6. Everybody thinks that I ought not to complain. 7. Molly hesitated. Ought she to accept this present from a stranger? 8. The child is delicate, she ought to have a change of air. 9. I suppose we really ought not to be laughing at her, but I just can’t help it. 10. But Jack, I’ve got a feeling that we ought to go on, if only we could ... . 11. Before the children could wonder what they ought to do, the King spoke. 12. You ought to remember the rule, it has been explained so many times before. 13. – He ought to havedone what I told him. – Ought I to speak to him? 14. You oughtn’t to have tried to escape from prison. It made things worse. 15. I really ought to find something to take my mind off my troubles.

Ex. 2 89 . Translate into English.

1. Я відчуваю, що мені варто більше часу проводити зі своїми дітьми. 2. Мені слід було купити щось до чаю, печива чи цукерок. 3.Тобі варто слідкувати за своєю вагою. 4. Тобі варто було це передбачити! 5. Слід зробити все можливе, щоб допомогти їм. 6. Вам треба соромитися самого себе. 7. Учитель повинен знати психологію дитини. 8. Тобі слід вже лягати в ліжко, ніж дивитися серіал. 9. Олені слід бути більш рішучою. 10. Що я повинен зробити, щоб ти була щасливою? 11. Миколі варто передивиться свої погляди на життя. 12. Чи варто мені бути відвертою з ним? 13. Йому слід було пам’ятати правила і їхати по лівому боці дороги.

Dare (to)

Ex. 29 0 . Read, translate and comment on the use of the verb dare (to).

1. Molly dare not think about that. 2. Neither of them dared to speak of what he might do when he came. 3. “They dare not touch it either, even if they do know where it is,” replied Old Nancy. 4. How do you dare deceive me? You are fired! 5. I daresay, young man, it’s time you settled down. 6. Still, I daresay we could reach the camp before dusk if we don’t have to make too many stops. 7. She doesn’t dare to go dancing.       8. Children didn’t dare to misbehave. 9. Sergei dared not disobey the teacher. 10. How did you dare play truant? 11. He longed to know more about her, yet he did not dare ask her anything.

Ex. 29 1 . Translate into English.

1. Не чіпай кішку, вона може тебе дрябнути. 2. Собака може бути дуже приємною компанією під час довгих заміських прогулянок. 3. Не можу втриматися, щоб не сказати, що не варто приходити, коли тобі здумається.         4. Ситуацію ще можна врятувати одним єдиним словом, і це ще можна зробити. 5. – Твоя фотокамера, напевно, дуже дорого коштує. – Не маю уявлення, скільки вона може коштувати. Це подарунок. 6. Тобі ні до чого брати з собою всі ці пакети. Ти можеш залишити їх у машині. 7. – Не варто було їхати туди потягом. Ми могли б відвезти вас туди на машині. – Ми не наважилися звернутися до вас. 8. Нам не довелося добиратися туди літаком, вони відвезли нас на машині.         9. Він, напевно, вивчає фізику, як і його батько. 10. – Бабусі може не сподобатися такий подарунок. – Можеш заспокоїться, вона буде щаслива будь-якому подарунку  – Як ти наважуєшся так казати про неї? 11. Дмитро не міг загубити новий годинник, він, напевно, кудись поклав його. 12. Вона зрозуміла, що і їй судилося зазнати всього болю зрадництва. 13. – Заперечення слід висловити зараз. – Я не наважусь зробити це. 14. Він, було, навідувався до них час від часу, але вперто не хотів писати листи. 16. Тобі краще не приносити їй шоколаду, поки вона знаходиться в лікарні. 17. Мабуть, я сьогодні вдягну щось яскраве. У мене депресія. 18. Вона ніколи не наважується заперечувати своєму босу.    

Had Better , Would Rather

Ex.29 2 . Read and translate the following sentences.

1. I’d rather go for a walk in the rain than do nothing at all. 2. You’d better not say what makes you think so. 3. I’d rather be told the truth. 4. You’d rather not lie to me. 5. You had better do some revision work. 6. It would be better not to interfere. 7. I’d rather wear a sweater than a jacket. 8. I’d rather you didn’t smoke in here.         9. We’d prefer you not to smoke, if you don’t mind. 10. We’d rather you didn’t say anything about it. 11. You’d better get out your calculator and tot it up.

Ex. 29 3 . Give advice according to the example.

Example: I’ve lost my passport. – You’d better get a new one.

               I’m feeling very tired. – I’d rather go to bed.

1. I’ve got an awful toothache. 2. Your record-player is too loud. 3. It’s too hot in here, too stuffy. 4. I’m putting on too much weight. 5. Please, don’t speak about it! 6. I received the bill over a month ago. 7. She wants a job in Spain but she can’t speak Spanish. 8. Please don’t interrupt me when I’m speaking to you. 9. They should book early if they want tickets for the concert. 10. My parents enjoy their jobs and don’t want to retire. 11. I don’t want an orange, can I have an apple, please? 12. My brother prefers to live in an apartment than in a house. It’s freezing, I think I’ll put on a coat and a cap. Will you have a cup of coffee or a cup of tea right now?         15. You shouldn’t spread that news! It’s top secret.

Ex. 29 4 . Add correct question tags to the following statements.

1. All the family took to him at once, ... ? 2. Don’t interrupt and read your magazine, ... ? 3. There is no way to solve this problem, ... ? 4. Nothing nasty happened, ... ? 5. He delights in teasing her, ... ? 6. Just try to remake her herself, ... ? 7. They are on Christian terms, ... ? 8. You’re coming, ... ? 9. He doesn’t like jazz, ... ? 10. You won’t tell anyone, ... ? 11. She didn’t mean that, ... ? 12. Maxim hadn’t been to a casino before, ... ? 13. You’ve got some time to spare, ... ? 14. Shut the door, ... ? 15. Don’t be late, ... ? 16. I’m right, ... ? 17. Nobody called me, ... ? 18. Everyone was very excited, …? 19. I don’t imagine he will turn into an ideal husband overnight, ... ? 20. She seems a bit nervy and unable to get out of her old habits, ... ? 21. But let us look on the optimistic side of things, ... ?

Ex. 29 5 . Add correct question tags to the following statements with modal verbs.

1. My parents must have guessed something, ... ? 2. They had to ask for your permission first, ... ? 3. You’d rather keep it a secret, ... ? 4. She’d better end with him once and for all, ... ? 5. Weddings in the old days used to be more showy, ... ? 6. They might get along well, ... ? 7. You should be in bed by now, ... ? 8. You can’t speak Swahili, ...? 9. You’d better answer the telephone, ... ? 10. You could always borrow the money, ...?     11. Nothing could be better, ... ? 12. It was to happen, ... ? 13. You’d rather be staying at home, ... ? 14. You shouldn’t have made such a fuss, ... ? 15. My boss needs a new car, ... ? 16. We need to go at once, ... ? 17. England needed a strong king in that particular period, ... ? 18. I may call you by your first name, ... ? 19. You shouldn’t be able to help me out, ... ? 20. She used to read a story to her son before bedtime, ... ?

Ex. 29 6 . Read the texts, translate them and comment on the meanings of the modal verbs in italic type.

I. The next morning everybody was waiting for Charlie to start opening his present. Charlie looked down at the bar of chocolate lovingly. How he wished there could be a Golden Ticket inside it! Then his mother said gently, “You mustn’t be too disappointed, if you don’t find what you’re looking for, my dear. You really can’t expect to be as lucky as all that.” But the grown-ups knew that however small the chance might be of striking lucky, the chance was there. The chance had to be there. Very slowly Charlie’s fingers began to tear the wrapper, but when he did it there was no sign of a Golden Ticket.

II. “Did you love my Chocolate Factory, Charlie?” Mr. Wonka asked the boy. “Oh, yes, it’s the most wonderful place in the world. I couldn’t believe my eyes when I saw it. Can it be really yours? It must have been a dream!” “I am very pleased to hear you say that”, Mr. Wonka, looking more serious than ever. “I decided to make you a present of the factory. I have no children of my own, no family at all. Someone has to keep it going, I don’t want a grown-up person at all. He wouldn’t listen to me, he wouldn’t learn. So I have to have a child. I want a good sensible boy, one whom I can tell all my most precious sweet-making secrets – while I am still alive. We must go at once and fetch the rest of your family. They can all live in the factory from now on! They can all help to run it until you are old enough to do it lay yourself!”

III. Matilda knew she had to tell somebody about what had happened with the glass. She couldn’t possibly keep the gigantic secret like that bottled up inside her. What she needed was just one person, wise and sympathetic, who could help her to understand the meaning of this extraordinary happening. She knew her parents almost certainly would fail to realize what an astonishing event had taken place that afternoon. So, the one person she would like to confide in was Miss Honey. Matilda said, “Please may I talk to you for a moment?” “Of course you may. What’s troubling you?” “I made the glass tip over, and I did it with my eyes.” Miss Honey did not think Matilda was meaning to tell a lie. “Could you do it again?” she asked, not unkindly. “I don’t know,” Matilda said, “but Ithink I might be able to.”Miss Honey moved the now empty glass to the middle of the table. “Should I put water in it?” she asked, smiling a little. “I don’t think it matters, but it may take some time,” “Take all the time you want, I’m in no hurry.” Miss Honey replied, smiling a little. “I have to stare at it very, very hard, and then I can feel it happening behind my eyes,” the little girl explained.

(after R. Dahl)

Revision

Ex. 297 . Combine the following sentences making them unreal. Start with If.

I. 1. It was a rush hour. 2. Something happened. 3. He turned up late. 4. His girlfriend was furious. 5. They had a row. 6. He made her cry. 7. He felt guilty. 8. He apologized. 9. She forgave him. 10. They are happy now.

 II. 1. I won a pretty sum of money. 2. I bought a big car. 3. I drove too fast.      4. There was an accident. 5. The ambulance took me to hospital. 6. I fell in love with a nurse. 7. We got married. 8. We were happy at the beginning. 6.But then I met somebody else. 10. And we parted forever.

Ex. 298 . Complete the sentences.

1. If he becomes Prime Minister, … . If he became Prime Minister, ... . 2. If it rains tomorrow, ... . If it rained tomorrow, ... . 3. If she learns to speak Spanish, ... . If she learnt to speak Spanish, ... . 4. If wars stop, ... . If wars stopped, … . 5. If he succeeds in life, … . If he succeeded in life, ... . 6. If they support the child, ... . If they supported the child, … . 7. If I buy a cottage in the wood, ... . If I bought a cottage in the wood, ... . 8. If Annie marries Stephen, … . If Annie married Stephen, ... . 9. If Nicholas studies harder, ... . If Nicholas studied harder, ... . 10. If Simon goes to University, ... . If Simon went to University, … .

Ex. 299 . Comment on the meanings of the modal verbs in italic type.

1. My mother said I never should play with the Gypsies in the wood. If I did so, she would say, “Naughty Girl, if you disobey your hair won’t curl, your shoes won’t shine. Naughty Girl, you won’t be mine.” 2. Supposing she had to return home to Mother without Jack. She couldn’t. She wouldn’t, she vowed to herself. She would stay in this country and search until the Black Leaf was found, even if she had to wait for years ... and here her tears began to flow again. 3. “You’ll have to be very cautious, missie, if you go back to the wood,” said Farmer Rose. “It wouldn’t do for you to get caught, too,” “But I mustn’t be afraid of anything now.” 4. “Let’s stop! It wouldn’t do for us to run on him like this. It might look as if we were – oh, well, it would look funny, you know.” 5. You must try to get a good rest tonight, and then you can start off fresh in the morning – and you mustn’ t cry anymore or you’ll make yourself ill. 6. What ought she to do, she wondered. Should she open the envelope? What was she to do with it?    7. I don’t feel I dare go out again. I will wait here. I can trust no one. 8. He, who spends more that he should, shall not have to spare when he would. 9. You can’t make me let him do what he ought not to do. 10. – You needn’t explain, Fred. – But I want to. I have to. We must improve the situation. 11. “I must have this mink coat! I can’t bear somebody else wearing it,” she said to her husband. “Very well, my dear, you shall have the coat!” 12. The past can’t be helped! It’s the future we canhelp, and it’s the future we should give our thought to. 13. I daresayI can’tmake him change the way he dresses. He needsa new style, he really does. 14. Little birds that cansing and won’t sing mustbe made to sing.

Ex. 30 0 . Fill in the spaces with should (have), would (have).

1. I’ll remind you of the rules frequently lest you, … (forget) them. 2. You ... (pay) more attention to the subject, when you had the opportunity. Then this ... not (happen). 3. If you had not been there to help me, I do not know what I ... (do). 4. I ... (come) to your party, had your invitation reached me sooner. 5. ... you (be) so kind as to tell me the way to the gardens? 6. He ... (benefit) his native town greatly, if the authorities had not opposed his plans so bitterly. 7. If I were to find myself homeless, I de not know where I ... (go). 8. What ... (be) the use of schools and teachers, if the scholars were not willing to learn? 9. I hoped that you ... (help) me in that serious matter. 10. Those who are not without faults themselves, ... (avoid) blaming others.   11. I pointed out to him that some people I knew were so obstinate that they ... (not listen) to any reasons. 12. He was not deaf, but he was so obstinate that he ... (not follow) my advice. 13. He ... (listen), however, if you had approached him tactfully.  14. He was so disguised that I ... never (know) him, but for his beard. 15. What do you think we ... (do) in the circumstances is which we have found ourselves?

Ex. 30 1 . Insert the verbs can, could, may, might, should, would.

1. ... you be prosperous and happy! 2. I trust that your fears … not be realized. 3. In my perplexity I appealed to my guide to know what I ... do. 4. A good general makes every preparation against defeat, ... such a contingency arise. 5. It makes my blood boil to think that such cruelties ... go on around us. 6. ... such circumstances arise, I shall take steps to deal with them. 7. Whatever … have happened, the result is the same. 8. Who can say what ... have happened, had not the accident been averted? 9. Some of these rocks ... perhaps have been deposited by passing icebergs. 10. He was so indifferent to public opinion that he did not care what the papers ... say. 11. I ... support your enterprise, but I am not yet convinced that it deserves it. 12. With a little encouragement, he ... do wonders. 13. I am not likely to be moved by anything you ... sау; I judge by results. 14. Let him show what he has done; then we ... perhaps believe his words. 15. We hope that Your Majesty ... long rule over us, and that your reign ... be as glorious as those of your predecessors.

Ex. 30 2 . Translate into English.

1. Вона прасувала білизну і час від часу виглядала з вікна. 2. Вони, напевно, були дуже суворі до своєї дитини. 3. Іноді він зовсім нестерпний, все одно буде робити по-своєму. 4. Марно ти прибирала квартиру, прибиральниця прийде завтра. 5. Їй не довелося прибирати квартиру. Діти вже це зробили. 6. Не треба бути генієм, щоб зрозуміти це. 7. Я кохаю тебе більше, ніж треба. 8. – Тобі справді потрібен комп’ютер? – Я можу обійтися і без нього. 9. Він зовсім не хотів повірити в мою сумну розповідь. це 10. Не може бути, щоб ти відмовився від цієї роботи. Тобі варто було порадитися зі мною. 11. Тобі варто становитися до життя серйозніше! 12. Не треба покладатися на випадок. Потрібно щось робити. 13. Запам’ятай! Ти відповідатимеш за все! Тобі доведеться зізнатися у всьому.

Ex. 30 3 . Put “can”, “may”, “must”, “should”, “ought to”, “have to”, “be to”, “be able to”  (or the negative forms) and “needn’t” in the spaces.

1. “Oh, Nurse, … I stay here?” – “Stay here? Of course, you … .” 2. A man … help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we …walk. 4. No, Moira, you … have another potato. You’ve had two already. 5. We … live without food and water. We … eat and drink. 6. I … get up too early tomorrow, so I … to go to bed late tonight. 7. You … not walk all the way to the station. You … take a bus round the corner. 8. Tom’s father told him that he … ask silly questions. 9. You … switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 10. The matter … be discussed in tomorrow’s debate. 11. You … sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They … do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them. 13. You … do whatever you like. 14. Sooner or later one … choose. 15. I … read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure. 16. Go right in. You … report at once. 17. She … sing quite well. 18. You … say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand. 19. … I use your phone? – You … ask for permission; you … use it whenever you like. 20. Is she waiting? She … wait for me at home. We’ve arranged so. 21. You … take a horse to water but you … make him drink. 22. The ice is quite thick. We … walk on it. 23. If you don’t know the meaning of a word you … use a dictionary. 24. The day we … start, it rained worse than ever.

Ex. 30 4 . Complete the sentences using the modal verbs “can”, “may”, “must”.

1. The performance … (be over) as there are many people leaving the theatre. 2. I don’t believe that he said it. He … (say) such a thing. 3. I am sure they knew everything about it. Mary … (tell) them. She can’t keep her word. 4. I am sure that she did not do anything of the kind. They … (take) her sister for her. 5. It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. They … (break) their promise. 6. Perhaps it was true, I am not sure. She … (be ashamed) to tell you the truth. 7. There was probably some misunderstanding. They … (sent) the contract to the wrong address. 8. … you really mean it? 9. There is no doubt that it was all prepared beforehand. He … (watch) you. 10. It is impossible. They … (leave) already. I was watching the door of the house. 11. I don’t believe that they didn’t recognize you. They … (fail to recognize) you.        12. His teacher … (help) him; his English is quite decent now. 13. My students … (be) at a lecture now. They never miss classes. 14. I don’t believe it. He … (write) the letter but the signature is certainly not his. 15. The message … (be delivered) in time as we received an immediate answer. 16. … you (not remember) our talk?

Ex. 30 5 . Translate into English.

1. – Якщо вам будуть потрібні гроші, зверніться до керівника. – Хотілось би, щоб мені не довелося цього робити. 2. – Якщо б він отримав тоді спадщину, він би не жив всі ці роки в таких злиднях. – Так, ніколи не знаєш, що може статися в житті. 3. Давно вже час вивчити географію! Якщо б я відповідав на уроці вчора, я б не сказав, що Міссісіпі знаходиться в Африці. 4. Дивно, що в нього немає жодних сумнівів щодо своїх здібностей. – Хотів би я теж бути таким впевненим у собі! 5. Якщо станеться так, що ти передумаєш, повідом нам. Ми б хотіли знати про твоє остаточне рішення. – Неодмінно повідомлю. 6. Якщо б поліція не прибула в останній момент, злочинці б втекли. 7. Доглядай за ним, і якщо він знов буде битися зі своїм молодшим братом, дай мені знати. Він буде покараний. 8. Було б добре, якщо б ви пішли! Якщо б я знала, що ви кореспонденти газети, ні за що б не дозволила увійти. 9. Матуся була б дуже рада, якщо б ви зуміли знайти трохи часу для неї. 10. Думаю, що мені варто було розповісти батькам про проблеми в школі, але не хотілося їх турбувати. Що буде, те й буде! 11. – Приємний молодий чоловік приходив до вас. – Це, напевно, мій кузен Андрій. Невже щось трапилося? – Так, але ж він міг і зателефонувати. 12. Вона вивчає цей етюд, мабуть, вже цілий місяць. Я вже чути його не можу! Вона, напевно, немає хисту до музики. 13. Я була дуже здивована тим, що Олеся вже пішла. Вона мусила надрукувати весь текст, але, як виявилося, вона зробила тільки половину роботи. Напевно, вона погано себе почувала.

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