B) Answer the following questions:

I. What, according to the author, is the main drawback  помеха of all text books designed to teach written English? 2. What does learning to write involve? 3. What must the student keep in mind when writing? 4. What is the basic difference between the processes of reading and writing? 5. What is one of the first things the student has to learn about writing? 6. Why does the author consider both the "copybook approach" to writing and "the free composition approach" unsatis factory? 7. What is the author's suggestion for teaching students to write?

П. Debate the following with your fellow-students:

1. To write a good composition it is enough to have a clear idea of what you are going to write about, the rest will take care of itself.

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2. "Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writ­ing an exact man." (Francis Bacon)

Key Words and Expressions: to give students ample practice in writing; to select facts relevant to a purpose; in a coherent fashion; to proceed by stages from the simple to the complex, to communi­cate ideas; constructions peculiar to written English; to explain spe­cific  techniques

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UNIT SIX

TEXT SIX

 ANTHONY IN BLUE ALSATIA ( местечко вокруг Уайтфрайеза (Лондон), в 17 в. убежище для преступников)

By Eleanor Farjeon

Eleanor Faijeon wrote delightful and distinctive характерные poems for children. Her first novel was "Ladybrook", a tale of Sussex  country life which retained поддержала that delicate  humorous touch оттенок which characterized the work she did for children. Her sensitive­ness to beauty and true understanding of the essential qualities of romance  романа find expression in this charming rhapsody .

Skipping пропустивший his breakfast paper one day, bewildered  растерянный, as he always was, by vital  жизненно важными facts about Home Rails, Questions in the House, and Three-Piece Suits костюме-тройке: facts grasped схваченных, as he knew, instantaneously  мгновенно in their full import  важности all over England by different orders рода of mind воспоминаний from his, through which they slipped as through gauze  дымку Anthony's roving  блуждающий eye was captured by certain words in a paragraph  headed

Mouchard  (near the Jura  Mountains)

Jura  Mountains... Blue smoke... a blue-eyed Alsatian  эльзасец... a Concer­tina  концертина... the Blue Alsatian  Express., many miles from nowhere ниоткуда... hay­making  косящие сено damsels девицы in white sunbonnets  защищающих от солнца шляпах... hayrakes  сенные грабли... laughing at us...

A Minor Mystery

Anthony's eye roved  блуждал no more. He felt that the gauze  дымка, which could not contain the torrents потоки of the world's activities энергии, might house приютить this butterfly and not brush off отказываться its bloom цвет. He read the paragraph  with attention. It described the breakdown анализ "many miles from nowhere ниоткуда" of the Blue Alsatian  Express at the foot of the Jura  Mountains. It described the blue smoke rising from a heated  разгорячённой axle  оси, the engine-driver машинист sprinting along the lines like a madman, soldiers jumping out выскакивающие on the line and playing a concertina , a nervous woman-passenger wonder­ing what had happened; it indicated the plutocratic  авторитарная luxury  of the corridor train with its restaurant ; it told of the blue mountains and the blue sky, and "the haymaking  косящих сено damsels девицах in white sunbonnets  защищающих от солнца шляпах and

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hayforks сенных вилах on their shoulders" who "are laughing at us over the hedg­erows  живую изгородь".

And then came the paragraph  headed "A Minor Mystery" which ended the account отчёт of the accident.

"One mystery about this train will never be solved . When it first came to a standstill застопорилось на a quiet little man, who looked like a country farm­er, packed up упаковавший his things, climbed out of the train, and deliberately  медленно walked away from it without any outward  видимого sign of annoyance  раздражения, hesita­tion колебания, or distraction смущения, crossing the fields and disappearing into a wood.

Had the breakdown поломку occurred within easy reach of his own home or destination места назначения?"

"Oh, no," said Anthony, answering the journalist, "of course not!"

Why should it? It was most unlikely. And — annoyance  раздражение? Why should the little man be annoyed? And where was the Mystery, Mi­nor or Major ?

Railways — it is their drawback  помеха — compel  заставляет you to travel to some­where. You, who desire to travel to Anywhere, must take your ticket to Stroud  or Stoke, and chance it. The safest plan is to choose some place with a name like Lulworth , Downderry, or Nether Wallop  нижний удар; such places surely cannot go far достигать wrong. But even though they prove to be heaven in its first, second, or third degree, still, there you must go, and nowhere else; — and think of the Seventh Heavens you flash несётесь through continually on your way there, Heavens with no names and no stations, Heavens to which no tickets are issued  выпускаются. To whom has it not happened, time and again, on his way to the Seaside, the Moors  , or the Highlands, to cry in his heart, at some glimpse проблеске of Paradise from the carriage windows: " That is where I really wanted to go — that is where I would like to get out выйти! That valley of flowers, that cottage in the birch-glade  берёзовой поляне, that buttercup лютиковое field with the little river and a king­fisher  зимородком — if only the train would stop!" — But it never does.

Never? Once it did. Anthony laughed aloud at that Minor Mistery in his morning paper. Where was the Mystery? Luck удача had been with the quiet little man, and he did the only thing there was to do.

..."Why have we stopped?" asked the nervous lady who sat op­posite Anthony in the stuffy carriage.

"Ha-ha-ha! Ha-ha-ha!" laughed a fresh young voice outside.

"Preposterous  абсурдно, preposterous! I shall be late!" snorted  пыхтел a fat millionaire .

"I want my lunch," puffed  пыхтела his fat wife. "I refuse to go without my lunch!"

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Anthony looked out of the window. A hedgerow  живая изгородь bowed  изогнутая with blos­som  цветением, beyond по ту сторону it a meadow  луг in full flower, long flowering grass, thread­ed  пронизанный with flowering stems стволами, lace-white ажурно-белые, chicory -blue цикориево-голубых flowers, a profusion  изобилие of flowers shimmering  мерцающих in the long grass. In one part of the meadow  луг the grass lay лежала mowed in swathes  скошенных рядах, the sweet душистыми flowers with it. A party группа of young peasants  крестьян, in loose white shirts and embroidered  вышитых jackets куртках and aprons  передниках, lay in the grass munching жуя honey-cake and drinking light beer . One tall young fellow, splendid as a god, stood edgeways  боком in the sunlight, his bright блестяшая scythe  коса shining. A few girls stood and stooped склонились in the long grass, picking the flowers; some wore wreaths  венки of the blue and white flowers, some were laughing under their white sunbonnets  защищающих от солнца шляпами, some used работали (граблями), some rested опирались on their rakes  грабли, all were sweet and fresh and frank искренни.

"Oh, why don't we go on?" moaned  застонала the nervous lady. "Oh, what has happened?"

Passengers spoke on all sides. "We are held up застряли!" "We have bro­ken down сломались!" "Bandits! — these dreadful  ужасные foreign parts края!" "The engine is on fire!" "The engine-driver машинист has gone mad!"

"Oh, oh, oh!" moaned  застонала the nervous lady in the carriage.

"Ha-ha-ha!" laughed the gay young voices in the air.

"I shall be late, I tell you!" fumed  кипел от злости the fat millionaire .

"Are we never going to eat?" puffed  пыхтела his wife.

Beyond вдали the meadow  луг of flowers and haymakers  косари lay находились (простирались) the blue moun­tains, as blue as dreams, as Paradise. Soft dim тусклые woods lay between the meadow  луг and the slope скатом. At the very edge кромке of the woods, as though it had just stepped out вышло of the trees and set foot наступил on the grass, was a tiny  крошечный cottage with a balcony. In the fringe  бахроме of trees meandered  извивались little paths and a little stream, and some goats коз. The scent  запах of hay  сена and flowers and aromatic  trees filled the carriage.

"La-la-la-la, ti-ti-ti-ti!" A soldier sitting on the rails was singing The Blue Danube  Дунай to a concertina  played by another soldier.

The girls in the meadow  луг began to dance.

"Oh, what is it, what is it? " wailed  завопила the nervous lady.

"Food, food!" puffed  пыхтел the fat one.

"How late, how late I shall be!" repeated her husband.

"Keep the doors shut — don't let them come in!" implored  заклинала the nervous lady, wringing  скручивая her hands.

"Ha-ha-ha!" laughed the dancing girls, "ha-ha-ha!"

"Swish свист!" sang the young god's scythe  коса.

Anthony got his little bag from the rack стеллажа and opened the carriage door. The nervous lady gave a tiny  крошечный shriek.

"Ah!" don't let them in!"

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"Late! late! late!"

"Lunch is served. Come!"

Anthony crossed the rail and found a gap ущелье in the blossoming  цвететущая hedge кромка. In the hayfield  сенокосное угодье, nearly hidden in flowers, was a crooked  изогнутая foot­path. It led over the meadows  лугами to the little wood at the foot подножия of the blue mountains. He followed it unhesitatingly  решительно. He left behind позади him the dancing laughing flower-gatherers, the young god mowing, the peas­ants  крестьяне drinking, the soldiers playing, the Blue Alsatian  Express con­taining the millionaire  who would be late — for what ? For what could one be late? One was in Blue Alsatia . To which there are no tickets.

He entered the little wood and was lost to sight.

At the back of the cottage, barefoot by the little stream, stood a girl of sixteen, a lovely grey-eyed child, feeding her kids козлят from a bun­dle вязанки of hay  сена in her apron  переднике, at which they pushed and pulled. She wore a white chemise  женскую сорочку and a blue embroidered  вышитой skirt. When the kids were rough нервничали she thrust them from her with her brown toes пальцами на ноге, and laughed like music. On a bench by the cottage stood a pitcher кувшин and a wooden bowl чаша.

Her eyes met Anthony's. She let fall her apron  фартук, and the sweet hay  сена tumbled  упал down, a full feast  пир for the kids. She went to the bench, filled the bowl with milk, and offered it to Anthony with a bit of honey-cake, her grey eyes smiling. As he drank, she made a simple gesture.

"Stay," she said.

The Blue Alsatian  Express went on without him.

Anthony stirred  размешал his tea-cup. In the next column  колонке was an account отчёт of Last Night's Debate  on —

He skipped перескочил it.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

Vocabulary Notes

1. skip 1) а) прыгать, скакать; бежать вприпрыжку 2) прыгать через скакалку 3) перепрыгивать 4) а) = skip over пропускать, не затрагивать б) (skip to) сразу переходить в) перескакивать г) пропускать, не принимать участия 5) (skip through) бегло просматривать 6) школ. перепрыгивать, перескакивать (через класс) 7) заставлять прыгать по поверхности чего-л. или отскакивать рикошетом 8) ; а) в спешке покинуть б) (skip off / out) скрываться, смываться 9) пропускать зажигание (о двигателе) vt/i 1) spring, jump or leap quickly or lightly from one foot on to the other, e.g. He skipped out of the way (i.e. jumped quickly to one side). 2) jump over a rope (called a skipping-rope) which is made to swing under the feet and over the head 3) pass over; leave out, e.g. You've skipped a sentence here. 4) read smth. hastily, omit­ting parts, e.g. The book was given me for one day only, and I just skipped it. Syn. skim

Word Discrimination: skip, skim (skim over / through) поверхностно знакомиться (с чем-л.) , бегло просматривать (что-л.).

Skip implies omitting those parts of the reading stuff which one considers dull or of no importance.

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Skim, on the contrary, lays a stress on the fact that the reader picks out the parts which interest him, reading only choice plac­es (cf. with the main meaning of skim, as to skim the cream from the milk).

Skip подразумевает пропуск таких частей читаемого материала, которые кто-то считает скучными или не имеющими значения.
Skim напротив, делает акцент на том, что читатель выбирает из частей, которые его интересуют, выборочное чтение только определённых частей (ср. с основным смыслом Skim, как снимать сливки с молока).

2. vital  1) жизненный 2) (жизненно) важный, насущный, существенный; необходимый 3) энергичный, полный жизни 4) гибельный, губительный, роковой 5) демографический а essential; necessary to the existence of smth., as a vital necessity, of vital importance; e.g. This is a matter of vital importance to us.

vitality  1) а) жизнеспособность; жизненность, жизнестойкость; живучесть б) всхожесть (семян) 2) живость, энергия, энергичностьn vital force; strength; vigour, e.g. His features were hand­some enough, but they lacked vitality.

3. grasp ) а) схватывать, хватать, зажимать (в руке) ; захватывать б) хвататься 2) пожимать (руку) ; обнимать 3) понять, схватить (основную идею) ; осознать; овладеть, усвоить; постичь vt/i 1) seize  охватить firmly with the hand, as to grasp a rope, a person's hand 2) (fig.) understand with the mind, e.g. I saw he was unable to grasp my meaning. She fully grasped the argument.

4. capture 1) захватывать, брать силой 2) брать в плен 3) завоевать (приз, голоса избирателей) 4) завладеть, захватить, увлечь 5) фиксировать, записывать (на фото-, кино-, видеоплёнку) 6) поглощать, захватывать vt 1) make a prisoner of; catch, e.g. Our army captured 1,000 enemy soldiers. 2) get by force, skill or a trick, e.g. Tom was so clever that he captured all the prizes at school; capture smb.'s attention (interest, sympathy , curiosity, etc.) привлечь внимание, увлечь attract smb.'s attention (arouse interest, sympathy, curiosity) привлекать внимание, e.g. This advertisement is sure to capture the public attention, capture smb.'s eye привлечь внимание attract attention, e.g. He wasn't sure whether the colour scheme could be defined as vivid or garish, but the picture certainly captured the eye.

5. minor 1) незначительный, несущественный, второстепенный 2) лёгкий, несерьёзный, неопасный (о болезни, операции) 3) меньший; младший; относящийся к меньшинству 4) неосновной, непрофилирующий (об академической дисциплине) 5) а) минорный б) малый (об интервале) в) грустный, минорный a less; smaller (not followed by than); comparatively unimportant, as the minor planets; a minor injury; a minor matter; a minor mystery; minor repairs

minority  1) меньшинство; меньшее число; меньшая часть 2) несовершеннолетие n the smaller number or part, e.g. He had never liked to find himself among the minority.

Ant. Major  1. 1) а) более важный, значительный б) больший, составляющий большую часть 2) старший 3) главный, крупный 4) мажорный 5) лог., главный (о посылке в структуре силлогизма) 2. 1) совершеннолетний 2) лог. главная посылка (в силлогизме) 3) мажор, мажорный лад harmonic major — гармонический мажор melodic major — мелодический мажор natural major — натуральный мажор 4) а) профилирующая дисциплина (в колледже) ; дисциплина, выбранная в качестве специализации б) студент, специализирующийся в определённой области 5) (majors) высшая лига a greater or more important, as the major part of one's life, the major issue on the agenda; major matters, etc.

majority  1) а) большинство б) совершеннолетие (статус человека, достигшего этого возраста) 3) чин, звание майора 4) партия или политическая группировка, составляющая большинство в парламенте n the greater number or part, e.g. The optimism of the majority finally prevailed over the fears and doubts of the minority.

6. breakdown 1) поломка механизма, машины; авария 2) распад; развал 3) полный упадок сил, здоровья 4) разборка (на части) ; распределение; расчленение; деление на категории; классификация 5) анализ 6) схема организации 7) шумный, стремительный американский народный танец, танец "кантри" 8) пробой (диэлектрика) n 1) an accident (to machinery or to an electric- power system or to trains, trams, cars, etc.) which causes work or activity to stop, e.g. There was a breakdown on the railway and all the trains were two hours late. 2) a failure of the mind or of the body to work well, caused by doing too much work or by overstrained nerves, e.g. My impression is that he is on the verge of a nervous breakdown.

break down 1) сломить, разбить 2) ухудшаться, сдавать (о здоровье) 3) разбирать (на части) ; делить, подразделять, расчленять; классифицировать; анализировать 4) распадаться (на части) 5) провалиться; потерпеть неудачу 6) не выдержать, потерять самообладание 7) расщеплять (какое-л. вещество) become disabled or useless; suffer a physical or men­tal weakening; collapse, e.g. The machinery broke down. His health broke down. All our plans broke down.

7. destination  1) назначение, предназначение, предначертание, предопределение 2) место назначения, пункт назначения 3) цель (путешествия, похода) 4) адресат информации n the place to which a thing or person is going or being sent or which a person wants to reach, e.g. Finally we were

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informed that he had left the town, but no one seemed to have any idea of the destination.

destine  1) предопределять, предрешать 2) предназначать, планировать, предполагать, иметь намерение vt determine the future of (usu. m the passive), e.g. They were destined never to meet again.

destiny  1) рок, судьба (как высшая сила) 2) удел, участь, жребий (предназначенное судьбой) n 1) what happens to a person or thing in the end, esp. what is thought to be determined in advance, e.g. It was his destiny to die in a foreign country. 2) the power that is supposed to control events; fate, e.g. Destiny sometimes plays strange tricks on human beings.

8. issue  1. а) (issue from) происходить, получаться в результате (чего-л.) 2. arise б) иметь результатом, кончаться (чем-л.) 2. 3) родиться, происходить (от кого-л.) 4) выпускать, издавать; пускать в обращение 5) выдавать, отпускать, снабжать vi/t give or send out; publish; distribute, as to issue com mands (banknotes, stamps, a newspaper, etc.), e.g. How many news papers are issued  выпускаются in this town?

issue 1) выпуск (продукции) ; издание (печатной продукции) 2) а) выход, выходной канал, выходное отверстие б) устье реки 3) гной или кровь, выделяющиеся из раны 4) выпуск, номер (периодического издания) 5) потомство, потомки, наследники 6) исход, результат, плод 7) спорный вопрос; предмет спора или тяжбы 8) проблема; дело; тема; пункт 9) обычно issues акции, ценные бумаги 10) эмиссия n 1) putting forth or sending out; publication, as the issue of a newspaper; to buy new stamps on the day of issue; the most re­cent issues of a newspaper 2) a problem; a point in question; some­thing about which there is debate or argument, as to debate an issue; to raise a new issue; to argue  оспорить political issues 3) a result, outcome or consequence, as the issue of a battle (war, etc.)

9. shimmer  мерцать vi emit a faint or wavering light, as moonlight shim mering on the water

shimmer мерцание; мерцающий свет, приглушённый свет n a wavering shine, as the shimmer of pearls Syn. Shine а) светить, сиять, озарять б) светить, освещать (чем-л.) в) светиться; блестеть, сиять, сверкать;  (shine at) ; = shine out блистать, выделяться glimmer  мерцать; тускло светить; блеснуть, мелькнуть glitter  блестеть, сверкать,  блистать glisten  искриться; сиять; блестеть, сверкать sparkle  искриться; сверкать; быть оживлённым; блистать, выделяться (в обществе, разговоре) gleam  светиться; мерцать; испускать, излучать Word Discrimination: glitter, sparkle, shimmer, glimmer, glisten, gleam.

1) The synonyms above differ, first of all, by the intensity of light each of them describes. The following scale of intensity might be suggested for these verbs (beginning with the highest degree of intensity): sparkle — glitter — glisten — gleam — glimmer — shimmer.

2) Another line of discrimination is connected with the nature of light or brightness described by each of the verbs. Sparkle and glitter describe scattered scintillation realized in a series of irregular, small, but bright flashes of light. The same wavering nature of light, but of a fainter degree, is implied by shimmer and glimmer. Cf. The bright sea was sparkling in the sun. The icebergs were coldly glittering against the green water. Through a faint mist the stars were dimly glimmer ing. We lazily watched the moonlight shimmering on the water.

In glisten the wavering character of light is less emphasized. Cf. The lake glistened in the moonlight (= reflected the moonlight and shone smoothly). The lake shimmered in the moonlight (= re­flected the moonlight in tiny  крошечный sparks).

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Gleam means to send out a ray or beam of light, especially one that is faint or one that comes and goes at intervals, as "the gleam of a distant lighthouse", or "fireflies gleaming in the night".

3) Note an emotional colouring which sometimes can be dis cerned in some of these synonyms. Cf. Her eyes sparkled with mer riment. Her eyes coldly glittered with anger. Her eyes glistened with tears. Her eyes gleamed with malice.

4) Note also that stars sparkle on a warm summer night, glitter on a cold winter night, glimmer through the mist. Diamonds sparkle or glitter; gold and silver glisten; brocade and taffeta shimmer; an un- powdered nose or a perspiring face may glisten.

1) синонимы выше отличаются, в первую очередь, интенсивностью света, которую каждый из них описывает. Следующая шкала интенсивности может быть предложена для этих глаголов (начиная с самой высокой степени интенсивности): sparkle — glitter — glisten — gleam — glimmer — shimmer.
2) другой способ различия связан с природой света или яркостью описываемой каждым из глаголов. Sparkle и glitter описывают рассеянное сверкание (блеск) произведённый сериями нерегулярно небольшими но яркими вспышками света. Ту же природу колебания света, но в более слабой степени подразумевается под shimmer и glimmer: The bright sea was sparkling in the sun. The icebergs were coldly glittering against the green water. Through a faint mist the stars were dimly glimmering. We lazily watched the moonlight shimmering on the water.
В glisten колеблющийся характер света меньше подчеркнут. The lake glistened in the moonlight (= reflected the moonlight and shone smoothly). The lake shimmered in the moonlight (= reflected the moonlight in tiny sparks).

Gleam значит направить свет или луч света, особенно тот, который является слабым или тот, который приходит и уходит с интервалом, как "the gleam of a distant lighthouse" «блеск далекого маяка», или "fireflies gleaming in the night" «светлячки светятся в ночи».
3) Обратите внимание на эмоциональную окраску, которая иногда может быть отражена в некоторых из этих синонимов.
4) Заметьте также, звёзды sparkle тёплой летней ночью, glitter холодной зимней ночью, glimmer сквозь туман. Бриллианты sparkle или glitter; золото и серебро glisten; парча и тафта shimmer; не напудренный нос или потное лицо могут glisten.

10. gap  1) а) пролом, брешь, щель, дыра б) лакуна, пробел, пропуск 2) а) разрыв б) зазор, люфт в) расстояние между крыльями биплана 3) прорыв в обороне 4) а) глубокое расхождение (во взглядах) ; недостаток б) отставание в чём-л.; дефицит, утрата 5) горный проход, ущелье n 1) a break or opening; a hole (in a hedge кромке, fence, etc.), e.g. We must see that there is no gap in our defences. 2) a blank; a space that is not filled; a wide separation (in views, sympathies, etc.) as a gap in a conversation  (in one's knowledge, in a story), a wide gap between their views, etc., e.g. The age gap was too great: he was fifteen years her senior, fill a gap заполнить пустоту (н., заполнить пробел) supply smth. that is lack­ing, e.g. He read the book without real interest, but just in the hope of filling the gap in his knowledge on the subject, bridge a gap "перекинуть мостик через пропасть"; преодолеть разрыв; заполнить пробел build up a connection, e.g. Now she realized that her new activities did nothing to bridge the gap between her interests and her husband's, generation gap конфликт поколений, проблема отцов и детей differences of opinion (tastes, manners) arising between parents and children or, in general, between representa­tives of different age groups.

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