B) Answer the following questions:
1. Do you think that study is really an individual matter? Do you believe that you can become efficient in learning through proper organization and method? 2. Which of the three methods of learning from textbooks suggested by the author do you usually stick to in your studies? Which do you personally find effect-
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tive? 3. There is a most important general rule of learning given by the author in this extract. What is it? 4. How do students achieve understanding?
In this text the author presents a personalized view of what has happened in the first decades of modern computers in American education.
A) Read the text for obtaining its information:
Throughout the 1960's far-reaching далеко идущие claims 
заявления were made for the potential for computers to improve education. The efforts 
, particularly of computer companies, were concentrated on "Computer-Aided Instruction программированное обучение " or "CAT. While the phrase computer-aided instruction is broad enough to describe all current applications of computers to the process of education, in practice CAI has come to stand for поддерживать only one possible use of the computer — namely а именно, as a substitute teacher. Students sitting at computer terminals can receive instruction in a wide variety 
of subjects. A perennial 
вечный favorite 
is language instruction машинный язык. This can consist of vocabulary, grammar, and spelling drills упражнений, or of monitored обработанный в ЭВМ language translation in a more sophisticated 
version. For example, the computer may provide обеспечивать words in English, for which the student is supposed to give synonyms in French.
In a more sophisticated 
application CAI will teach the student new subject matter тему and quiz протестировать him on it. Textual 
material is provided either directly on a display terminal дисплее or through supplementary notes дополнительных записях.
A major claim заявление made for CAI is that each student can proceed at his own speed. The student who is having difficulty with a given topic, as shown through the number of errors he commits 
, can branch out открыть to another program 
and be provided with remedial коррективным instructional material. In this sense CAI is more individualized than the instruction the average teacher can provide to a class.
The computer also has certain attributes which in special situations makes it superior 
to the teacher. First, the computer has infinite 
бесконечным patience 
. Second, through time sharing работу в режиме разделения времени, it can simultaneously 
drill тренировать a large number of students, each one proceeding at his or her own speed. Third, the computer, if correctly programmed, does not make any mistakes. And finally, there are distinct advantages in the completely impersonal relation between the student and computer. The student can make all his mistakes in private 
without having to demonstrate his ignorance 
to the teacher and to the rest of the class.
All those advantages have to be acknowledged 
признаны.
(From: KemenyJ.G. Man and the Computer. NY., 1972. Abridged.)
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