Task 10. Match the words (1-6) with their definitions (a-f).
1. resolution a. special effects that can be applied to pictures
2. jagged b. a technique that generate realistic reflection shadows and highlights
3. filters c. geometrical figures with special properties
4. wireframe d. irregular or uneven
5. rendering e. the number of pixels in an image
6. fractals f. the drawing of a model by using features like edges or control lines
Task 11. Match the words 1- with the words a- to make up the word combinations
1. arrow a. command
2. drop-down b. message
3. execute c. friendly
4. reply d. menu
5. user e. key
Task 12 . Work in pairs. Student A chooses a task from the list (1-6) and describes it. Student B chooses the most appropriate graphics software for the task (a-f) and gives reasons for his or her choice. Swap roles.
1. To edit and retouch photos
2. To create illustrations and drawings for a magazine
3. To prepare slideshows for training sessions or conferences
4. To make mechanical designs and architectural plans
5. To create dynamic simulation and special effects for films, TV, advertisements and games
6. To analyse geographic data and make maps
Task 13. Find definitions in the text of these items.
1. Menu 3. Window 5. Pointer
2. Interface 4. Active window 6. Icon
1. Most computers have a Graphical User Interface. The ___ is the connection between the user and the computer. The most common type of GUI uses a WIMP system, WIMP stands for Windows, icon, Menu (or Mouse), Pointer (or Pull-down/Pop-up menu).
2. A ___ is an area of the computer screen where you can see the contents of a folder, a file, or a program. Some systems allow several windows on the screen at the same time and windows can overlap each other. The window on the top is the one which is ‘active’, the one in use.
3. ___ are small pictures on the screen. They represent programs, folders, or files. For example, the Recycle Bin icon represents a program for deleting and restoring files. Most systems have a special area of the screen on which icons appear.
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4. ___ give the user a list of choices. You operate the menu by pressing and releasing one or more buttons on the mouse.
5. ___ is the arrow you use to select icons or to choose options from a menu. You move the pointer across the screen with the mouse. Then you click a button on the mouse to use the object selected by the pointer.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
NOUNS
| Proper Nouns | Common Nouns | ||
| Tim Baker Europe Great Britain London the Grand (Hotel) Oxford Street Penny Lane the Thames the British Museum the Daily News | Countable Nouns | Uncountable Nouns | |
| a boy (two boys) a man (three men) a table (four tables) a city (ten cities) people scissors | bread water love equality clothing furniture permission length | cotton tea peace ignorance leisure equipment activity news | |
| Countable Nouns | Uncountable Nouns |
| a brick – цегла (одна) a chocolate – шоколадна цукерка a fire – вогонь a grammar – граматика (підручник) a hair – волосина an iron – праска a justice – суддя a light – вогник, лампа a paper – газета, документ a play – п’єса a time – раз a wood – ліс a work of art – витвір мистецтва a glass, glasses – склянка, окуляри a grass – травинка | brick – цегла (будівничий матеріал матеріал) chocolate – шоколад fire – вогонь grammar – граматика (наука) hair – волосся iron – залізо justice – справедливість light – світло paper – папір play –гра time – час wood – дерево (деревина) work – робота glass – скло grass – трава |
They ordered three beers. – Вони замовили три пива. (три склянки)
This is a very good coffee. – Це дуже хороша кава. (сорт кави)
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PLURAL OF COUNTABLE NOUNS
| Singular number | Plural number |
| Основа + закінчення -s | |
| a boy, a table, a trick, a whiff, a smith, a railway | boys, tables, tricks, whiffs, smiths, railways |
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Основа + закінчення –es після –s, -ch, -tch, -sh, -ss, -x, -o
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| a bench, a bus, a glass, a bush, a brush, a match, a box, a potato | benches, buses, glasses, bushes, brushes, matches, boxes, potatoes |
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Кінцева –у (після приголосного) змінюєтся на -ies
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| an army, a country, a fly, a lady | armies, countries, flies, ladies |
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Кінцева –f(-fe) змінюється на –ves
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| a calf, a half, a knife, a leaf, a shelf, a wife, a wolf | calves, halves, knives, leaves, shelves, wives, wolves |
| Compound Nouns | |
| a manservant, a schoolgirl, a woman-teacher, a mother-in-law, a passer-by, a man-of-war, a forget-me-not | menservants, schoolgirls, women-teachers, mothers-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, forget-me-nots |
IRREGULAR PLURALS
| Singular number | Plural number |
| a man, a woman, a foot, a tooth, a goose, a mouse, a louse, an ox, a child | men, women, feet, teeth, geese, mice, lice, oxen, children |
| a radius, a corpus, a formula, a bacterium, a crisis, a criterion, an index, a bureau | radii (или radiuses), corpora, formulae (или formulas), bacteria, crises, criteria, indices, bureaux |
| a deer, a sheep, a salmon, a trout, a cod, an aircraft, a spacecraft, a crossroads, a means, a series, a species, a works | deer, sheep, salmon, trout, cod, aircraft, spacecraft, crossroads, means, series, species, works |
Special Cases | |
| Only Singular number | Only Plural number |
| advice, information, news, measles, mumps physics, knowledge, furniture, luggage, gymnastics, athletics, bowls, billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts | annals, archives, arms (weapons), belongings, clothes, cattle, poultry, scissors, dregs, earnings, wages, goods, trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, glasses, spectacles, earrings, socks, outskirts, premises, tights, remains, pliers, riches, surroundings, thanks, the tropics, whereabouts, people, police, stairs, (good)looks, |
Plural forms
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| hat – hats bus – buses glass - glasses boy – boys box – boxes bench - benches country – countries brush – brushes match - matches |
| hero – heroes але: piano - pianos potato – potatoes photo - photos volcano – volcanoes stereo - stereos tomato – tomatoes kilo - kilos echo – echoes radio - radios |
| thief – thieves wife – wives але: roof – roofs proof - proofs leaf – leaves shelf – shelves belief – beliefs serf - serfs knife – knives wolf – wolves chief – chiefs safe - safes life – lives half – halves gulf – gulfs cliff - cliffs |
| means a means of transport – various means of transport series a television series – many television series species a species of birds – different species of birds crossroads this crossroads – these crossroads works (factory) a gas works – two gas works |
| Тільки в однині |
| linen progress money sugar behaviour furniture business scenery bread evidence knowledge information wood beef research advice trouble weather macaroni trouble luggage accommodation sand salt music baggage equipment damage chaos spaghetti permission traffic work justice luck rubbish hair food machinery jewellery |
| news, mumps, measles, economics, mathematics, physics, statistics billiards, dominoes, darts, bowls gymnastics, athletics politics, tactics, optics, ethics |
| Тільки в множині |
| sights riches savings earnings lodgings clothes goods people outskirts stairs poultry trousers sweets police slums scissors cattle jeans arms contents wages spectacles congratulations tights |
| Як в однині так і в множині |
| family crowd congress company clergy team jury government crew gentry group public committee board staff army audience delegation |
THE POSSESSIVE CASE
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| Singular number | Plural number |
| Proper Nouns | |
| Tim’s dog, Alice’s cat, James’s mother, St. Paul’s, St. Mary’s, Mr. Baker’s house | the Bakers’ house |
| Animate Nouns | |
| a girl’s hat, the boy’s dog, a lady’s handbag, a man’s suit, a child’s toy, a cat’s tail | a girls’ school, the boys’ dogs, a ladies’ room, men’s suits, children’s books, cats’ tails |
| Inanimate Nouns | |
| a minute’s walk, a day’s work, a week’s stay, today’s conference, yesterday’s paper, the company’s office, the government’s proposal, my family’s welfare | a five minutes’ walk, a three days’ trip, a few weeks’ stay, the companies’ offices, the governments’ proposals, my families’ welfare |
NOUNS DETERMINERS
| Nouns Determiners | Countable Nouns | Uncountable Nouns | |
| Singular number | Plural number | ||
| The Indefinite Article | a boy, an apple | ||
| The Definite Article | the boy | the boys | the tea |
| The Possessive Pronoun | my apple | my apples | my tea |
| The Demonstrative Pronoun | this boy, that apple | these boys, those apples | this tea, that money |
| Question Words | What boy? Which apple? Whose book? | What boys? Which apples? Whose books? | What tea? Which money? Whose money? |
| The Quantifiers | some boys, any boys many boys, few boys a few boys, more boys most boys, a lot of boys | some tea, any tea much tea, little tea a little tea, more tea most tea, a lot of tea | |
SOME AND ANY; SOME/ ANY + -ONE/ -BODY/ -THING/ -WHERE
Some and any позначають кілька, деяка кількість. Можуть вживатися з обчислюваними (у множині) і необчислювальними іменниками.
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