Task 13. Match the term with the definition.
| Table A | Table B |
| a Kernel b Free Software Foundation c Source code d Open Source e A distribution f X | i A type of software development where any programmer can develop or fix bugs in the software ii The original systems program from which compiled programs are generated iii A complete operating system kit with the utilities and applications you need to make it do useful things iv A standard distributed windowing system on which people implement graphical interfaces v An organisation of volunteers dedicated to making good software that anyone could use without paying vi The core of an operating system that handles memory allocation, talks to hardware devices, and makes sure everything keeps running |
Task 14. Mark the following statements as True or False:
1. Linux was created in the 1980s.
2. Minix was created by a university student.
3. Linux is based on Unix.
4. Minix is based on Unix.
5. Linux runs on more types of computer than any other operating system.
GRAMMAR REVIEW
REPORTED SPEECH
The sequence of tenses in the subordinate clauses:
| Main clause | Action | Subordinate clause | Examples |
| PAST | Simultaneous | The Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous (no matter which of the past tenses is used in the principle clause) | Mark was watching her while she was reading. |
| Preceding | The Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Continuous (no matter which of the past tenses is used in the principle clause) | He didn’t know why she had left without leaving a note. | |
| Following | Future-in-the-Past (no matter which of the past tenses is used in the principle clause) | The note on the table said that she would not back. | |
| PRESENT | Simultaneous | The Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous (no matter which of the past tenses is used in the principle clause) | James has told me that he is too busy now. |
| Preceding | The Present Perfect, the Past Indefinite, the Present Perfect Continuous or the Past Continuous (no matter which of the past tenses is used in the principle clause) | I don’t think we have met before. From your looks it’s clear that it has been raining hard. | |
| Following | Means of expressing future (no matter which of the past tenses is used in the principle clause) | I hope he will help me. | |
| FUTURE | Simultaneous | The Present Indefinite or the Present Continuous | They will find they have much to do there. |
| Preceding | The Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite | He will find that Mary has left. | |
| Following | Means of expressing future | I’ll let you know what he will do. |
TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple tense intoPast Simple
Present Continuous tense into Past Continuous
Present Perfect tense into Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple into Past Perfect
Past Continuous into Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect into Past Perfect
Future Simple, will into would
Future Continuous, will be into would be
Future Perfect, will have intowould have
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| DIRECT SPEECH | INDIRECT SPEECH | ||
| PRESENT TENSE | |||
| PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE | |||
| He said, “I write a letter” She said, “He goes to school daily” They said, “We love our country” He said, “He does not like computer” | He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country. He said that he did not like computer. | ||
| PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS | |||
| He said, “He is listening to the music” She said, “I am washing my clothes” They said, “We are enjoying the weather” She said, “I am not laughing” | He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were enjoying the weather. She said that she was not laughing. | ||
| PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT | |||
| She said, “He has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “She has eaten the meal” They said, “We have not gone to New York. | She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York. | ||
| PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |||
| He said, “I have been studying since 3 o’clock” She said, “It has been raining for three days.” I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007” | He said that he had been studying since 3 o’clock. She said that it had been raining for three days. I said that she had been working in this office since 2007. | ||
| PAST TENSE
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| PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT | |||
| He said to me, “You answered correctly” John said, “They went to cinema” He said, “I made a table” She said, “I didn’t buy a car” | He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said that they had gone to cinema. He said that he had made a table. She said that she had not bought a car. | ||
| PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | |||
| They said, “We were enjoying the weather” He said to me, “ I was waiting for you” I said, “It was raining” She said, “I was not laughing” | They said that they had been enjoying the weather. He said to me that he had been waiting for me. I said that it had been raining. She said that she had not been laughing. | ||
| PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change) | |||
| She said, “She had visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “She had eaten the meal” They said, “We had not gone to New York. | She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said they had not gone to New York. | ||
| FUTURE TENSE | |||
| FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE | |||
| He said, “I will study the book” She said, “I will buy a computer” They said to me, “We will send you gifts” I said, “I will not take the exam” | He said that he would study the book. She said that she would buy a computer. They said to me that they would send me gifts. I said that I would not take the exam. | ||
| FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE | |||
| I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” She said,” I will be shifting to a new home” He said, “I will be working hard” He said, “He will not be flying kite” | I said to him that I would be waiting for him. She said that she would be shifting to a new home. He said that he would be working hard. He said that he would not be flying kite. | ||
| FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
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| He said, “I will have finished the work” She said, “They will have passed the examination” He said, “I will have gone” | He said that he would have finished the work. She said that they would have passed the examination. He said that he would have gone. | ||
The sequence of tenses is:
| VIOLATED | STRICTLY OBSERVED |
| 1. in present-time contexts after a past form in the principal clause when the reference is made to a. the actual present time (I told her that we are always glad to see her) b. the actual past time (They left an hour ago. You said you didn’t want to go) c. the actual future time (Did you know they are coming tomorrow?) 2. after a past form in the principal clause when we speak about the general truth (He understood how important the profession of a doctor is) 3. with modal verbs which have only one form – MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT TO, NEED (I said I must be off) | 1. in object clauses () 2. in subject and predicative clauses (It is strange how she left) 3. in appositive clauses (She had the fear that smth terrible would happen) 4. in clauses of purpose (He turned on the light so that everyone could see him) 5. in simple sentences in the inner speech (It wasn’t actually as bad. Tom was to leave for college, but it didn’t mean Kelly would stay alone) 6. in simple sentences with an inserted parenthetic sentence (It was all right, James thought to himself) |
OUT-OF-DATE-REPORTING
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
| Present simple “I want to go to bed early,” he said. | Past simple He said (that) he wanted to go to bed early. |
| Present continuous “She is feeding the baby,” he said. | Past continuous He said (that) she was feeding the baby. |
| Present perfect “I have bought a new dress,” she said. | Past perfect She said (that) she had bought a new dress. |
| Past simple “I finished work early,” Alex said. | Past simple or past perfect Alex said (that) he (had) finished work early. |
| Past continuous “I was planning to call you later,” she said. | Past continuous or Past perfect continuous She said (that) she was planning/ had been planning to call me later. |
| Future (will) “I will talk to you tomorrow,” she said. | Conditional (would) She said (that) she would talk to me the next day. |
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| The sequence of tenses is not observed in Object Clauses when: | |
| • a general truth or scientific law is expressed: | Copernicus concluded that the earth goes round the sun. |
| • something habitual, customary, or characteristic is represented: | We asked a bank clerk when the bank closes. |
| • in newspaper and magazine articles: | It was announced in Cairo yesterday that the election will be held in June |
| Nearness | Distance | ||
| Now this | then, at this time, immediately that | last week | the week before, the previous week |
| today, tonight | that day, that night | next week | the week after, the following week |
| yesterday | the day before, the previous day | two days ago | two days before |
| tomorrow | the next day, the following day | here | there |
| this week | that week | come | go |
We can use the verbs say and tell both in direct and reported speech.
Tell is always followed by a personal object (told me).
Say is used with or without a personal object. When used with a personal object it is always followed by the preposition to (said to me).
Study the following examples:
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
| He said, “I’m Ted.” | He said (that) he was Ted. |
| He said to me, “I’m Ted”. | He said to me that he was Ted. |
| He told me, “I’m Ted”. | He told me that he was Ted. |
Say and tell are also used with the following expressions:
| say | good morning, afternoon, etc., something, nothing, etc., one’s prayers, so, a few words |
| tell | the truth, a lie, a secret, a story, the time, the difference, smb one’s name, smb the way, one from another, one’s fortune |
MODAL VERBS CHANGES
| Direct speech | Reported speech |
| He said, “I will have some tea.” | He said (that) he would have some tea. |
| He said, “She can type fast.” | He said (that) she could type fast. |
| He said, “I can talk to you tomorrow.” | He said (that) he could/would be able to talk to me next day. (it refers to the future) |
| He said, “They may come home.” | He said (that) they might come home. |
| He said, “What shall I tell her?” | He asked what he should tell her. |
| He said, “You must stay in.” | He said (that) I must/had to stay in. |
| He said, “She must be exhausted.” | He said (that) she must be exhausted. |
| Direct Question | Indirect Question | ||
| What are you doing? | He asked me what I was doing. | ||
| Where do you live? | He wanted to know where I lived. | ||
| When did you see Tom? | He asked me when I had seen Tom. | ||
| Where is the manager? | He asked me where the manager was. | ||
| Who has broken the window? | She wondered who had broken the window. | ||
| Ask (someone) + if + підрядне речення
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