The Infinitive and the Gerund

Ex. 3 57 . Comment on the difference between the following pairs ofsentences.

1. I like cooking for my family. I’d like to cook something delicious today. 2. The manager stopped speaking on the phone. The manager stopped to pick up the file. 3. He’ll never forget meeting Mary for the first time. Don’t forget to meet the children after school. 4. They went on talking all night. After college Andrew went on to study law. 5. If you want to improve your French, you can try watching French films. I am trying to give up smoking. 6. The piano needs tuning. She needs to be very, very careful. 7. When I was a kid, I used to play with my neighbour’ children. When I was a student, I had to get used to reading a lot.

Ex.3 58 . Answer the questions.

1. What do you like doing in your spare time? 2. What would you like to do tonight? 3. If you want to lose weight, what must you stop doing? 4. What can you remember doing when you were a child? 5. What must you remember to do each day? 6. What do you regret doing in the past? 7. What did the doctor regret to inform the patient’s wife about? 8. What did the guests go on doing all night at the party? 9. When you left school, what did you go on to do? 10. What can you try doing if you want to improve your English? 11. If money burns a hole in your pocket, what must you try not to do?  12. If your room is in a mess, what does it need? 13. What does the government need to do to reduce inflation? 14. If you lived in Italy, what would you have to get used to eating?

Ex. 3 59 . Make sentences from the given words using either an Infinitive or a Gerund.

Example: like, visit – / like to visit my friends.

              enjoy, speak on the phone – She enjoys speaking on the phone.

 1. plan, go 2. consider, study 3. enjoy, look 4. intend, get up 5. seem, be 6. put off, pay       7. forget, call 8. can’t afford, lose 9. try, learn 10. need, think 11. would love, meet    12. finish, learn 13. would mind, support 14. hope, go 15. think about, go 16. quit, drink 17. stop, eat 18. postpone, go 19. continue, think 20. keep, try, improve.

Ex. 36 0 . Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets. In some cases both variants are possible.

1. Students need (buy) a lot of books. 2. I like (give) parties to my friends. 3. It started (snow) in early morning. 4. We’d like (celebrate) our wedding anniversary at the restaurant this year. 5. The tourists finished (pack) at about ten. 6. Are you planning (go) on a holiday this year? 7. I’ve just begun (read) a novel by B. Bradford. 8. Please stop (crack) nuts! 9. We stopped (buy) a packet of nuts. 10. Didyou remember (feed) the fish this morning? 11. I remember (see) this writer at some conference. 12. Don’t worry! I promise (be) on time. 13. What time do you expect (arrive)  in Newcastle? 14. I forgot (lock) the door of my apartment this morning. 15. He forgot (tell) these jokes many times before.

Ex. 36 1 . Change the sentences, using the words in brackets according to the example. Example: The doctor advised going to bed. (the patient) The doctor advised the patient to go to bed.

1. The Lovedays don’t permit watching television. (there children) 2. The travel agent recommends going to Italy (the holiday makers) 3. The law forbids stealing. (people)       4. The guide recommends visiting the Tate Gallery. (the tourists) 5. They don’t permit the feeding of animals. (people) 6. The doctor advised going on a diet. (the patient)   7. They don’t allow parking there. (motorists) 8. The teacher advised using an English-Ukrainian dictionary. (the students) 9. They forbid the wearing of make-up. (their daughter) 10. The attendants don’t permit the taking of photographs. (visitors) 11. They advised going to a language school. (the au-pair girl) 12. The hijacker intends flying to South America. (the pilot) 13. They forbid smoking. (their children) 14. The lawyer advised pleading quietly. (his client) 15. They don’t allow dancing. (people)

Ex. 36 2 . Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

1. Maxim seems (want) (go) hiking this weekend. 2. The Carters can’t afford (go) on such an expensive tour. 3. I can’t stand (wait) in lines for a long time. 4. She hates (go) (shop) on Saturday. 5. My boss refused (give) me a raise, so I stop (work) for him.     6. Tom’s tomato crop always failed. Finally he quit (try) (grow) tomatoes in his garden. 7. Would you like (go) (dance) tonight? 8. Jeff expects (go) (fish) this weekend. 9. Alan likes (go) to my presentations. 10. Would you like (go) to my parents’ house next Saturday? 11. I enjoy (teach). Yes, I really enjoy (be) a teacher. 12. The children promised (stop) (make) so much noise. 13. I need (stay) at home and (study) tonight. 14. Tracey’s car needs (wash) and (oil). 15. Don’t forget (unplug) the coffee pot, (turn off) all the lights, and (lock) the door before you leave for work.

Ex. 36 3 . Use either the Infinitive or Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

1. I have always tried (do) my best. 2. – My sauce always seems tasteless. – Have you ever tried (add) a little sugar to it? 3. Where did you get that money from? I don’t remember (give) it to you. 4. Did you remember (post) that letter I gave you?            5. Passengers are forbidden (talk) to the driver. 6. I’d love (meet) you when I am next in Athens. 7. There is a regulation which forbids (smoke) in hospitals. 8. Wouldn’t you prefer (stay) in this evening? 9. I shall never forget (meet) you in Florence when you were with Alan. 10. Don’t forget (give) me a ring as soon as you get back. 11. I cannot help (wonder) why she never goes out anywhere. 12. There was a lot to do. Fortunately, Janet agreed to help (prepare) the food. 13. I don’t want to go if it means (change) trains. 14. I’m sorry, I didn’t mean (interrupt) you.                  15. – Won’t you stay? There’s a good match on TV. – No, thanks. I hate (watch) football. 16. Whenever John comes round, I like (cook) something special for him. 17. – What do you like best about wintertime? – Well, if it has snowed during the night, I like (get up) early and (go) for a walk in the fresh snow. 18. – Do you really like (meet) people? – Not really, I’m rather a shy person.

Ex. 36 4 . Use either Infinitive or the Gerund of the verbs in brackets.

1. You must remember (call) at the baker’s on your home because we need (buy) some bread and biscuits. 2. Could you stop (talk) for a moment? I need (concentrate) on this letter. 3. I hope you haven’t forgotten (telephone) the garage because the car badly needs (service). 4. We could try (make) a dash for the car if it would only stop (rain) for a moment. 5. I’m sure you won’t regret (buy) the car, even though it needs (paint) and (oil). 6. I regret (say) that he’s clean forgotten ever (promise) me a job. 7. I don’t remember (take) my wallet out of my bag, but I must have done it when I stopped (buy) a paper. 8. As I told you, he’s rather deaf, so don’t forget (try) (shout) if he doesn’t answer the door at first. 9. I’ve considered (ask) him (raise) my salary but I don’t think he can afford (do) it. 10. If the machine happens (stop) (work), just telephone and arrange for the service engineer (call). 11. I can’t help (think) that we shouldn’t have agreed (lend) him our car. 12. If you’ve finished (use) the typewriter, I’d like (borrow) it for a while, so that I can get used to (type) on that machine.

Ex. 365. Translate into English.

1. Він забув, що вже телефонував мені, і подзвонив вдруге. Наприкінці розмови сказав:”Не забудь зателефонувати мені ввечорі”. 2. Моя дочка полюбляє готувати. Сьогодні вона хотіла б приготувати піццу з грибами. 3. Я намагаюся кинути палити. 4. Більшість людей віддають перевагу, тому щоб залишатися за містом у спекотні дні. А я б залюбки поїхала до моря. 5. Бабуся забороняє палити в квартирі. Вона дозволяє онукам палити на балконі. 6. Він ніколи не забуде, як уперше зустрів її. 7. Припини корити мене. Отже, ми зупинилися, щоб порозмовляти. 8. Жалкую, що сказав вам це. Не хвилюйся, все повинно бути добре! 9. Якщо ви хочете удосконалити свою англійську, ви можете спробувати дивиться американські фільми без перекладу. 10. Коли я був малюком, я часто ламав іграшки. 11. Підлогу треба натерти, килими почистити, а вікна вимити.

Participle I

Ex. 36 6.Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the function of Participle I.

1. I saw you dancing, and I’ll never be the same again! 2. This novel explores the healing power of love. 3. I will always be here waiting for you! 4. Her mother was always there for her and for John, advising them when they asked, rooting for them, cheering them on. Meredith had always been mother and father for them both. 5. My days are spent taking books off shelves and putting them back on the shelves. 6. The clock told him it was almost twelve thirty. Throwing down the pencil, he stood up, stretching his long legs. 7. There was such a freezing cold wind, and such heavy rain, that we all stayed indoors. 8. I love to watch my city waking up. 9. Sliding down off the tall stool, she lifted her arms above her head, did a few stretching exercises, and then walked across her studio, heading for the kitchen. 10. They sat down, continuing to look at her with curiosity. 11. Not giving him an opportunity to start the ball rolling, Meredith jumped in with both feet. 12. Being an architect and a designer, he was an extremely visual man and so it was her looks that had initially attracted him to her. 13. I spent the evening chatting to a visiting Russian priest.   14. Louise followed two steps behind her sister, mouth rattling non-stop.

Ex. 3 67 . Replace the subordinate clauses by participial phrases.

1. As I didn’t know Chinese, I had to turn to the guide help. 2. When it came out of the blue as it did, the question startled her. 3. The boy sat back in his chair, and bit his lower lip, and fought the sudden rush of emotions which filled his throat.    4. He ignored her question and went on reading. 5. Amelia sat quietly and waited for the conversation to come to an end. 6. Dennis got up and left abruptly his breakfast half eaten. 7. The leaves which were falling covered the earth which was waiting for the winter to come. 8. After she took a deep breath, she banged the door open and stood back to wait. 9. Nancy walked over to one of the French windows stopped there, looked out at the garden, and thought how arresting it looked. 10. He went and threw money around. 11. The old man sat and waited, and watched, and never got tired of his self-appointed task of keeping track of all who passed. 12. I pulled my tie off and flung it onto the sofa, and stretched out to read the paper, and listened to the crickets chirp, and then I felt the tensions of the workday disappear. 13. We were frustrated, for we hadbeen interpreting since early morning. 14. They watched the sun which was setting and admired the sight.

Ex. 3 68 . Join the groups of sentences, using participles, and making any necessary changes in the word order.

Example: 1. They found the treasure. They began quarrelling about how to divide it.
                Having foundthe treasure, they began quarrelling about how to divide it.

            2. He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on the bed. 

                Being exhaustedby his work, he threw himself on bed.

 I. 1. He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk. 2. She didn’t want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before. 3. She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking. 4. I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw. 5. We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park. 6. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we’d got lost. 7. She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn’t move it alone. 8. He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner. 9. I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out-of-date. 10. I didn’t like to sit down. I knew that the grass was very wet.

II. 1. I was away at the time of the disastrous floods. I could, therefore, do nothing to help with salvage work. 2. The world disappointed him. He became a monk. 3. The rescue party decided that it would be hopeless to carry out a search while the fog persisted. They put off their rescue bid until the next day. 4. He was brought up in the belief that pleasures were sinful. As a result, he now leads an ascetic life. 5. This letter was addressed to the wrong house. It never reached my friend. 6. He was very angry when his car broke down. He had had it serviced only a week before. 7. A new conception has been developed in theoretic linguistics. The conception is useful in language teaching. 8. The man lost interest in his work. He had been passed over in favour of an outsider when a senior position became vacant. 9. He had to put off buying a house. He was unable to borrow the money from any bank.

Ex. 3 69 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the function of Participle I.

1. Keeping in mind the terrain, the weather, and the length of the hike, decide what you need to take. 2. You shouldn’t waste time dwelling on that old situation.         3. Glancing at her, Patsy decided to say no more for the moment. 4. On the way back to Ripon she talked about other things, wanting to take Meredith’s mind off her mother. 5. You know, I racked my brains last night, trying to remember the name of the man Kate married. 6. She noticed a handsome grandfather clock standing in a corner.      7. He sat for a long time wandering in a world of dream and memory. 8. Reaching for the kettle, she filled it and put it on the cooktop to boil. 9. At that point, the mother came in carrying a large tray on which were the four suppers. 10. I lay awake all night, trembling with fear, and eyes wide open in horror, imagining ghosts in every corner.      11. Madagascar is a living zoo. 12. Let sleeping dogs lie. 13. The cat lay sleeping on the floor. 14. People ran in and out of the house, shouting and crying. 15. Sally spends all her time going to parties. 16. Maxim gave the photographs a last lingering glance before running to the door. Picking up his suitcase, he took a deep breath and went out.

Ex. 37 0 . Open the brackets using the Infinitive or Participle I.

1. He was silent, staring at her, and she could almost hear his mind (work). 2. Clare found herself (giggle) with him out of sheer nervousness. 3. When they saw me (come), they sprang apart. 4. I failed to see the guests (leave). 5. I looked out of the window and saw the rain (pour) down on the leafless garden. 6. They heard a key (turn) in a lock and then, suddenly, a light appeared in a light corner; a trap-door was being opened, letting in the light. They could see a strong hand (push) it up, and Dick reified his crossbow, waiting for somebody (appear). 7. After an hour’s rest I felt the tensions of the workday (disappear). 8. She glanced back and saw the stranger (follow) her slowly. 9. I saw the cup (slip) from her hand and (fall) to the floor. 10. We felt it (come) for a long time. 11. Helen returned to the hostel from the University to find her roommates (have) a surprise party. 12. The police saw the agent (stop) and (take) a few shots. 13. The parents watched their kids (laugh, talk and enjoy) themselves on the green lawn. 14. I saw the unhappy young man (sit) with a miserable expression. 15. We noticed him (give) a start and (turn) pale. 16. I felt as if I could feel her heart (beat). And then, all of a sudden, I heard her heart (stop) (beat). 17. I walked happily through the streets (watch) the town come to life.

Ex. 37 1 . Translate into English.

1. Я бачив, як ти танцюєш, і я ніколи цього не забуду. 2. Я чув, що ти гарно танцюєш. 3. Ми чули, що вона чудово танцювала у вчорашньому спектаклі “Лебедине озеро”. 4. Господарка спостерігала, як її гості складають валізи, і бачила, що їм не хотілося від’їжджати. 5. Я відчуваю, що ти не згоден зі мною, і це мене засмучує. 6. Я відчував, що щось рухалося в кімнаті, і побачив великого метелика, що літав під люстрою. 7. Він відчув, що хтось дихає за його спиною. 8. Ми зрозуміли, що він має почуття гумору. 9. Вона відчувала, що ця робота для неї (to be fit for). 10. Присутність молодої дівчини змусило його відчути себе молодим. 11. Я сподіваюся, що це важливо. 12. Ми почали розповідати пригоди, і це дозволило нам скоротити час. 13. Через деякий час він помітив, що його переслідує поліцейська машина. Він відчув, як закалаталося його серце. 14. Я відчула, як у мене камінь звалився з душі. 15. Ми чули, що вона поїхали до Лондону. Ось би і нам з ними! 16. Я вважаю його експертом у цій галузі. 17. Ми відчули, як закипає кава, і поспішили на кухню. 18. Повернувшись додому, він побачив, що діти лікували собаку. 19. Вони почули, як спрацювала нічна сигналізація, і побачили двох охоронців, що бігли до входу в банк.

Ex. 37 2 . Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate form of the Participle.

1. She stayed (to lock) in her room, (to refuse) to come downstairs. 2. He had a good practical knowledge of the language, (to work) as an interpreter for many years. 3. They went out as they had come, (to see) nobody and (to see) by no one on their way. 4. Except for the grand piano and the pianist (to sit) before it, the stage was empty. 5. He looked so beautiful and peaceful, (to sit) in that chair under the tree. 6. He looked at the scene (to shake) to the depth of his heart. 7. The boy came out of the water, all blue and (to shake): from head to foot. 8. (To arrive) at the airport where he was to change, he had to wait for three hours for the connection. 9. (To arrive) in the town about twenty years before, he had succeeded thereafter beyond his wildest expectations. 10. (To support) by her elbow, Mary listened to their talk. 11. (To support) her by his arm, he helped her out of the carriage. 12. The girl was fascinated by the dark surface of the water (to reflect) the stars. 13. The young foliage of the trees, (to reflect) in the river, looked like lace. 14. I saw the figure of an old woman (to come) towards me. 15. My brother is a soldier just (to come) back home on leave. 16. He retired (to leave) the laboratory in the hands of a talented successor. 17. He retired (to turn)the laboratory into a big research centre. 18. (To finish) their meal, they went for a stroll in the park. 19. (To look) through the paper, he gave it to the secretary to be typed. 20. The room had a musty smell as though (not to live) in for quite a time. 21. My father hates being disturbed when (to engage) in some kind of work. 22. He always keeps a diary while (to travel).

Ex . 37 3 . Translate into English.

1. Я ще не продивився всіх журналів, що прислали нам з Росії. 2. Я вже перевірив усі твори, що писали студенти моєї групи. 3. Усі студенти, що брали участь у цьому проекті, повинні прибути до академії о 6 годині вечора. 4. Оскільки в нього було удосталь часу (мав багато часу), він пішов до вокзалу пішки.             5. Переходячи міст, я зустрів Дмитра. 6. Ви повинні бути дуже уважними, коли граєте в шахи. 7. Будучи дуже втомленим, я вирішив залишитися вдома.                8. Протягом довгого часу ми сиділи в саду, розмовляючи про нашу поїздку до моря. 9. Він поклав дитину, що вже спала, на диван. 10. Вони швидко йшли, розмовляючи з великим інтересом. 11. Вчора я прочитав цікаве оповідання, де описано життя шахтарів. 12. Читаючи це оповідання, я натрапив на кілька цікавих виразів. 13. Будучи гарним інженером, він зміг виконати цю роботу в короткий термін. 14. Він сидів за столом, проглядаючи кореспонденцію, що була отримана напередодні. 15. Чекаючи на маршрутне таксі, я побачив Ганну. 16. Залізницю, яка єднає це село з містом, було побудовано минулого року. 17. Оповідання, надруковані в цьому журналі, дуже цікаві. 18. Я сподіваюся, що ви не зробите тих самих помилок, які зробили в минулому диктанті. 19. Людина, що сиділа біля вікна, дивилася на дітей, які гралися в саду. 20. Погасивши світло, він ліг спати. 21. Прочитавши листа, він поклав його в шухляду столу. 22. Увійшовши до кімнати, він увімкнув світло, сів до столу і почав працювати. 23. Почувши кроки в коридорі, я вийшов з кімнати.

Ex . 374. Read and translate the sentences. Point out the verbal nouns.

1. At the core of Internet is a sharing of information. 2. It’s the getting of the American visas, Theodora. Very difficult it is. 3. Thanks to Fred we no longer had the difficult financing. 4. The committee pretends to ignore all the kidding. 5. Something tells me that these young men should have a talking to. 6. You know that our parents will kill you if you ruin the new wall-to-wall carpeting. 7. The barking and howling of the dog kept me awake. 8. The man’s shouting scared me to death. 9. A born flunky, Fernando loved gossip and the telling of it. 10. Blanche interrupted her musings. 11. The insistent ringing of the telephone awakened Meredith with a sudden start. 12. Then the clapping grew louder and the singing became more enthusiastic. 13. This story is not about the suffering of great heroes, or the sufferings of the mighty. 14. The sobbing of the two women slowly began to subside. 15. She was seized by a terrible weeping. 16. “I’m the one who’s been doing most of the talking,” she said with an apologetic smile. 17. And the bickering. How did you close your eyes to that? 18. We have a chance for a gathering today. 19. The monotonous ticking of the clock told Dina she had little time to waste. 20. In two or three years with the proper coaching she could be brought up to university standard.

Ex. 37 5 . Read and translate the sentences. Define the verbals and their functions.

1. Not wanting to stir up bad memories, he said carefully, “I got the impression you didn’t have a very good childhood.” 2. The cause of your tiredness is an emotional problem. Or you could be depressed without knowing it. 3. Closing her eyes, she tried to push the fear away, not understanding why she was so frightened. 4. It’s easy to get injured in a football match without knowing how it happened. 5. Since I live in the land of political correctness, my car is the only place where I can smoke without getting dirty looks. 6. Not willing to take “no” for an answer, Norris came up with a plan.    7. Not knowing quite how to begin, she started in a roundabout way. 8. The boy made it home without running into more trouble. 9. Without ever having been told, he knew intuitively that Irina would be closely tied to the movement. 10. Maxim glanced at the first page and put the paper down, not being in the mood to read it. 11. Not a day went by without her thinking of them. 12. One day, as she was scolding me, I suddenly threw a question at her. The words just came out without my planning to say them. 13. Not giving him a chance to say another word, Meredith walked rapidly to the elevator. 14. Forgive me for bursting in on you like this without warning. 15. After hanging up the coat in the hall closet, Teddy crept gingerly up the stairs, having no wish to disturb her aunt. 16. On the doorstep, Harry Potter rolled over inside his blankets without waking up. The boy slept on, not knowing he was special, not knowing he was famous, not knowing he would be woken in a few hours’ time by Mrs.’s scream as she opened the front door to put out the milk bottles.

Ex. 37 6 . Translate into English.

1. Ніколи не підписуйте аркуші, не прочитавши. 2. Не знаючи а ні імені, а ні адреси дівчини, він боявся, що ніколи її не знайде. 3. Його відправили до поліцейського відділка без висунення яких-небудь звинувачень. 4. Дитина розбирала нову іграшку, не приховуючи своєї допитливості. 5. Неможливо купити цю картину раніше, ніж вона буде виставлена не вернісажі. 6. Вона ніколи не може помити посуд без того, щоб щось не розбити. 7. Те, що в мене не було друзів, ускладнювало ситуацію. 8. Альпіністи рухалися до вершини, не звертаючи уваги а ні на пекуче сонце, а ні на сніжні лавини. Не бажаючи привертати чию-небудь увагу, агент загубився в натовпі. 10. Не впізнавши, вона пройшла повз мене.       11. Вони взялися за справу, не усвідомлюючи, до чого це може призвести. 12. Не очікуючи подальших вказівок, поліцейські кинулися до літака. 13. Вони не пасують один одному. Вони й п’яти хвилин не можуть провести разом, щоб не посваритися. 14. Дощ йде вже тиждень, і, здається, не збирається ущухати.                  15. Вони увійшли, не постукавши, і зупинилися як укопані, не вірячи своїм очам.

Ex. 3 77 . Read and translate the sentences. Find Nominative Absolute Constructions and state their functions.

1. Eyes bright, Peg shot up her head. 2. Nose in the air, she walked right past me. 3. Head down, the bull charged straight at the man. 4. Chin on his chest, Finch dozed. 5. My fears laid to rest, I climbed into the plane for my first solo flight. 6. I stood on the deck, the wind whipping my hair. 7. His voice breaking with emotion, Ed thanked us for the award. 8. The naughty boy was carried upstairs, arms waving and legs kicking. 9. Arms linked, the two women walked over to the sofa, and sat down. 10. Now she stood at the front door, her hand on the brass knocker. 11.Pulling open the door leading into the hall, Maxim suddenly stopped dead, one foot poised on the step. 12. “Don’t tell me he’s proposed to you already!” Ketti cried, sitting up in the bed, her eyes flashing and flying open in surprise and alarm. 13. My knuckles white, my hair standing on end, my stomach heaving, I gripped the wheel of the skidding car. 14. Horns honking, truck drivers yelling, policemen whistling, the traffic inched along. 15. Forehead wrinkled, mouth pursed, watch ticking, Reese studied the board. 16. Shoulders hunched, hair streaming in the wind, toes curled over the edge of the board, Jackie rode the big wave. 17. Catherine sat studying the illustration on her drawing board, her head held on one side, her eyes narrowed slightly as she assessed her work.

Ex. 3 78. Make up sentences or situations, using the following as Nominative Absolute Constructions.

The weather being unusually hot, the situation being urgent, the experiment proving fruitless, there being no witnesses, the inspection revealing new details, the circumstances being favourable, it being rather frosty, this done, introductions over, such being the state of things, there being no way out, the reception over, her mind turning again to business, no one in sight.

Ex. 3 79 . Comment on the participles in the following extracts.

1. She sat waiting patiently, watching Kate moving with swiftness, bringing plates of sandwiches and scones to the table, turning off the whistling kettle, pouring hot water onto the tea leaves in the brown teapot, which, as Kate always said, made the tea taste all that much better.

2. All through that weekend, as Teddy watched them enjoying so many different things together, talking about football, cricket, flying, sport cars, she came to understand how much Maxim must have missed a masculine influence in his life at home, with only her and Aunt Ketti to keep him company.

3. Walking to school in the mornings, Charlie could see great stabs of chocolate piled up high in the shop windows, and he would stop and stare and press his nose against the glass, his mouth watering like mad. Many times a day, he would see other children taking bars of creamy chocolate out of their pockets and munching them greedily, and that, of course, was pure torture.

4. The child nodded her understanding and reached for a sausage roll, eating it slowly but with great relish. Once she had finished, she sat eyeing the plates of sandwiches hungrily. There were various kinds – cucumber, tomato and egg salad. Mari’s mouth watered, but because her mother had taught her manners, had told her never to grab for food greedily, she waited for a second or two, sipped the glass of milk her mother had placed next to her plate. Presently, when she thought enough time had elapsed, she reached for a cucumber sandwich and bit into it, savouring its moist crispiness.

5. Meredith walked over to the window, stood looking out at the garden, her mind on her mother. Turning around, she gave Eunice a penetrating look and asked, ”Did you ever run into my mother in the ensuing years?”

6. Charlie’s grandparents were over ninety. All days long they lay huddled in their one bed, dozing the time away with nothing to do. But as soon as they heard the door opening, and heard Charlie’s voice, saying, “Good evening”, all of them would suddenly sit up, and their faces would light up with smiles of pleasure – and the talking would begin. For they loved this little boy. Often, Charlie’s mother and father would come in as well, and stand by the door, listening to the stories that the old people told, and this room would become a happy place, and the whole family would forget that they were hungry and poor.

Ex.38 0 . Translate into English.

1. Картини, що висять у цьому залі, належать пензлю Левітана, Полєнова, Рєпіна. 2. Картини, що висіли у залі №5, зараз реставруються. 3. Сукня, що виставлена у вітрині магазина, коштує ціле багатство. 4. Сукня, що висіла у вітрині магазину, зникла. 5. Дівчинка, що катається на гойдалках, – моя онучка. 6. Хлопчик, що катався тут на велосипеді, забіг купатися в річку. 7. Учора була відкрита нова лінія метро, що єднає цей район з центром міста. 8. Панамський канал, що єднає Тихий океан з Атлантичним океаном, був офіційно відкритий у 1920 році. 9. Гелікоптер, що літає над шосе, переслідує чорний джип. 10. Літак, що летів до Бразилії, зник з поля зору годину тому. 11. Студенти-медики не могли не захоплюватися хірургом, що провів цю унікальну операцію. 12. Хірург, що зробив цю операцію, обіцяв пацієнту швидке одужання. 13. Його увагу привернула дівчина, що сиділа навпроти нього в метро. 14. Дівчина, що сиділа навпроти нього у вагоні, раптом встала й вийшла. 15. Через відкриті двері ми могли чути студентів, що репетирували новорічний концерт. Студенти, що готувалися до фонетичного конкурсу, вже пішли. 

Ex. 38 1 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the difference in the functions of the verbals.

1. Being short-sighted, she wears contact lenses. Being short-sighted can cause problems. 2. Reaching the crest of the hill, we stopped to admire the view. Reaching the crest of the hill will take all my strength. 3. Being rather absent-minded, he tends to forget things. Being absent- minded can cause serious troubles. 4. Having no money, they decided to stay at home. Having no money can’t stop them from marrying.      5. Not having a work permit, he couldn’t get a job. Not having a work permit can be the reason for being refused. 6. Fastening their seat belts, they prepared to land. Fastening your seat belt is a must when the plane takes off and lands. 7. Feeling tired, I decided to go to bed. Feeling tired is no excuse for being rude to your children. 8. Being ambitious, he hopes to get promotion. Being ambitious is the driving force to success.

Ex. 382. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use the right form of Participle I.

1. She blushed because she was embarrassed. 2. I left the party early because I felt out of place. 3. The little boy tore his trousers when he climbed up the tree. 4. The students were bored so they started to fidget. 5. I was caught unawares and I was at a loss for words. 6. She was unable to sleep so she took a couple of sleeping pills. 7. The police couldn’t make an arrest as they didn’t have enough evidence. 8. The children had to go back to school because the holidays were over. 9. As I’d already eaten, I wasn’t hungry. 10. After the Prime Minister had lost the election, he resigned. 11. As I’d enjoyed the book, I decided to see the film. 12. He had to climb through the window because he had lost the key. 13. I don’t know whether I like it or not because I haven’t tried it before.       14. Now that the student has passed First Certificate, she’s hoping to take the Proficiency. 15. As she has been late for work every day, she’s in danger of losing her job.

Ex. 38 3 . Change the sentences according to the example.

Example: The weather was bad so they decided to stay at home. – The weather being bad, they decided to stay at home.

              The demand for cars has fallen because petrol has gone up in price. – Petrol having gone up in price, the demand for cars has fallen.

1. There was a queue so they had to wait. 2. It was late so they decided to go home. 3. After the programme had finished, they went to bed. 4. As the boss was out, the secretary took the message. 5. All the shops were closed because it was Sunday. 6. After the film started, everyone stopped talking. 7. Her husband committed adultery so she decided to get a divorce. 8. There was no coffee left so they had tea instead. 9. The castle was haunted so nobody wanted to live there. 10. After the operation had been completed, the patient was wheeled back to the ward. 11. It was the height of the season so all the hotels were full. 12. A lot of people have given up smoking because cigarettes have gone up in price.      13. The student forgot the meaning of the word so he had to look it up in the dictionary. 14. As I didn’t want the responsibility of deciding, I tossed a coin. 15. As the driver was caught exceeding the speed limit, he had to pay a fine.

Participle II

Ex. 384. Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the functions of Participle II.

1. The clipped, dark green hedges of the garden were covered with a light frosting of snow. 2. There was a collection of blue and white porcelain effectively arranged on an oak console table. 3. Raised in Wyoming, David sometimes writes songs about sad cowboys. 4. The wounded were transported in a jam-packed lorry. 5. Where are you? I am totally lost without you. 6. Where have you been? What have you seen? 7. Lost in the world of imagination, I forgot my sad, lonely existence for a while. 8. He was tired of sitting, and he felt cramped after the drive from Paris. 9. The figure outlined against the sky seemed unable to move. 10. The mouse, frightened, darted off into a hole. 11. Shocked into silence, they kept their gaze fixed on the odd creature. 12. Left behind at the office, Dolores wept over the scattered papers. 13. The socks lost in the dryer were her favourites. 14. The girl sat silently as if transported into another world. 15. He forgets everything. He must have his head tested. The sooner the better. 16. We took care to have the gate washed. 17. My dentist advises me to have my teeth cupped. 18. “Gone with the Wind” is a fascinating and unforgettable book. 19. She arrived at her father-in-law’s office unannounced. He looked startled and put out by her unexpected visit, but being a gentleman of the old school, he invited her into his inner office. 20. The child sat on a rock perched high up on the river’s bank. Elbows on knees, chin cupped in hands, she sat perfectly still, her eyes turned on the family of ducks circling around on the surface of the dark water, listening to the splashes of water rushing down the dappled stones of the river’s bed. 21. “Money shared makes love grow stronger, money given kills it dead,” Celeste held it firm.

Ex. 38 5 . Complete the sentences with the expressions from the below.

1. I’m starving! The only thing I ... in at the movement is food. 2. The students … in many extracurricular activities. 3. Adam ... to his childhood sweetheart. 4. The committee … to the new tax plan. 5. My earrings ... of gold. 6. – Where is my purse? – It ... ! – Oh no, not again! 7. What’s the matter, boys? … you ... ? 8. The day before Christmas, the stores … with last-minute shoppers. 9. George isn’t doing well in school this semester. He ... about his grades. 10. My T-shirt … of cotton. 11. Unfortunately I … not …for that job. 12. Richard loves his family very much. He … to them. 13. Water ... of hydrogen and oxygen 14. Vietnam ... in Southeast Asia. 15. What a hectic life! I ... .

 be crowded, be made, be lost, be worried, be made, be interested, be involved, be gone, be qualified, be devoted, be composed, be engaged, be opposed, be exhausted, be located

Ex. 38 6 . Change the sentences so as to use Participle II.

1. The events and the characters which are described in this book are purely fictional. 2. The house, which was built two hundred years ago, stood in a long green valley. He applied for a job. It was advertised in the paper. The bride walked down the aisle. She was accompanied by her father. 5. The millionaire bought a picture. It was painted by Picasso. 6. They were driven from the country by persecution. They had to emigrate. 7. He was disowned by his parents. He was forced to stand on his own feet. 8. They were disappointed with the meal. They complained to the manager. 9. The tourist was arrested for shoplifting. She had to pay a fine. 10. The suspect was arrested by the police. He turned out to be the wrong man. 11. The church was built in the fifteenth century. It’s in need of repair. 12. The old painting was found in a dustbin. It turned out to be worth a fortune. 13. You borrowed the books from the library. They’re now overdue. 14. Napoleon was born in 1769. He was Emperor of France. 15. The girl went to the party. Her boyfriend accompanied her. 16. His words had the effect which he desired.

Ex. 3 87 . Comment on the function of Participle II.

1. I slaved all my life to have my sons educated. 2. The king had the conspirators shot. 3. If you leave the door open, you will have your house robbed. 4. He is so slow that he never gets his work done. 5. I had my foot caught in the door and couldn’t get it free. 6. It took four men to have the piano removed to the upper floor. 7. This book will soon get finished. 8. – What’s the time? – Isn’t it time you had your watch repaired? 9. The shop had the labels made for the new collection. 10. She had Gerald cornered and he had to tell her everything. 11. The family has come to the church to have the Easter cake and the eggs hallowed. 12. If you can’t beat them, arrange to have them beaten.

Ex. 3 88 . Complete the following sentences using the verbs get or have something d one.

1. I must get to the optician’s to … . 2. She went to the dentist to ... . 3. This coat is too long. I will ... . 4. The piano is out of tune. You must ... . 5. Teresa will have to run to the chemist’s to ... . 6. Hard work is the best way to ... . 7. As Bill couldn’t find a suit to fit him, he had to ... . 8. This article is too long, I shall never … . 9. If someone touched a hot iron, he ... . 10. The work of a lazy man never … . 11. Let us ... this business … as soon as possible. 12. You will ruin your reputation if … . 13. I must take my dog Patrick to the vet’s to ... . 14. Peter’s wife can’t stand his beard. So he is going to the barber’s to ... . 15. We need a special cake for the wedding. We must go to the confectioner’s to … .

Ex. 3 89. Read and translate the text Comment on the words in italic type.

“You are a vile, repulsive, repellent, malicious little brute!” the Trunchbull was shouting. “You are not fit to be in this school! You ought to be behind bars, that’s where you ought to be! I shall have yon drummed out of this establishment in utter disgrace! I shall have the prefects chase you down the corridor and out of the front-door with hockey-sticks! I shall have the staff escort you home under armed guard! And then I shall make absolutely sure you are sent to a reformatory for delinquent girls for the minimum of forty years!” The Trunchbull was in such a rage that her face had taken on a boiled colour and little flecks of froth were gathering at the corners of her mouth. But she was not the only one who was losing her cool. Matilda was also beginning to see red. She didn’t in the least mind being accused of having done something she had actually done. She could see the justice of that. It was, however, a totally new experience for her to be accused of a crime that she definitely had not committed. She had had absolutely nothing to do with that beastly creature in the glass. By golly, she thought, that rotten Trunchbull isn’t going to pin this one on me! “I did not do it!” she screamed.

                                                                                                                  (after R. Dahl) Ex. 39 0 . Translate into English.

1. Кожна жінка знає, що коли вона не в гуморі, вона повинна купити щось новеньке для себе або зробити нову зачіску. 2. Мені подарували золоті сережки. Треба проколоти вуха. 3. Мені знову розбили вікно в автомобілі. Треба терміново встановити сигналізацію. 4. Три місяці тому ми подали заявку на встановлення нового телефону. Ми все ще чекаємо. 5. Треба пройти техогляд. Але спочатку треба замінити покришки, зарядити акумулятор, залити бак.  6. У нього відібрали права за те, що він порушив правила руху. 7. Дивись, щоб тобі не прищипнуло пальці дверима. 8. У моєї бабусі часті головні болі. Їй треба перевірити судини.     9. – Реклама говорить, якщо хочеш мати розкішну усмішку, треба відбілити зуби. – Мені треба їх спочатку запломбувати. 10. Якщо ти не хочеш, щоб у тебе знову вкрали автомобіль, держи його в гаражі, а не на вулиці. 11. Мені треба зробити в кімнаті шафи з дверима, що розсуваються. 12. Вони збираються охрестити свою дитину наступної неділі. 13. Вам треба підписати всі аркуші раніше, ніж іти до юриста. 14. Доки не прийшла зима, мені треба здати до хімчистки всі зимові речі. 15. У нього вітром здуло капелюха і віднесло далеко в море. Треба купувати новий. 16. Для мене знайшли кімнату. 17. Їм повинні встановити нову копіювальну машину в четвер. 18. Фермер зібрав урожай наприкінці серпня.

Ex. 39 1 . Use the right form of the verbs in brackets. Use prepositions if necessary.

1. Do you remember (say) it a few months ago? 2. We are tired (push around). 3. Who is responsible (clean) the rooms? 4. The whole house needs (redecorate). 5. She loved (sing) at the top of her voice. 6. Congratulations on (pass) your driving test! 7. I am not afraid (misunderstand). 8. Have you finished (talk) yet? 9. Nobody wants Laura (hurt).     10. “Money should (make) to work,” she announced. 11. As a financial man you should know that money is a tool (use) to make more money. 12. The candidates waited for the questions (distribute). 13. Are you afraid (punish)? 14. We all enjoyed (swim) in the cool lake. 15. Justice should (do). It must (do) in the name of those millions who died. 16. What can’t (cure), must (endure).

Ex . 39 2 . Translate into English.

1. Він стояв, мовби громом прибитий. Непередбачений поворот подій змусив його відчути себе переможеним. 2. Уявіть собі, як багато чого ми ще не знаємо, як багато чого залишається ще прихованим від нас. 3. Ми цінуємо всі зусилля, зроблені вами. 4. Сконструйований за останнім словом техніки, автомобіль визвав всеохоплюючий інтерес. 5. Гості роз’їхалися, вельми заінтриговані.        6. Хліб, що печуть у цій пекарні, особливо смачний. 7. Давайте будемо вважати цю справу вирішеною. 8. Вона виглядала дуже ображеною. 9. Увійшовши до їдальні, ми знайшли наш стіл вже накритим. 10. Методи, використані для тестування студентів, не завжди ефективні. 11. Давно забуті мрії ожили в його душі. 12. Маленька дівчинка ридала над розбитою іграшкою. 13. Обіцянка, яку вона дала в останню мить, обтяжувала її. 14. Коли цей роман було екранізовано, він мав миттєвий успіх. 15. Непомічений, він уважно спостерігав усе та всіх.   16. Зів’яла троянда – символ давно забутого кохання. 17. Заново відремонтований, будинок виглядав новим, мов убраним як на весілля.             18. Залишений на самоті, хлопчик почав розбирати нову іграшку. 

Revision

Ex . 39 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms.

Dear Sir / Madam,

As I dine out regularly in good restaurants I am accustomed 1)…to receiving…(receive) service of the highest standard. The staff at your establishment could certainly not be accused 2) … (provide) this! In addition 3) … (be)extremely rude, the waitress who served us was also guilty 4) … (get) our order wrong twice. My wife was also very upset 5) … (be) told that she shouldn’t be so impatient. The chef too, seemed incapable 6) … do) anything right. As well 7) … (forget) to heat up our soup, he burnt my steak and overcooked my wife’s vegetables. All I can say is that he is obviously used 8) … (cook) for very uncritical diners. To make matters worse, the waitress tried to prevent us 9) … (leave) the restaurant because we hadn’t left a tip! I’m not interested 10) … (get) my money back but I am looking forward 11) … (hear) from you in the near future with a full apology to my wife and myself 12) … (spoil) our 25^th wedding anniversary.

                                                                                                         Yours faithfully,

                                                                                                         Michael Crawford 

Ex. 39 4 . Complete the sentences using an infinitive or an –ing form:

1. City life is too busy for me; I really miss ..living.. in the country. 2. We had to postpone … tennis because of the bad weather. 3. She goes … at the pool every weekend. 4. If you will keep … so much, you’re bound to get fat. 5. She’s been training so hard recently that she deserves … the race. 6. He couldn’t sleep, so I suggested his … some warm milk. 7. Because of his fear of jellyfish, he doesn’t like … in the sea. 8. I’d rather like … my uncle in Chicago one day. 9. That man seems to be having trouble … his car. Why don’t you give him a push? 10. Mr. Roberts is much too old … climbing like he used to. 11. Before the interview, I was required …. an application form. 12. The dog seems … hungry – you’d better feed him. 13. Becoming an Olympic athlete involves … for years. 14. Would you ever consider … married to someone twice your age? 15. I much prefer … letters to … on the telephone. 16. Let me be the first … you on your remarkable success. 17. I’m sorry … that I’ll be unable to attend the meeting tomorrow. 18. He said he would prefer … the train to London rather than … his mother’s old car. 19. It’s no use … to university if you don’t intend to study. 20. I think you should give up … because you have a very poor voice.

Ex. 39 5 . Read the texts, translate them and comment on the verbals.

1. Meredith cleared her throat, and went on, “I never had any sense of identity when I was young. Not knowing who you are and where you come from is very frightening. It’s almost like being a non-person. Since I didn’t have an identity, I invented myself. But now getting my birth certificate means a great deal to me.”

2. Always, in the past, Meredith had used work to subjugate heartache, bring it to heal. Workings hard until she dropped had enabled her to keep her mind off her troubles, to function properly.

3. Left alone, Meredith and Eunice looked at each other carefully without speaking. It was Eunice who finally said at last, “You’ve grown up to be a wonderful-looking woman, and you’ve certainly made a go of it, you really have. Living in America, owning all these inns.”

4. Reed Jamison was speechless. In all of his forty-one years he had never been discarded by a woman. He had always been the one to end affairs or start them, controlling, manipulating, pulling the puppet’s strings and getting his own way. He continued to stare at Meredith. She was the only woman who had ever bested him, and a terrible rage began to fulminate in him. He leapt to his feet, glaring at her. “I’m glad I found out what kind of woman you really are! Before I made the terrible mistake of marrying you!” he shouted.

5. After that she managed to put the matter out of her mind; she had always had the ability to pigeonhole problems until it was the appropriate time to deal with them. And so she managed to get through the next few days without dwelling too much on her health or mental state.

6. After this sleepless night I was eager to see Mr. Rochester in the morning, but there was no sign of him. He had obviously told the servants that he had accidentally set fire to his room by knocking over a lighted candle. As I passed his bedroom, I saw Grace sitting inside, calmly mending the curtains. She certainly did not look mad enough to have tried to murder her master. But I decided to investigate.

Ex. 39 6 . Open the brackets to make the story complete. Retell it.

Finding Shelter

 After (travel) for two days in the coach, I was put down at a crossroads on the moor, with no money or possessions, as I realized now that I had left my parcel inside the coach. I was glad (see) there were no towns around as I did not want people (question) me or pity me. After (search) for quite a long time, I found a dry place (sleep), there (be) no rain and it (be) a warm night.

In the morning I happened (find) a small village. I needed all my courage (knock) on some of the doors, (ask) if there was any (pay) work I could do, only (refuse) politely. And I could not (bring) myself (beg) for food, although by now I felt weak and faint. All I ate that day was a piece of bread, which I still had to beg from afarmer (eat) his supper. The next day I spent (walk) from house to house, (look) in vain for work. By the end of the day I began (wonder) why I should struggle (stay) alive, when I not (want) (live).

The wind and the rain (beat) down on me, I finally arrived at a long, low house, (stand) (isolate) in the middle of the moor. (Hide) near the door, I could (see) into the kitchen through a small (uncurtain) window. I saw an elderly woman (mend) clothes, and two young ladies, who seemed (learn) a language with dictionaries. The ladies looked so kind and sensible, that I dared (knock) at the door. The elderly woman opened it, but she (must) (think) I was a thief or a beggar, because she refused (let) (speak) to the young ladies. The door closed firmly, (shut) me out from the warmth inside.

I dropped on to the wet doorstep, (prepare) (die). There the young ladies’ brother found me, (return) home a few minutes later, and he insisted (bring) me into the house. They gave me bread and milk, and asked my name. “Jane Elliot,” I replied. I did not want anyone (know) who I was and where I had come from. (See) that I was too tired (speak), they helped me upstairs to a bedroom. For three days and nights I lay in bed (exhaust) by my experiences. When I felt strong enough (go) downstairs, the sisters looked after me very kindly, and made me (feel) welcome in their pleasant home. They were sensitive enough (avoid) (ask) questions which would hurt me. I told them only that, after (leave) Lowood school, I became a governess in a wealthy family, where an unfortunate event made me (run) away. I offered them (do) any kind of work, (teach), (sew), (clean), so that I (can) (become) independent again.

                                                                                                (after Charlotte Bront ё)

Ex. 397 . Supply Infinitives and ing-forms for the following texts:

I. Saturday. It was the day on which he had promised … his landlady (to pay). He had expected something … up all through the week (to turn). Yet he had found no work. All he could do now was ... her that he could not pay the bill (to tell). But he hadn’t the courage ... the woman (to face). It was the middle of June. The night was warm. He made up his mind … out (to stay). … down the Embankment, he kept … to himself that he had always tried … what he thought best, but everything had gone wrong (to walk, to say, to do). He was ashamed of … so many lies to his friends (to tell). It had been absurd … his pride … him from … for assistance (to let, to prevent, to ask). Now his lies made it impossible for him …to anyone for help (to turn). But it was no good … about it (to think).

 II. When my sister Anne was six years old, I saved her from … (to kidnap). At the end of the war there were rumours about strange men who lured little children into quiet places with promises of toys and sweets, persuaded them into …about their parents and if the parents turned out … of no further interest to them, they usually left the children … their way home in tears (to talk, to be, to find). So my parents spent a great deal of time … Anne about. … to strange men (to warn, to talk). One day, Anne went out … inthe street after tea and could not be found an hour later (to play). We looked through … streets, but no one had seen her (to surround). My father went off in the car … for her, and I decided … in the park (to look, to search). Some boys there told me that they had seen a small girl in a blue dress … a cricket match, and someone else said that she had been seen … off with a man who was pushing a bicycle (to watch, to walk). The chances were against this child … my sister, but I walked off in the direction in which they had been seen … (to be, to walk). This brought me to a back alley. I called Anne’s name, and was surprised … her voice … back (to hear, to call).

Ex . 398 . Translate into English.

1. Не знаючи правил гри, вони пішли, не взявши участі в ній. 2. Почувши приголомшливі новини, вона не змогла не розплакатися від щастя. 3. Не наполягайте, щоб я виступила. Я прийшла, щоб розслабитися. Я з таким нетерпінням чекала на цю подію. 4. Наші партнери, що працювали з нами в Нідерландах, зараз працюють у Бельгії. 5. Раніше, ніж ми поїдемо, нам треба ще так багато зробити: почистити зимові речі, підстригтися, пройти техогляд.    6. Малюк перестав плакати тільки тоді, коли мати зупинилася, щоб купити йому шоколадку. 7. Ви можете запобігти складних ситуацій, якщо будете більш терплячі, стримані та винахідливі. 8. Ми подякували йому за допомогу. 9. Він безперечно прийде. Він достатньо розумний, щоб зрозуміти, що ми саме ті люди, які йому допоможуть. 9. Її манера вдягатися дратує мене. 10. Нам повідомили, що він змінив своє рішення. 11. Через вікно можна було побачити, що водій чекає біля автомобіля. 12. Його не бачили весь тиждень. Кажуть, що він у відпустці. А я й не знав. 13. Приїхавши до готелю, він знайшов телеграму, що чекала тут на нього.

Ex. 399 . Open the brackets to make the story complete. Retell it.

Deciding the Future

 Now Mr. Rochester was becoming angry, and he looked as if he (be) about (lose) control. But I knew I still had the power (calm) him. So I took his hand and stroked it, (say), “I do love you, but there is only one thing for me (do). I must (leave) you. If I (live) with you like that, I (be) your mistress.” “Jane, I want you (listen) to my story. My father loved money very much and he hated the idea (divide) the family property, sohe left it all to my elder brother. I (have to) marry a rich girl. Very soon I (discover) that my bride’s mother was mad and that it ran in the family. We lived for four years. She was course and stupid, and her madness also made her violent.

Well, in moments of despair I intended (shoot) myself, but in the end I decided (bring) the mad woman here. Once she nearly burnt me in my bed, and the second time she visited you. She must (remind) of her own wedding day at (see) your wedding dress. I travelled all over Europe, Jane, (look) for an ideal, for a woman (love). Finally, bitter and disappointed, I returned to Thornfield on a frosty winter afternoon. And when my horse slipped and fell on the ice, a little figure appeared and insisted (help) me. Soon I began (depend) on you for my happiness.”

“Don’t talk any more of the past, sir,” I said, (wipe) a secret tear from my eye. “No, Jane, it was stupid of me (marry) you like that without (explain). I should (confess) everything as I do now. I promise (love) you for ever” “No, sir, it (be) wicked to do what you want. You can only (trust) in God and yourself. Live without (do) wrong, and die (hope) to go to heaven.” “But you have no family (offend) (live) with me!” He was beginning (sound) desperate. I knew that what he said was true. However, in my heart I also knew I had the right (leave). He seemed (read) my thoughts. (Rush) furiously across the room, he stared fiercely into my eyes. I stared firmly back at him. He (can) (break) me in two with one hand, but he (can) not (break) my spirit. “Goodbye, my dear master!” I said. “May God (protect) you!”

That night I only slept a little, (dream) of the red room at Gateshead. The moonlight shone into my bedroom, and suddenly I saw a white figure on the ceiling (look) down at me. It seemed (whisper) to my spirit, “Daughter, leave now before you are tempted (stay).” “Mother, I will,” I answered. I woke up (find) that it was still night. I wrapped up some clothes in a parcel, and crept downstairs, (fear) lest Mr. Rochester (hear) me (leave) his house. While (go) down, I (can) (hear) my master (walk) up and down and (sigh). I could (find) heaven in this room if I (want). But I stopped (reproach) myself and went miserably out of the house.

(Walk) along on the road, I could not (help) (think) of Mr. Rochester’s despair at (find) himself abandoned. I hated myself for (wound) him. I wanted desperately (be) with him, (comfort) him, but somehow I made myself (keep) (walk). When I heard a coach (pass) by, I arranged (travel) on it as far as my money (allow). Inside the coach I cried the bitterest tears of my life.

                                                                                               (after Charlotte Bront ё)

Ex. 40 0 . Translate into English.

1. – Якби я був лікарем, я б знайшов ліки від ста хвороб. – Справді? Припини говорити нісенітницю. Можна подумати, що ніхто і ніколи не намагався це зробити. 2. Ви, напевно, прийняли мене за мого брата-близнюка. Інакше б ви не зупинили мене. 3. Господар почав знайомити гостей один з одним, немов вони ніколи раніше не зустрічалися. 4. Не можу встояти, щоб не поставити вам особисте питання. – Можна? – Вам варто було це зробити вже давно. У мене немає секретів, які я міг би приховувати. 5. Ми стояли на пустій вулиці, не розуміючи, що робити. Треба було знайти місце, де переночувати. 6. Ви тільки погляньте! Ліки, приписані лікарем, зробили чудо. Дитина виглядає так, ніби вона й не хворіла весь тиждень. 7. Пора вже тобі припинити жартувати з молодшою сестричкою! На твоєму місці я б учора допомогла їй розв’язати задачу, і зараз вона не плакала б над двійкою. 8. Терпіти не можу запізнюватися на заняття. – Добре було б, якщо би всі так ставилися до навчання. 9. Вам важко догодити, мадам! І заперечувати це не можна! 10. Сучасні міста стали дуже великими, щоб їх можна було контролювати. І нам доводиться дуже дорого сплачувати за привілею жити у великому місті. 11. – Невже ти справді не пройшла співбесіду? Ти, напевно, дуже нервувала. Варто було б мені піти з тобою. – Та ні, просто я не підготувалася як слід. 12. Ми були щасливі, що нам вручили дипломи. Нічого не скажеш, ми їх заслужили. 13. Вони обидва такі надзвичайні люди, але ніяк не можуть знайти спільну мову. 14. Концерт повинен був відбутися на стадіоні, але, оскільки почався сильний дощ, його перенесли на закриту арену. 15. Хотів би я бути садівником і прикрашати нашу землю у величезний квітучий сад!

Ex. 40 1 . See how verbals work to give you advice on how to stay calm and happy.

Stride For Your Life

1.Walking is one of life’s attitudes to stress. Its simple, requires no special training and is pleasurable. Its effect begins within the first 200 metres. Walk every day – not because you have to, but because it may be the most relaxing way to get from A to B.

Select Your Company Well

2. Asharsh as it may sound, mixing with highly stressed people will make you feel stressed. On the other hand, mixing with calm people – even for the briefest period – will leave you feeling calm.

 Sleep Like a Baby

 3. Anything that interferes with your sleep – coffee, cola, alcohol – interferes with your ability to become calm. Do whatever is necessary to get as much sleep as you feel you need.

Wear Sensible Shoes

 4.Any reflexologist will tell you that true relaxation begins at the feet. Wearing comfortable shoes is nearly as relaxing as wearing no shoes at all.

 Ignore the Phone Once

5. You only have to leave a phone ringing once or twice in your life to understand that important calls always ring back. One less pressure in your life.

 Go From A to B

 6. While vitamin A foods enhance your ability to feel calm, it is the vitamin B foods that are known to have the most dynamic effect. Include beans, lentils, peas, nuts, seeds, wheatgerm, wholegrains, dairy foods in your diet.

 Prune Pressure Phrases

 7. Pressure phrases like “I have to”, “I must”, “I should”, ”I don’t have the time”, provoke feelings of stress. Replace them in your thoughts and speech with more relaxed phrases – “I may”, “I choose to”, “I will make the time”.

 Think Before You Buy

8. To avoid the stresses of debt, think about what you can afford to spend long before you think about what you’d like to buy.

Chapter II. THE NOUN

Classification of Nouns

Ex. 40 2 . State whether the nouns in italic type are proper or common.

1. The Imperial State Crown of the Queen of England is normally kept at the Tower.     2. This church has a towerattached to it. 3. The English Channelis the narrow area of water between England and France. 4. Themain channels had been closed by enemy submarines. 5. You are like a Figaro.One minute here, another there. 6. I’ve bought a Kodak,but I don’t know how it works. 7. In the art circles he was known as a Metsenat.8. Wellingtondefeated Napoleon’s army in the battle of Waterloo .9.Wellingtons are rubber boots. Americans call them galoshes. 10. What had happened, became a Waterloo Bridgefor him. 11. He is areal Paparatssi in everything that concerns making money. 12. Rita Brown writes like an American Evelyn Waugh.13. He is thrilled at his new buy: a classic Mercedes Benz.14. Antony Marshall lives outside the city. Every morning he drives to the Citywhere he works as staff manager. 15. The Red-White-and- Blue Union Jackhung out of every window, fluttering in the breeze. 16. Degas and Monetwere her husband’s favourite artists, and both were well represented in their house.      17. He glanced at the list of her art collection. Sisleys, Monets, Manets, a Dali, Renoirsand a Degas.It was a fabulous collection. 18. Carl Fabergewas Russia’s Imperial Jeweller. 19. – What a beautiful Easter egg! – Yes, it’s aFaberge.20. The two friends bought a Johnny Walkerto celebrate the event. 21. Kurt Vonnegut is writing with the half-embittered, half-amused voice of alater-day Mark Twain.22. Tonight Samantha wore highly polished black Oxfords.

Ex. 40 3 . Write the countable and uncountable nouns into two different columns:

Wall, pen, air, chalk, picture, water, match, tea, time, hour, bread, river, friend, copper, cigarette, tobacco, cheese, teacher, glass, paper, paper, music, coffee, armchair, gold, ship, milk, shop, idea, ice, furniture, butter, happi­ness, wood, tree, word, ink, money, coin, university, hero, assistance, assistant, darkness, meat, machine, instrument.

Ex. 40 4 . State whether the nouns in italic type are collective nouns or nouns of multitude.

1. It is a new company. 2. The company are rehearsing a new production. 3. Then one by one the worn out crew werehelped on board. 4. The crew of the ship consists of twenty seamen including the captain and his mate. 5. No one had seen him since and the police were searching for him. 6. The band were changed, and in the gallery already. 7. And Stilleveld, in company with the many other places like it, had also been the birthplace of a new people. The people who were neither white nor black.

Ex. 40 5 . Choose between a singular or a plural verb to use it in the following sentences.

1. The play is witty and the cast (be) wonderful. 2. The cast (be) all amateurs. 3. All the family (be) gathered to see the dog. 4. Monty’s family (be) of about the same social status as my own. 5. Do you know what the family (get) into their heads about this business? 6. Everybody says the Swiss police (be) great at finding people.    7. The public (not / think) so. 8. The public (request) not to leave litter in these woods. 9. When he came the baseball team (practise) on the school field. 10. The team (have) baths at the moment and then (come) back here for tea. 11. The team (play) tomorrow morning. 12. The clergy (be) generally dressed in black. 13. The Government (discuss) the matter for a long time but they have shown no signs of reaching agreement. 14. The Government (decide) to pass the bill. 15. In the meantime the young couple (be) to live in the old house. 16. That day the committee (be) to meet at her friend’s house. 17. I had to find out whether the committee (be) competent enough to consider the project. 18. The board (be) extraordinarily kind to you. 19. The board (be) going to consider your application at the next sitting. 20. You’ve bought yourself a nice car. Your money (be) well spent. 21. His advice (be) always useful for me.

Ex. 4 06 . Translate into English.

1. Яка незвичайна людина! Справжній Монтекристо! 2. Вона така романтична! Ну справді Наталія Ростова! 3. – Я бачу, що твій приятель – на всі руки майстер. – Так, і нічого не доводить до кінця. 4. Він справжній Казанова! Чому вона не покине його? 5. – Які смачні цукерки! – Так, це “Моцарт”. 6. – Що це за парфуми? – Це Кензо. 7. На цій стоянці припарковано кілька автомобілів: “Мерседес”, “Хонда”, “Форд” і старенький “Москвич”. 8. На стінах його кабінету висить різна зброя: кольт, вінчестер, браунінг, “Калашников”.               9. Англієць Ватман винайшов папір, який зараз названий його іменем.              10. Ричард Чемберлен купив маленький острів і живе на ньому як сучасний Робінзон Крузо. 11. – Яку сигару ти палиш? – Це “Корона”. 12. У цьому залі виставлені три “Рембрандта”. 13. Це була сучасна казка про принца і Попелюшку. 14. – Яка чудова сукня! – Не дивно! Це ж “Шанель”.

Ex. 4 07 . Choose the appropriate noun from the list below for each sentence. Add an article (a/an/the) or plural (s/es) where necessary.

 Affection, spirit, information, red, damage, paper, milk, wonder, left, glass, luggage, wood, cheese, wild, work, water, wool, salt.

1. Brie and Camembert are only two of the wide variety of ... produced in France.      2. Many Englishmen have explored ... of the Nile. 3. Woodworm can cause a lot of ... if it is not treated. 4. He never really loved her – he just toyed with her ... . 5. I need ... which will match the other shades of scarlet in the room. 6. “Hamlet” is one of Shakespeare’s best known ... . 7. I didn’t know you were short-sighted. How long have you been wearing ... ? He buys ... on the way home to check the race results. Sorry, sir, you can’t have whisky. Our licence doesn’t allow us to serve ..., only wine or beer. 10. It’s a very shy animal and lives in ...; it’s rarely seen in the open fields. 11. This plant is only found in ... of Alaska. 12. To get to the station, you should take ... just after the bridge. 13. The girl in the travel agent’s was very helpful and gave me lots of ... about Turkey. 14. Sorry I’m late – some of my ... went missing at the airport. 15. Our dairy produces five different ... .16. British ... such as cashmere, mohair, lambswool, merino wool come mostly from the Shetlands. 17. ... occurs naturally in sea water. 18. Where are my bathing ... ? 19. The Great Pyramid of Cheops is one of the seven ... of the Ancient World; it’s the only one that has survived and exists today.

Ex. 4 08 . Translate into English.

1. Я художник, і можу оцінити красу. 2. Ця дівчина – справжня красуня.     3. Будинок зроблений із цегли. 4. Мені в чобіт попав камінчик. 5. Мова має величезну силу. 6. Японська – дуже важка мова. 7. Вона може бачити майбутнє. 8. Лимон багатий на вітамін С. 9. Не забудь купити лимон до чаю! 10. У нього не було сили волі. 11. У цього хлопця сильна воля. 12. Якщо хочете зробити заповіт, зверніться до нотаріуса. 13. Природу треба охороняти! 14. Світло необхідне для життя. 15. Поодаль ми побачили вогник. 16. Данія, Голландія, Швейцарія славляться своїми сирами. 17. Фруктові та овочеві соки дуже корисні. 18. На сніданок у мене за звичай тости з сиром та апельсиновий сік. 19. Італія і Франція відомі своїми винами. 20. Серпень. На Сицилії почався збір цитрусових фруктів.

Ex. 4 09 . Comment on the nouns in italic type.

1. According to modern standards my familyisn’t big. 2. My family are early birds. 3. The board consists of twelve people. 4. I know what the board think of me. They regard me as the spoiled granddaughter of a rich and powerful woman. And the boardare very aware of that. 5. This councilis responsible for looking after roads. 6. The councilhave been promising to mend the fences, doors and windows for years. 7. The publicstop and stare. 8. “You could join us,” he suggested helpfully. ”We’re a jolly crowd.” 9.The governmenthas cut back on public expenditure. 10. Some people said darkly that the Government were behind it. 11. The staff are going to buy a leaving present for their boss. 12. His staffis very efficient. 13. This teamplays for Spain. 14. The teamare training hard for the coming match. 15. Statisticsis the study of figures. 16. Statistics are often misleading. 17. Politicsis a popular topic now.  18. What are his politics?19. The jurywere in disagreement. 20. The juryhas announced its verdict.

Ex. 41 0 . Use the right form of the verb “be”.

1. The information about this company ... encouraging. 2. All the furniture in this office ... the latest design. 3. My knowledge of German ... very limited. 4. These shorts ... too long. 5. They ... a big family, with many branches. 6. This equipment ... for camping. 7. The scissors ... here a minute ago. 8. The Government ... of the opinion that money in the accounts ... siphoned out of the country. 9. These trousers ... too tight. 10. The weather ... fabulous in Italy in early autumn. 11. These stairs ... dangerous. 12. Where ... your clothes made? 13. The headphones on my new walkman ... great. 14. ... the scales over there electronic? 15. There ... a hair on my dinner plate. 16. Yesterday’s homework ... rather difficult. 17. Her luggage ... on the scales already. 18. Your advice ... very timely. Thank you. 19. The news ... too good to be true. 20. The team ... no more than seven young men. 21. The hospital staff ... all very young. 22. Judging by the fact that Malfoy usually had the best of everything, his family ... rolling in gold. 23. She came from a large, close-knit, and loving clan who ... always there to protect and help each other.

Ex.41 1 . Translate into English.

1. Відомості щойно надійшли, і секретарка їх проглядає. 2. Лікар надав нам так багато порад, що ми не знаємо, якими з них скористатися. 3. Наполеглива праця – шлях до успіху. 4. Це творча праця, але й знання тут теж дуже важливі.           5. Ваші успіхи радують нас. 6. Я бачу, що мої поради допомагають тобі, чи не так? 7. – А що думає про це поліція? – Вона збентежена цим злочином. 8. – Мені потрібні нові гарні джинси. – Гарні джинси коштують недешево. 9. Мої заробітки не такі високі, щоб обідати в ресторані. 10. Її одяг – це в основному джинси, светри, футболки. 11. Обережніше, сходи дуже круті. 12. Поліція все ще шукає крадіїв інкасаторського автомобілю, але поки що не затримала їх.          13. Більярд – його улюблена гра. 14. Економіка – його фах. 15. Штат цієї фірми складає тридцять чоловік. 16. Яка гарна сьогодні погода! 17. Обожнюю гуляти лісом у грибну погоду. 18. Вона працює у своєму саду за будь-якої погоди. 

Number

Ex . 41 2 . Give the plural of:

A. A pin, a hat, a fox, a baby, a day, potato, a volcano, a piano, a photo, a knife, a roof, a half, a leaf, a cliff, a chief, a life, a family, a queue, a bath, a berry, a valley, a century, a salmon, a taxi, a person, a penny, a watch, a virtuoso, a lily, a woodworm.

B. A man, a woman, a German, a foot, a tooth, a sheep, a ship, a fish, an ox, a fox, a child, a fireman, a mouse, a swine, a house, a louse, a goose, a mongoose, a deer, a means, a series, a species, an aircraft, an offspring, a Swiss, a Japanese, a Maltese, a Portuguese, a Chinese, a Milanese.

   C. A passer-by, a mother-in-law, a room-mate, a forget-me-not, a merry-go-round, a fellow-worker, a man-of-war, a school-inspector, a Commander-in-chief, a boy-messenger, a personnel-manager, a woman-driver, a man-servant, a hanger-on, a face-lift, a spoonful, a cupful, a boyfriend, a grown-up, an office-block, a workmate.

Ex 41 3 . Change the number of the noun in italic type where possible and make all other necessary changes.

I. 1. Put the box on the shelf. 2. I was presented with a dozen handkerchiefs. 3. The boy must have two teeth pulled out. 4. The hunter got a prize for killing the wolf that had caused much damage to the village flock. 5. The child was bitterly crying over the broken toy. 6. He showed me a photo of his country house. 7. The scout brought some valuable information. 8. I bought a pair of nylon gloves. 9. I saw a mouse in the kitchen. 10. The ox drove a cart of hay. 11. A very strange phenomenon was observed by astronomers yesterday. 12. Her hair was soft and curly. 

II. 1. Boy drove the sheep to the village. 2. I have hurt my foot. 3. This is a lady-bird. 4. Where is the knife? 5.This factory has a good laboratory. 6. The last leaf fell from the tree. 7. This story is very long. 8. The speech was very interesting. 9. He left the key on the table. 10. Where is the brush? 11. I like his new play. 12. The roof of the house was covered with snow. 13. The wife of the sailor stood on the shore. 14. My aunt has a goose.     

III. 1. The mice live behind the stove. 2. The keys to the boxes were lost. 3. The wolves have been shot. 4. The fish were caught. 5. We have good postmen in our area. 6. The cargoes will be discharged tomorrow.

Ex. 41 4 . Use the appropriate form of the verb.

1. “There … money in my pocket,” I said to the porter (is, are). 2. I know my hair … beautiful, everybody says so (is, are). 3. These white swine … not live (does, do). 4. ... this watch … a special favourite with Mr. Pickwick, having been carried about … for a greater number of years than we feel called upon to state, at present (was, were). 5. The deer … ravaging the man’s fields (was, were). 6. Money … so scarce that it could fairly be said not to exist at all (was, were). 7. I was here before the gates … opened, but I was afraid to come straight to you (was, were). 8. The papers … dull, the news … local and stale, and the war news … all old (was, were). 9. At Capracotta, he had told me, there … trout in the stream below the town (was, were). 10. Her hair … loose and half-falling, and she wore a nurse’s dress (was, were). 11. The nurse’s wages … good (was, were).

Ex. 41 5 . Translate into English.

1. Ця реклама стверджує, що якщо користуватися пастою Блендамед, то у вас будуть гарні білі зуби. 2. Я ласунка. 3. Троє поліцейських постійно охороняють цей банк. 4. Міліція вже тут. Вона робить усе можливе, щоб знайти компроміс із грабіжниками. 5. У підвалі будинку є миші. Вчора вранці біля дверей я побачив маленьку чарівну мишку. 6. Нам довелося зупинити автомобіль, тому що два оленя повільно переходили дорогу. 7. У цьому ставку багато риби. 8. У нашій школі працюють двадцять п’ять жінок і п’ять чоловіків. 9. Малі діти – малі турботи, великі діти – великі турботи! 10. Рибалки в морі. Зараз сезон лову риби. 11. Домашня худоба Тома складається з коней, корів, биків, овець, свиней. 12. У моєї тітки, яка живе в селі, є домашня птиця: кури, качки, гуси, індички. 13. Я дуже полюбляю фрукти. Вони дають мені сили (енергію). 14. У нас сьогодні гості., більшість з них вегетаріанці. Піди на базар і купи багато овочів та фруктів.                         15. Міланці пишаються своїм оперним театром. 16. Кажуть, що жінки-водії більш уважні, ніж чоловіки. 17. Багато шкіл мають різні програми. 18. Скільки цукру міститься в крові за нормою? 19. Він один з геніїв. 20. Земля рухається навколо своєї осі. 21. Ми з різних соціальних прошарків. 22. Кризи в економіці позначаються на рівні життя народу. 23. Більшість бактерій спричиняють хвороби. 24. Кактуси ростуть у пустелях. 25. Ці дані надійні. 

Ex. 4 16 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the words in italic type.

1. Moneycan’t buy happiness, and it certainly can’t buy health. Years ago Blackie told me that money was meant to be spent and he was correct. Whoever said that money doesn’t buyhappiness was misinformed, in my opinion. It buysa lot of happiness for a lot of people. And frankly, I’d rather be miserable with money than without it.            2. English money is not acceptedhere. 3. All Bess’s money goes on clothes. 4. Her linen comesfrom Holland. 5. The money was sentby cheque. 6. The project received community monies.7. Public moneyis like water, everyone helps himself to it.           8. We’ve got a fascinating piece of newsfor you. 9. News travelspretty fast.      10. I’m sorry to say that there are “friends” who delight in breaking bad news.11. They want adviceon how to do it. 12. Wegot an advice notefrom the firm. 13. The scout brought valuable information.Ithelped a lot. 14. Doesthis information interest you? 15. What hard work!But it’s rewarding. 16. I like all Chopin’s works. 17.The worksis closed today. 18. It’s perfect weather for flying today. 19. She’s wearing galoshes in all weathers.20. If you think about money positively, itwill come to you. 21. Borrow money from pessimists – they don’t expect it back. 22. Money isthe root of all wealth.

Ex. 4 17 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the meaning of the words in italic type.

l. The fishermen are out in all weathers. If you don’t catch any fish,there’s no pay. 2. My employer was an importer of rare tropical fish.3. Try this fish.Everybody who tries it, likes it. Everybody who likes it, loves it. 4. They scraped a living by catching crab, lobsterand crayfish.5. Meredith peered down into the pond. “There really are fishin it,” she said sounding surprised. 6. Forget him! There are many other fishin the sea. 7. He had a big collection of minerals, insects and fishes.8. He studies the fishesof the Atlantic. 9. What an odd fishhe is! 10. They’ve been fishing since dawn but во far haven’t caught asingle fish.11. There are carp, trout, pikein this river. 12. Are you fishing out for a compliment? 13. A flying fish can project itself through the air at a speed of about thirty-five miles per hour. 14. The stars glittered in the sky like so many fish. 15. The largest of all fish is the Whale Shark. It may grow up to 15 metres long and may weigh over 14 tons, over twice as much as an average African elephant! Though it has three thousand teeth, it will never bite you. This sea giant is quite harmless. It eats only tiny shrimp and fish. 16. Fruit is rich in mineral salts and vitamins. 17. Is fruit cheap this year? 18. What fruits do you cultivate here? 19. To make a fruit salad we shall need different fruits. 20. A fruitarian is a person who eats only fruit. 21. What an exotic fruit! 22. Very soon you’ll enjoy the fruits of your hard work. 23. The fruits of nature belong to all mankind. 24. It was a Sunday and no one was in the mood for a lecture about fruit. 25. The strawberry is a beautiful and delicious fruit.

Ex. 4 18 . Translate into English.

1. Всі відомості в комп’ютері. 2. Яка нудна робота! 3. Ці меблі унікальні. Вони коштують цілого багатства. 4. Успіх залежить, як правило, від наполегливої праці та удачі. 5. Що новенького? 6. Він намагається отримати секретні дані. Вони йому дуже потрібні. 7. Його знання дуже гарні. 8. – Із чого зроблені ці меблі? – Із буку. 9. Ця постільна білизна високої якості. 10. – Не можу зрозуміти, звідки в тебе з’являються гроші? – Вони люблять мене й знаходять мене. 11. Сьогодні чудова погода! 12. Кожний журналіст знає, як важко добувати новини, особливо сенсаційні. 13. Гроші – річ дуже важлива. Особливо, коли їх немає. 14. Пташки літають, рибки плавають. 15. Якщо б у мене була золота рибка, я би попрохала виконати три моїх бажання. 16. Риба пропливає великі відстані. 17. Ти знов вивуджуєш (to fish out for) у мене інформацію.       18. Тільки праця допоможе тобі забути все! 19. Англія увозить багато фруктів. Їх доставляють із Франції, Іспанії, Ізраїлю. 20. На десерт у нас будуть фрукти та морозиво. 21. На наших базарах зараз продається багато екзотичних фруктів.  22. Його успіх – плід наполегливої праці.

Case

Ex. 4 19 . Replace the of-phrase by the noun in the possessive case.

1. The friend of my mother. 2. The speech of the President. 3. The farm of old McDonald. 4. The novels by D. Steel. 5. The hobbies of the children. 6. The poems by Burns. 7. The duties of a man. 8. A conference of doctors. 9. The life of a bodyguard. 10. The policy of France. 11. The streets of London. 12. The bank of the river. 13. The rays of the sun. 14. The way of nature. 15. The teas of India. 16. The history of the world. 17. The difficulties of the companies. 18. The crew of a ship. 19. A holiday for a week. 20. A break for five minutes.

Ex. 42 0 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the use of the possessive case.

I. 1. By anybody’s standard this company was a good buy. 2. Douglas’s voice trembled, “What I wouldn’t give to be in his shoes.” 3. She lay curled in a ball, staring into the fire’s bright flames. 4. Derek’s brother’s name is Gregory. 5. She took a slice with a piece of last year’s cheese on it. 6. In the evening I dined in the hotel’s restaurant. 7. He reserved a seat on the following week’s bus. 8. I picked up a city map at the station’s tourist office. 9. Fascinated, Harry thumbed through the rest of the envelope’s contents.

 II. 1. We had to move everything out of Tommy and Max’s room into Dennis’s. 2. It’s somebody else’s idea, not mine. 3. Michael works at Bill and Susan’s firm, who are partners. 4. You can’t build happiness on somebody else’s unhappiness, at least that’s my opinion. 5. They got a fax from the Pakistani Prime Minister’s office.6. The Queen of England’s palace is a quarter of an hour’s ride from the centre of London.

III. 1. Meredith linked her arm through Patsy’s. 2. Now that we grew up, he intended to live by those standards, which were his father’s. 3. Her eyes met her friend’s. Mrs. Pell’s response was as warm as her daughter’s. She didn’t have a mind like a woman’s at all, more like a man’s.

IV. 1. – “So where exactly is this party?” my dad asked. – “It’s at the Ferguson’s.” 2. Then he drove me to Alex’s. 3. Her husband and all her kids are coming to Aunt Emily’s. 4. We dropped in at the baker’s for a French stick.       5. Occasionally I have a snack at McDonald’s. 6. Sainsbury’s is where teachers, vicars and suchlike do their food shopping. 7. Cadbury’s make fine chocolate.

Ex. 42 1 . Answer the following questions, using the phrases given below.

Where do you go if you want to ...

1. get fast food? 2. buy some vegetables? 3. have your eyes examined? 4. buy some nails and a hammer? 5. getyour hair cut? 6. have some clothes cleaned? 7. buy some cigars and cigarettes? 8. buy a wedding ring? 9. get pens, pencils, paper? 10. buy cakes and chocolate? 11. buy a lot of small different things? 12. have your teeth examined? 13. buy some medicine? 14. buy some meat? 15. buy some flowers? 16. get some information about travelling? 17. have your watch repaired? 18. buy the most expensive things in London7 19. have your pet examined? 20. have advice about your health?

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 the florist’s, the butcher’s, the greengrocer’s, the supermarket, the travelling agent’s, McDonald’s, the ironmonger’s, the jeweller’s, Harrods, the vet’s, the chemist’s (the drugstore), the tobacconist’s, the Watchmaker’s, the optician’s, the doctor’s, the dentist’s, the confectioner’s, the (dry) cleaner’s, the stationer’s, the hairdresser’s (the barber’s)

Ex. 42 2 . Use the words in brackets in the possessive case.

1. Last week was my (daughter) sixth birthday. 2. (Child­ren) toys are very attractive these days. 3. Have you ever met (Denis) wife? 4. I’ll see you in an (hour) time. 5. The house will be sold in two (week) time. 6. We’ll be in Paris in three (hours) time. 7. (Boys) clothes wear out very quickly. 8. How much does a (boy) jacket cost these days?                9. What’s the name of (Charles) partner? 10. Are (policemen) uniforms comfortable? 11. Prague isn’t more than a (day) journey from here. 12. Look at the roses in (Mrs. Jones) garden. 13. I’m trying to attract the (waitress) attention. 14. This church was twenty (years) work. 15. The oceans cover 70% of the (earth) surface. 16. Now comes the (journey) end.

Ex. 42 3 . Read the following phrases and find their Ukrainian equivalents. Learn them by heart.

To one’s heart’s content; at one’s fingers’ ends; at a hair’s breadth; in the mind’s eye; one’s money’s worth; out of harm’s way; at arm’s length (reach); for Heaven’s sake; for Goodness’ sake; for appearance’s sake; at death’s door; to be nobody’s fool; to know someone for donkey’s years; at razor’s edge; (at) a stone’s throw from...; to be at one’s wit’s end; at gun’s point; a bird’s eye view.

Ex. 42 4 . Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the phrases in italic type.

1. He held her at arm’s length,scrutinizing her intently. 2. I’ve never grown to like him, not one iota, even though I’ve known him and his family for donkey’s years. 3. What saved the situation was that Alan’s office was only (at) a stone’s throw fromthe club.    4.In his mind’s eye, Maxim pictured the people who were important in his life. 5. My mother loves the house and the grounds And she can garden away to her heart’s content.6.We are at oar wit’s endhow to solve the dilemma. 7. The guns were now hidden, out of harm’s way.8. She made a will at death’s door.9. Mind, we did it just for old times’ sake.10. From this tower you can get a bird’s eye view of the city.

Ex. 42 5 . Translate into English.

1. Завтрашня програма дуже напружена. 2. Едвард один з близьких друзів моєї сестри. 3. Я зазвичай зустрічаюся зі своїми родичами в домі бабусі та дідуся.     4. Моя дівчина – одна із студенток моєї матері. 5. У нього маленькі ноги, як у жінки. 6. Йому дуже був потрібен автомобіль, і він скористувався автомобілем свого боса. 7. Це зауваження Фелікса було зовсім недоречне. 8. Мій проект відхилили так само, як і проект Джона. 9. Як же мені не до вподоби новий хлопець Джейн! 10. Це не мої підручники, а Макса. 11. Іспити позаду, і зараз ми можемо розважатися досхочу. 12. Будь ласка, зрозумій же ти нарешті, що ти ходиш по лезу бритви. 13. Це не займе багато часу, до мого будинку рукою подати. 14. Не намагайся мене обдурити, я далеко не дурна. 15. Давай підемо звідси, від гріха подалі. 16. Я вважаю, що, задля годиться, нам треба дати згоду на їх запрошення. Автомобіль містера Джоунса – остання модель “Мерседеса”. 17. Суботнім ранком будь-хто може виступати, скільки його душі завгодно, у Куточку Оратора у Гайд-парку.

Chapter III. THE ARTICLE

Ex. 4 26 . Change the nouns in the following sentences into the plural (singular) and make all the necessary changes.

1. She is a truly good person. 2. I have a special treat for tea today, a strawberry cake. 3. Never trust a stranger! 4. It’s a question of principle, of ethics. 5. She is a most dependable business partner. 6. The girl was wearing a sheepskin coat. 7. That’s a sensation, sir. 8. There is a small difficulty, madam. 9. He is a tea-taster. 10. Robert is a loving family man. 11. What an exotic creature! 12. The city has a proud history.    13. You are a romantic fool. 14. It’s a medieval saga. 15. This young man is such a virtuoso at playing the piano. 16. They are superb actresses. 17. What enchanting moments! 18. These are unusual stories, very moving. 19. They turned out to be fine illustrators. 20. They are tough guys. 21. Oh, what fantastic houses! 22. There are a few coffee-shops in this street. 23. These are recipes for customers to consider.         24. They seem to be rather thrilling prospects. 25. Teachers are educated people.           26. Buskers are street musicians who play outside cinemas or in the metro.                 27. Accountants keep financial records. 28. Teen­agers are people between thirteen and nineteen years of age. 29. These are very helpful rules, thank you.

Ex. 4 27 . Insert the article if necessary.

1. Bill is ... workaholic. 2. It was ... long-term agreement. 3. He is ... eccentric. It’s in his nature. 4. In my opinion you deserve ... medal. 5. Amanda had ... passion for ... order. 6. Marigold. It’s such ... lovely name for ... child. 7. Lord, what ... day! 8. Mum gave me ... list of things to do about the house which was ... mile long. 9.He is making ... film about Everest. 10. Saunas give ... good impression of how ... turkey must feel on Christmas Day. 11. Keep ... cool head, stay calm, she cautioned herself. 12. – ... penny for your thoughts! – You can have them for nothing! 13. ... life is ... gift, ... life is for you to enjoy it. 14. Alex kissed him on the cheek and gave him ... bear hug. “I love you, ... daddy of mine!” “And I love you too, ... daughter! 15. She took ... deep breath. 16. England had made ... lasting impression on her. 17. She made ... trip from Paris to New York to visit ... client. 18. I’m Mrs. Stratton. You don’t know me. I’m ... friend of ... friend.

Ex. 4 28 . Make up sentences of your own with the following phrases.

l. one thing at a time 2. to have a good head for something 3. to know a thing or two 4. to have a go 5. a hard nut to crack 6. not have a clue 7. to keep a level head 8. a man (woman) in a million 9. a black sheep

Ex. 4 29 . Read and translate the following sentences. Comment on the use of articles.

1. A nickel will get you on the subway, but garlic will get you a seat. (old New York proved) 2.Italy is a never-ending voyage of discovery. 3. You should live in a different cultural climate. 4. Grammar isn’t just a set of models. 5. Even a masterpiece may not last forever. 6. For as little as one pound you can buy a perfect gift for a loved one. 7. She made a face at the thought. 8. His heart missed a beat. 9. Come, Teddy dear, give me a goodnight kiss and let’s go to sleep. 10. It’s a herculean task, so it may take a while. 11. A still tongue and a wise head. 12. A double bass is a musical instrument. It has deep sound. 18. He’s a funny bird, I must admit. 14. This year my birthday fell on a Tuesday. 15. Taking a step forward, I gave her a quick hug. 16. A man walked into the kitchen, a man she had never seen before. 17. Stevie was a pragmatist at heart. 18. I see that you have a problem on your mind. 19. He who buys a diamond, purchases a bit of eternity, runs an ancient Hindu saying. 20. Derek Raynes was now a living legend on the English stage.

Ex. 43 0 . Insert the article if necessary.

1. New York is … most exciting city. 2. She could afford it, since she was ... millionairess in her own right. 3. Are you trying to be ... matchmaker? 4. She was ... good looking woman with ... great deal of personal style. 5. There was, after all, … supersonic flight on the time­table. 8. The general register office is ... place of records, and it’s … mine of … information. 7. You’ve won, and I’d like to drink … toast to that.   8. Patrick O’Shea was … tall man, well-built, with … graying hair and ... pleasant manner. 9. If you have ... afternoon sleep, you’ll have ... headache. 10. There is ... good progress in her studies, I’m sure. 11. … washing machine saves a lot of time and energy. 12. We brought ... thermos of ... iced tea. 13. You are ... very special woman. I’ve never met anyone like you. 14. Richard had ... quick wit and ... good sense of humour. 15. “You are ... dark horse,” he grinned. 16. She had ... enormous capacity for ... work. 17. She was not … troublemaker. 18. It was ... three-hour operation, but she came through it well. 19. She made ... mental note to cancel the flight. 20. This writer has ... sharp eye for detail.

Ex. 43 1 . Comment on the use of the articles in the following sentences.

1. The arch of the sky was the darkest of blues. 2. She believed people like Wilf to be the salt of the earth. 3. Ah, it’s the other side of the coin, so to speak. 4. The cycle of life is endless, and it never changes. 5. The following day I passed the morning making phone calls. 6. Like all the best ideas, it’s a simple one. 7. This is the most modern shopping centre in the world. 8. That’s the key question. 9. The house was quiet. The stuff had gone to bed. 10. She’ll be the second to answer. 11. We live on the seventh floor.   12. The kitchen was equipped with all the latest appliances. 13. I know this road like the back of my hand. 14. Don’t forget that Monday is the deadline. 15. The story which you told me is very romantic. 16. – Where are the children? – They are in the garden. 17. She gave the shop a final glance.18. They want a big family, so they are so keen to have a third child.19. He presented all this in a most diplomatic way. 20.Amelia was pregnant and she was in seventh heaven.21. She gave the portrait a last glanceand went out. 22. She poured a second glass. 23. Mine is a third generation computer. 24. There is always a first time.25.A first loreis never forgotten. 26. It was like a second honeymoonfor them. 27. Please, Frank, think twice before you make a final decision. 28. They are installing a second bathroom upstairs. 29. I do not like food which has been warmed up a secondtime. 30. I’m afraid we need a third mind to decide this.

Ex. 43 2 . Insert the right article.

1. ... most windows are made of glass. 2. ... glass of my watch is broken, and one of ... hands is missing. 3. ... first concern of any government should be ... education of ... people of ... country. 4. … stars are very bright tonight. 5. … president said that he didn’t want ... trouble, but ... troubles of ... country had to be settled quickly. 6. ... trees in our garden bear a lot of fruit every year. 7. … audience was stone silent. 8. ... girl is really ... great talker. 9. In America “neighbour” has … friendly connotation, in England it is ... chilly word, nearly always ... stranger. 10. ... rain was still beating on the windows. 11. … road snaked its way across … hills. 12. Emma hoped ... baby would be ... girl. 13. ... Queen smiled. She had told ... black lie. 14. In ... middle of ... year he made ... second trip to Fairley Hall. 15. – I don’t like ... policemen. – Neither do I. But I do like … English policemen. 16. ... village where my relatives live is such ... idyllic place. 17. ... bell rang ... third time to indicate … beginning of ... class. 18. … girl is ... born peacemaker.

Ex. 43 3 . Read and translate the sentences. Comment on the nouns in italic type.

1. Life is too short to learn more than one business well. 2. Lord, what a hectic life!  3.Timeis a great healer. 4. Those were mysterious times. 5. Do one thing at a time.        6. I’ve always had a tough timewith the critics. 7. I enjoy walking in the forest in autumnal weather.8. He sensed that the weatherwas going to change. 9. She would take the dog out for a run in all weathers.10. What miserable weather!11. Sensational newsis hard to get, journalists know it well. 12. What wonderful news! It calls for a toast.    13. Success doesn’t come easy. 14. This movie was a huge success.15. We’ve had some successesin tennis lately. 16. Powercorrupts people. 17. Words have a magic power.      18. She glanced down at my little dog, who was jumping against her legs, “I hope this dog isn’t going to cover me with hairs”. 19. There is a hairon your jacket. Let me brush it off. 20. Age is strictly a chronological thing. If you feel young, you’re gonna be young.

Ex. 43 4 . Translate into English.

1. Він прожив безгрішне життя. 2. Життя таке, яким ви його робите. 3. Це неминуче. Це питання часу. 4. Це був дуже щасливий час! 5. Наполеглива праця принесе вам успіх. 6. Якщо хоч одна волосина упаде з неї, ти пошкодуєш.          7. Успіхи, що зробив Максим, дуже радують його батьків. 8. Мова має велику силу. 9. У мене немає досвіду праці з дітьми. 10. Це був доволі сумний досвід. 11. У нього є воля і щиросердість. 12. Він каже, що хоче скласти заповіт.          13. Тетяна знайшла в себе кілька сивих волосків і була дуже засмучена. 14. Він почав працювати в ранньому дитинстві. 15. Ця книга для людей усіх віків.       16. Сто років не бачила тебе. Як ти? 17. Коханню всі віки підвладні.

Ex. 43 5 . Read the sentences and comment on the nouns in italic type.

1. They ate suppertogether in the kitchen. It was a simple mealthat Maggie had prepared quickly: scrambled eggs, English muffins, and coffee. 2. Supperis ready at last, everyone, sit to table! 3. They arrived at Sunlaws in time for lunch.4. Iasked Matilde to make a fairly simple lunch.Vegetable soup, plain omelette, green salad, cheese, and fruit. 5. We’ll be having alate lunch today. 6. Breakfastis served, sir. 7. And anyway, it’s not often that you get atraditional English Sunday breakfastnow, is it? 8.The breakfastwas orange juice and cornflakes with milk. 9. He opens the mail immediately after breakfast.10. We haven’t had dinneryet. 11. They had aquiet dinner together. 12. After dinner sit a while, after supperwalk a mile. 13. They had a dinnerfor six. 14. We’ll have to have an early dinnertoday. 15. Every now and then I would go to the kitchen to have a look at the dinner. 16. – “I’m glad you’ve come for tea. I’ve made us a lovely tea, like you used to do when we were little. A nursery tea, you called it.” – “I remember our nursery teas,” Meredith said taking a cucumber sandwich. “They were fun, weren’t they?” 17. Patsy went on fussing with the teapot and the other things she needed for afternoon tea. 13. The tea she made was wonderful. 19. A set dinner (meal) is usually quite cheap, but you do not have much choice. 20. Brunch is a meal that you eat in the late morning.

Ex. 436. Insert the article if necessary. Retell the text.

I. ... farm itself was surrounded by green fields divided by... old stone wall built ... century ago. ... fields sloped down into … valley below, where the River Nidd was ... shining like ... silver thread against the green in ... far distance. Chloe took ... quick look at her watch and saw that it was almost eight. Time for ... breakfast. She in­creased her pace and ... few seconds later she was pushing open ... oak door that led into ... small front porch.

II. ... mingled aromas of ... coffee, ... warm bread, and ... bacon cooking assailed her as she stepped into … kitchen. Chloe poured herself... mug of coffee, added ... milk and ... sugar, and carried … mug back to ... big wooden table in … centre of ... room. This was covered with ... green-and-white check cloth that matched … curtains at ... windows; she remembered ... day her mother had brought them up to Yorkshire and hung them at … windows herself. Chloe sipped her coffee, glancing around ... spacious kitchen. She had always loved this room. It was there that they ate most of their meals, unless they had ... party and ... guests coming. In ... sense, … kitchen was …core of … house.

Ex. 437. Read and translate the following sentences. Comment on the nouns in italic type.

A. 1. The lienis the national emblem of Great Britain. 2. There is perfect freedom in the mountains, but still it belongs to the eagle,and the elk, the badgerand the bear.     3. The eelis one of the few creatures in the world that can kill by electrocution. 4. The parrotis the cleverest of all the birds, some of them can learn 150 words. 5. A forget-me-notis a lovely flower. 6. The emuis the largest bird in the world. It resembles the ostrich.

B. 1.The human mindis a strange and complex piece of machinery. It takes a lot of understanding. 2. The calendarwas a very useful invention. 3. I need a calendarfor the new year. 4. The radiowas invented long before television.5.The gardenhas always been a religious symbol starting from the Koranand the Bible.6.The articleis a. small word that causes a lot of problems. 7. I love the ballet,but I fall asleep in the opera.8.Televisionis a highly competitive business.

C. 1. To her that great house appeared to be the most beautiful one ever erected by mortal man.2. He knew only too well the true nature of man.3. Does manhave no choice of action in the face of such circumstances? The experiences of life show that man does have a choice of action. Man can preserve spiritual freedom, independence of mind. An active life gives man the opportunity to realize values in creative work. 4. The ancient Greeks believed that mancould not shape his own destiny as he was at the mercy of Zeus. Over time, man realized that he did have power over his destiny. Immanuel Kant said that it’s the ability to choose that separates man from the beast. Man has always stood up against the forces of the universe to proclaim, “I AM MASTER OF MY FATE.”

Ex. 438. Insertthe right article.

1. ... azalea is truly an adaptable shrub as it will grow in all climates. 2. ... rose is one of the oldest flowers in cultivation. 3. ... man is harsher than iron, harder than atone and more delicate than ... rose. 4. Nobody can decide which came first – … hen or ... egg. 5. ... circus makes people remember their childhood. 6. … television was invented by the Scottish engineer John Baird in 1926.               7. ... postmark first appeared in England in 1840. 8. ... sea cow is not …cow at all. 9. ... dragon symbolized evil in fairy tales. 10. The apple tree and ... grape are the oldest trees on the Earth. 11. The primary speech organ, the birthplace of our words is ... human heart. 12. … speaking watch will soon be on … market.   13. … apple is … symbol of New York City. 14. ... pen is mightier that … sword, and considerably easier to write with.

Ex. 4 39 . Translate into English.

1. Літній час вперше було введено в Англії в 1908 році. Годинник перевели на одну годину вперед. 2. Кенгуру асоціюється з Австралією. 3. Кит – ссавець, але живе в морі. 4. Слон живе в Індії та в центральній Африці. 5. У багатьох країнах є пам’ятники тваринам: у Росії – це пам’ятник собаці, у Індії – пам’ятник слону, у США – пам’ятник мавпі. 6. Коли і ким було винайдено телефон?                      7. Велосипед – чудовий транспортний засіб. 8. Гітара з’явилася в Іспанії у 13 столітті. 9. Ніхто не знає, коли вигадали колесо.10. Підмет і присудок – головні члени речення. 11. Детективний роман – один із літературних жанрів.               12. Детективний роман допомагає скоротити час у поїздках. 13. Корова – священна тварина у Індії. 14. Тюльпан – один з перших весінніх квітів.        15. Долар – грошова одиниця Сполучених Штатів, фунти стерлінгів – Великої Британії. 16. Комп’ютер вперше був створений в інженерній школі в Пенсільванії в 1946 році. 17. Апельсин – символ штату Флорида. 18. Недовгий вік людини! 19. Господь створив чоловіка і жінку. 

Ex. 44 0 . Insertthe right article.

1. He is ... local priest in ... Anglican church. 2. … church has a wonderful porch at the front. 3. His parents go to ... church now and then. 4. Bruce was in ... town with his wife to promote the film. 5. The market is an exciting and colourful part of ... town, full of noise and bustle. 6. This is ... small town, everybody knows everybody. 7. She went to ... town where her aunt lived. 8. … school was a very happy time. 9. I left ... school exactly ten years ago. 10. We met every day after … school. 11. This is … school with more than one thousand pupils. 12. ... school was built in 1909.   13. Criminals are kept in ... prison. 14. ... prison was surrounded by a brick wall.   15. ... prison is not the answer to many social problems. 16. Ben was taken to ... hospital with appendicitis. 17. There is a well-equipped laboratory at ... hospital. 18. Melanie went to … bed but couldn’t fall asleep. 19. Why do you always put your shoes under ... bed? 20. Doctors advise me to sleep on ... hard bed. 21. He went to …University to get education. 22. There is ... university in this small town.            23. There is no place like ... home.

Ex . 44 1 . Translate into English.

1. Кожного дня після уроків Біллі ходить до гаража допомагати батькові.            2. Пружини ліжка були зроблені з важкого металу. 3. Дитина виросла, йому треба купити нове ліжко. 4. Вона працює в англійській спеціалізованій школі. 5. Не можу дочекатися, коли закінчу школу. 6. Граф Монтекристо провів у в’язниці багато років. 7. Він прорив підземний лаз під в’язниці та втік. 8. Всі повинні піти до лікарні на огляд (a medical check-up). 9. За шпиталем є невеликий сад. 10. Ми випадково зустрілися в місті. 11. Мій син хоче поступити до коледжу.                  12. Містечко розростається, і людям потрібна нова церква. 13. Моя бабуся ходить до церкви в неділю. 14. У гостях добре, а вдома краще. 15. Давай зустрінемося після занять біля школи. 16. Навчання починається за тиждень. Літо пролетіло так швидко! 17. Церкву побудовано на горі.

Ex . 44 2 . Read the following proverbs and sayings and give their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. A fool morning may turn to a fair day. 2. A clean fast (пост) is better than a dirty breakfast. 3. A nod from a lord is a breakfast for a fool. 4. After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile. 5. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man wealthy, healthy and wise. 6. All are not saints that go to church. 7. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. 8. A misty morning does not signify a cloudy day. 9. Go to bed with the lamb and rise with the lark. 10. After dinner comes the reckoning. 11. If you laugh before breakfast you’ll cry before supper.   12. Better to go to bed supperless than rise in debt. 13. Hope is a good breakfast but a bad supper. 14. Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight. 15. He that goes to bed thirsty rises healthy.

Ex.  44 3 . Insert the right article.

1. Maxim left … Ritz Hotel after their dinner at ... Annabel’s and walked home crossing ... Picadilly and heading through … Half Moon Street into ... Mayfair. 2. … Easter Island in ... Pacific Ocean was discovered in 1722. It is one of ... most mysterious spots on ... earth. 3. I flew to ... UK on the Concorde. I had hardly had a chance to eat a snack, relax and read my book when we were landing at ... Heathrow. 4. ... Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current which flows from ... Gulf of Mexico, along ... south-east coast of ... United States, and north-eastwards in ... Atlantic Ocean. 5. The waters of ... Seine trembled in the hazy sunshine. 6. In the vicinity of the house were … Rodin Museum, ... French Academy, and ... Hotel des Invalides, housing ... tomb of Napoleon I. 7. George had planned ... cruise to … Greek islands as ... surprise for his family. They would be sailing around ... Aegean Sea for about a fortnight.  8. The two young women had attended … Sorbonne at the same time. Their fathers, as it turned out, had been at … Oxford University. 9. The highest peak in ... North America is ... Mount McKinley. 10. … Monterey Peninsula juts out into ... Pacific Ocean halfway up ... California coast. 11. The travellers saw an oasis in … Gobi, but it was a mirage. 12. If you want to see ... Lake Victoria and ... Mount Kilimanjaro, go to ... Kenya. 13. There is a project to turn … Baikal area into ... Russian Alps.

Ex. 44 4 . Insert the right article.

1. The hunters got lost in ... Rocky Mountains. 2. ... Buckingham Palace, ... Trafalgar Square, ... Houses of Parliament, ... Tower of London, … Tower Bridge, ... National Gallery are the usual sights in ... English capital. 3. The six island countries of ... West Indies are ... Bahamas, ... Barbados, ... Cuba, ... Dominican Republic, ... Haiti and ... Jamaica. 4. In the mornings she used to read ... “Vogue” and he usually read ... “Mirror”. 5. ... Berlin she had been born in, and where she had grown up, no longer existed. 6. ... Low Countries include ... Netherlands, ... Belgium, and ... Luxembourg. 7. ... Colorado River flows through ... Grand Canyon. 8. The names of the following streets have the definite article: ... Mall, ... Strand, ... Wall Street, ... Unter den Linden. 9. ... England of the 21st century will be very different from ... England of our days. 10. This producer got ... Nika for this film. 11.Chaucer would have had difficulty in recognizing ... London of Queen Elizabeth, just as Shakespeare would have been lost in ... brick-and-stone London of D.R. Johnson, while Dickens, well as he knew ... London, would have been bewildered by ... steel and concrete London of today.

Ex . 44 5 . Translate into English.

1. Японія – стародавня країна на Далекому Сході. 2. Туреччина розташована на двох континентах – Азії та Європи. 3. Босфор – це протока, що єднає Мармурове море з Чорним морем. 4. Наполеон народився на Корсиці, острові в Середземному морі. 5. Америка складається з трьох частин: Північна Америка, Центральна Америка та Південна Америка. 6. Якщо ви поїдете до Єгипту, то побачите Ніл, знамениті піраміди, “Долину Королів” і “Долину Королев”.          7. Найбільше місто в Африці – Каїр, столиця Єгипту. 8. Літак приземлився в аеропорту в Борисполі. 9. Офіційна столиця королівства Нідерландів – Амстердам. Гаага – резиденція голландського уряду і королівського двору. 10. Ватикан є резиденцією Римської католицької церкви. 11. Він – кореспондент і працює у “Відомостях”. 12. Кожної суботи вони ходять до пивного бару “Три дуби” на Київській вулиці.

Ex. 4 46 . Comment on the nouns in italic type.

1. –“I’m looking for a Mr. Silver,” she answered, jumping off her bike. – “Well, you’ve found him,” the man said, “I’m Mr. Silver.” 2. Amelia told me she had made a will. “It’s all for Catherine. She is a Silver. The last of the Silvers. And the land I’m leaving for her has belonged to the Silvers for almost two hundred years.” 3. For her part, she had proved herself to be a Jardine through and through. 4. Excuse me, you have a phone call, Meredith. It’s a Mrs. Alexander. 5. Irina Troubetzkoy’s mother had been born a Romanov and was a cousin of Czar Nicholas. 6. David was shocked. “You are painting a very strange picture. That’s not the Emma I know.” 7. I am not the Claudia of whom you thought, but an unimaginable Claudia from whom you would recoil. 8. Dear old Marion! No words can tell how I miss you. 9.Now I do recognize the practical, sensible Trisch, the Woman Who Got Things Done. 10. ... Sergeant, can I ask you to help me? 11. She’s as eccentric as hell! And whenever I think of her, I think of scarves. She’s always worn masses of them, rain or shine, all kinds of weather. Gwenny’s a regular Isadora Duncan, if you ask me. 12. – You are a real Childe Harold! – And you are a Don Juan! 13. Would you recognize a Shagal from a Malevich? 14. – Is Father in? – Not yet, but Mother and Aunt have just come.

Ex. 4 47 . Comment on the nouns in italic type.

1. The house drew her back like a magnet.2. They train like fanatics. 3.The sea was like black oil.4. There’s no fool like an old fool.5. They were like two peasin a pod. 6.The moon shone in the purple sky, like a cointossed up and caught mid-game. 7. My wife looks like acomplete knockoutin this frock. 8. “You mustn’t be embarrassed,” he murmured in an understanding tone.9.They danced in silence, cheek to cheek. 10. Why are you talking in a whisper? 11. Patsy bad always been as solid as a rock, hardworking, dependable, devoted and loyal. 12. Gosh, I’m as happy as a pumpkinin a patch to see you! 13. “Your words are not flattering,” she replied with a dry smile. 14. “I can never be yours,” she said with pathos, and he accepted the words with a heavy heart.15. If you had as little money as manners, you’d be the poorest of all the people. 16. They were as different as chalk and cheese.

Ex. 4 48 . Insert the article if necessary.

1. David grinned like ... Cheshire cat. 2. Life is funny, she mused, it’s like ... circle.   3. Harris and Ben curled their lips like ... sullen teenagers. 4. Why make yourself miserable with ... jealousy? 5. Carl drove like ... maniac. He had to. 6. I am as happy as ... clam in ... seaweed. 7. She said it in ... low, thoughtful voice. 8. The women looked like ... typical country matrons. 9.The moon shone like ... promise. 10. On this particular morning, she looked as bright and sparkling as ... brand-new penny. 11. “Another dead end,” he said in ... miserable tone. 12. I am quite breathless with ... admiration.   13. Her spirits were as light as ... air. 14. I think you may go with ... easy mind. 15. He looks like ... hippie. 16. Why are you looking so gloomy, my love? You’ve got a face like ... wet weekend.

Ex. 4 49 . Comment on the nouns in italic type.

1. Amanda always remembered her childhood with a feeling of bittersweet nostalgia.2. He looks like a man of great heart.3. Olivia Wainright was a womanof impeccable character, high principles,and down-to-earth common sense.4.Hedid it in the flickof an eyelash. 5. The question was on the tipof her tongue.6. We’ll set off at the crackof dawntomorrow. 7. She knows Yorkshire like the backof her hand. 8. He was a creature of habit.9.She had a great sense of style.10. We are right in the middle of Christmas preparationsnow. 11.The faceof a personshows what life he has lived. 12. Grammar isn’t just a set of rules,is it? 13. Ithink I could do with a quick cup of coffee.14.A bar of fruit and nuts chocolateis a good snack. 15. Can you give me a piece of sensible advice?16. They promise a spell of good weather at the end of the month.

Ex. 45 0 . Insert the article if necessary.

1. ... beginning of ... detective story should be mysterious and gripping. 2. ... beginning of ... novel was boring but ... end was fantastic. 3. In big cities people have to live in … blocks of... flats. 4. Julia worked hard and soon was at … top of ... class. 5. The snow lay thick on ... roof of ... house. 6. ... roof of ... private house needs regular care.   7. Chris had ... feeling of ... complete and ... utter love. 8. For her, the Union Jack was not merely ... national emblem of Great Britain, but ... symbol of ... justice, ... democracy and ... freedom. 9. ... piece of ... information we’ve just got is very timely. 10. They sat down on a bench under … shade of ... weeping willow. 11. ... proof of ... pudding is in the eating. 12. Great treasures lie hidden in ... depths of ... World Ocean. 13. That’s ... other side of ... coin, so to say. 14. I know him like ... palm of my hand.

Ex . 45 1 . Translate into English.

1. Цей детектив намагається добратися до суті справи. 2. Починаючи з ранньої весни, селяни встають з першими проблисками зорі. 3. Мораль цієї байки повчальна. 4. Зграя голубів влаштувалася на даху собору. 5. У мого друга загострене почуття справедливості. 6. Невже ти віриш, що в тому, що він каже, є хоч слово правди? 7. Шекспір вірив у колесо фортуни. 8. Коловорот життя безкінечний, і він ніколи не змінюється. 9. Доля людини залежить від багатьох речей. 10. З вершини гори можна побачити панораму Флоренції. 11. Постать моделі повинна відповідати певним вимогам. 12. Група студентів вивчає італійську мову. 13. У мене зламався автомобіль, і зараз мені потрібна кругленька сума грошей, щоб відремонтувати його.

Ex. 45 2 . Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the phrases in italic type.

1. Step by stepwe are getting nearer to our goal. 2. They walked from room to room, admiring what they saw. 3. Day after daythings are improving. 4. We’ve been working side by sidefor so many years. 5. She read the foreign text slowly, line by line.6. We call each other from time to time.7. The fellow kept grinning from ear to ear.8. Itwas all a big lie from start to finish. 9. Imust tell you that from beginning to endyou acted most foolishly.10. He is a gentleman from head to toe. 11. During the war the family lived from hand to mouth. 12. He keeps all his bank accounts under lock and key. 13. Let me announce you now husband and wife. 14. Mother and childshould be protected by State. 15. Time after timeI’ve tried to walk away from you. 16. The moon was rolling slowly in the sky, from star to star.17. Traffic stood nose to tailall the way down the Strand.

Ex. 45 3 . Read and translate the sentences. State what parts of speech are substantivized and explain the use of articles with them.

1. He never stopped looking for the unexpected. 2. We reward the courageous and the wounded. 3. This meeting is for me like a jump into the unknown.        4. Now I am reading a book by I. Murdock “The Red and the Green”. 5. It’s still unclear when the officials are going to take decisive measures. 6. If there is one secret weapon that’s possessed by the successful, it is that they are highly organized. 7. Ben often thought regretfully about the past. 8. Try to learn to sort the good from the bad. 9. The Greeks built a wooden horse that the Troyans took into the city. 10. Must I understand the answer as a negative? 11. Don’t feel jealous, it’s a him, not a her I’m dining with tonight. 12. I hope I’ll get a five for the test. 13. We talked about what we wanted to do, in the war and after, if there was an after. 14. The play was still running, it was a sell-out at weekends. 15. And the sky now was a hard metallic blue. 16. The Downs are an area of low grassy hills in the South of England. 17. The poor man lived among the down-and-out in the city Liverpool.

Ex. 45 4 . Insert the right article.

1. This book is about the dazzling world of ... rich and ... powerful. 2. Come in, come in, out of ... cold. 3. Her coat was ... cast-off from her cousin. 4. Blackie’s skin was dark, it was ... nut brown. 5. Things have taken a turn for ... worse. 6. Emma was relieved at last that it was out in ... open. 7. I felt claustrophobic all of ... sudden. 8. He felt just ... opposite. 9. She always tried to see ... best in people. 10. The prospect of a new business deal gave her ... high. 11. Her eyes were ... startling blue.       12. The village was deserted, and it looked as if ... locals hadleft it. 13. You’ve said you like the house, and yet there’s ... but in your mind; I know you. 14. I vaguely remember that the house became a home for … elderly. 15. My father, an archaeologist, seems to prefer ... past to ... present. 16. The Governments of many countries are doing ... near impossible to stop terrorism.

Ex. 45 5 . Use the right article if necessary.

1. ... English will endure any amount of ... humiliation and ... suffering if you can promise them … nice cup of … tea at ... end of it. 2. There is ... strong tradition of hard work and ... good manners in ... English Internet School. And ... terrific atmosphere! 3. At one end of town stood ... old church. Most of ... shops lay beyond ... church. 4. ... teddy bear has come out of the nursery and into ... auction room to fetch ... massive prices. ... bears are one of ... few collectables that touch ... heart. They are very loving. 5. ... cosmetic surgery was once … extravagance of ... rich and famous, but nowadays more and more people are going under ... knife in ... pursuit of ... better body and face. 6. Two thousand years 20 000 people lived in ... Pompeii, ... city in ... southern Italy, off ... Bay of ... Naples. ... Pompeii was built at … foot of ... Vesuvius, ... volcano 4,000 feet high. 7. … most famous battle in ... English history was ... Battle Hastings. 8. ... traffic warden is ... man or ... woman who controls car parking in towns. 9. Before ... driver has passed ... driving test, he must carry ... red and white L-plate on ... back and on ... front of ... car. 10. … head of … Church of England is ... Archbishop of Canterbury. 11. … emirate is … country that is ruled by … emir. ... emir is ... Muslim ruler, especially in … South-West Asia and ... West Africa. 12. … British Finance Minister is called ... Chancellor of ... Exchequer. 13. When … woman agrees to marry ... man, he gives her ... engagement ring. 14. ... head of ... British university is called … vice-Chancellor. 15. ... life is easier than you would think; all that is necessary is to accept … impossible, do without … indispensable, and bear … intolerable. 16. ... Hawaii is … state which is composed of many islands in ... middle of … Pacific Ocean. 17. The people of ... Hawaiian Islands speak the Polynesian language.

Chapter IV. THE PRONOUN

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