Письменный перевод текста «Education of Roman Youth»
- Чтение текста и передача содержания на английском языке:
«London»
- Беседа по устной теме
Примерный перечень вопросов к экзамену по всему курсу
1. Тест (15 баллов):
A (5 баллов )
Choose the correct variant.
1. I think there is … wrong with my watch.
a) something b) anybody c) anything d) everyone
2. The boat is … than a ship.
a) small b) smaller c) the smallest d) more small
3. Yesterday he … his grandparents.
a) visit b) visited c) will visit d) have visited
4. He … at every lesson.
a) is being asked b) had been asked c) are asked d) is asked
5. At the station they … by a man from the travel bureau.
а) will meet b) will be meeting c) will be met d) meet
6. When he came, they … dinner.
a) will have b) have c) were having d) are having
7. Robert left the town last year and I … not seen him since.
a) did b) do c) have d) had
8. Everybody saw her … the building.
a) entered b) enter c) to enter d) to be entering
9. Susan is a well-mannered girl; … .
a) always she is polite b) she is always polite c) is she always polite d) she polite is always
10. Pete was absent yesterday.
a) Pete was absent yesterday, won’t he? b) Pete was absent yesterday, wasn’t he?
c) Pete was absent yesterday, doesn’t he? d) Pete was absent yesterday, isn’t he?
Каждый верный ответ на оценивается в 0,5 балла.
B (5 баллов )
Put the words in the correct order.
the town, last year, left, Robert
Put a question to the underlined words.
I shall put your books on the shelf over there.
Use the right form of the verb in brackets.
In four days he (take) these books in the library.
14. Use the right form of the verb in brackets paying attention to the sequence of tenses.
I knew that she often (write) letters.
Change the sentence into indirect speech.
She said to the young man, “Can you call a taxi for me?”
Каждый верный ответ на оценивается в 1 балл.
C (5 баллов )
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Listen to the recording and do the task.
Каждый верный ответ на оценивается в 1 балл.
2. Письменный перевод текста со словарём (150 – 160 слов за 40 минут). Тематика текстов: по специальности факультета, страноведческая, педагогическая. (5 баллов)
3. Ознакомительное чтение текста (1 страница за 30 минут) и беседа по содержанию текста. (5 баллов)
4. Беседа по разговорным темам (5 баллов):
1. Великобритания
2. Лондон
3. США
4. Вашингтон
5. Канада
6. Австралия
7. Новая Зеландия
8. Россия
9. Москва
10. Будущая профессия
Экзаменационные темы
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) occupies the territory of the British Isles. It consists of four main countries, which are England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the state, which is sometimes referred to as Great Britain or Britain (after its major isle), England (after its major historic part) or the British Isles.
The UK is an island state: it is composed of 5,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands are Great Britain to the east and Ireland to the west. They are separated by the Irish Sea.
Britain is one of the world’s smaller countries, with an area of some 244,100 square kilometers. It is situated off the north-west coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It is separated from the European continent by the English Channel (La Manche) and the Strait of Dover (Pas de Calais).
As for the landscape, there are lowland and highland parts in Great Britain. England is mainly lowland, except for 6 major hilly regions: the Pennines, called the "backbone of England", dividing the north-west part of England from the north-east; the scenic Lake District in the North West; the Yorkshire Dales, running to the east coast of Yorkshire; the moorlands of Cornwall and Devon; and the border areas with Scotland (Cheviot Hills) and Wales. The East Midlands and East Anglia are notably flat and featureless. Scotland and Wales are the largely mountainous countries. The more lowland areas are between Glasgow and Edinburgh, and in the east and south-east part of Wales.
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The chief rivers of Britain are the Severn, flowing along the border between England and Wales, the Thames, the Tweed, the Tyne. The swiftest river is the Spray. Great Britain comprises many lakes. The Lake District contains the beautiful lakes which give it its name.
The UK is a small country with a large population of about 60 million people and over 46 million people live in England. Northern Ireland is the least populated part of the UK. The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish who constitute the British nation. Nowadays, many people of all colours and races live in the UK. English is not the only language which people use in the UK. English is the official language, but some people speak Scottish in Western Scotland, Welsh – in parts of northern and central Wales, and Irish – in Northern Ireland.
The largest cities of Great Britain are London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, and Edinburgh.
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. It is the chief port of Great Britain. It is one of the greatest cities in the world. Its population is about 8 million people.
Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. Today the Queen Elisabeth II is not only head of State but also an important symbol of national unity. British sovereignty collectively resides in the three elements of Parliament: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Since the first half of the 19th century, the political party system has been a two-party system. Today, the two-party contest is between the Conservative Party (the "Tories") and the Labour Party, which emerged at the end of the 19th century with the introduction of universal male suffrage and the decline of the Liberal Party ("Whigs").
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The climate of Great Britain is usually described as cool, temperate and humid due to the influence of the Gulf Stream and the south-western winds which carry the warmth and moisture into Britain. Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. During a normal summer the temperature sometimes rises above 30 degrees in the south. Winter temperatures below 10 degrees are rare. It seldom snows heavily in winter, the frost is rare. This climate is very good for agriculture, which is a modern and the largest industry of today's Britain.
The economy of Great Britain has its roots in three basic industries – agriculture, textiles and shipbuilding. The other main industries are engineering, electronics and tourism.
LONDON
London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world. It was founded by the Romans in 43 AD and called Londinium. They built a town on the River Thames.
Sometimes there were fires in the city. In 61 AD the town was burnt down. Then Londinium was rebuilt by the Romans and surrounded by a wall. This wall is now called the City of London. On Saturday, 2nd September, 1666 the Great Fire of London took place. It started in the house of the king's baker, near London Bridge. The fire burnt for four days and destroyed 80% of the city. After the Great Fire people built a new city.
London dominates the life of Britain. It is the capital of the UK, it's political, economic, commercial, manufacturing and cultural centre and a big port. There is little heavy industry in London, but there is a wide range of light industry in Greater London.
When we think of Rome, Paris, Madrid and other European capitals, we think of them as “cities”. When we think of the whole of modern London, that great area covering several hundred square kilometers, we do not think of it as a “city”, not even as a city and its suburbs. Modern London is not one city that has steadily become larger through the centuries; it is a number of cities, towns, and villages that have, during the past centuries, grown together to make one urban area.
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London is situated on the both banks of the River Thames; it is the largest city in Britain and one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is about 8 million people. Traditionally London is divided into several parts. They are the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.
The City extends over an area of about 2.6 square kilometers in the heart of London. It is a financial and business centre of London. There are a lot of banks, offices and firms there. For example, the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. But the City is also a market for goods of almost every kind, from all parts of the world. Few people live here but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some interesting places in the City. They are the Tower of London and one of the greatest English Churches - St. Paul's Cathedral.
Westminster is the historical and political centre of London. There you can see Westminster Abbey, Westminster Palace or the Houses of Parliament and Buckingham Palace. Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London.
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. Here are the historical places as well as the famous parks. The most beautiful London park – Hyde Park – is situated in this district too. Among other parks are Kensington Gardens, St. James Park. The best-known streets here are Whitehall with important Government offices, Downing Street, the London residence of the Prime Minister and the place where the Cabinet meets, Fleet Street where most newspapers once had their offices, Harley Street where the highest-paid doctors live, etc. The name “the West End” came to be associated with wealth, luxury and goods of high quality. It is the area of the largest department stores, cinemas and hotels. There are about 40 theatres, several concert halls, many museums including the British Museum, and the best art galleries. Visitors with plenty of money to spend and who come chiefly for enjoyment are likely to pass most of their time in the West End.
The port of London is to the east of the City. This is the East End of London, formerly unattractive in appearance, but now changing because of introduction of new industries and very expensive housing. The East End is the poorest district of London. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks there. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive.
London is famous for its wonderful places of interest such as Big Ben, the British Museum, the Tower of London, which is 900 years old, and Tower Bridge, Piccadilly Circus, the National History Museum, Madame Tussaud's Museum, Windsor and many others. All of them have a long history.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The United States of America, commonly called "The States", "The USA", "The Land of Liberty" is a vast country stretching across the middle of North America. This country, which at one time was inhabited only by Indian tribes, is now the home of a "nation of nations", as people from every part of the world have come to live in this land of wealth and promise. These settlers met, mingled, and worked with great enterprise, and as a result of their efforts, the United States has become one of the most important countries in the world.
In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers, a group of Protestants in England who sought freedom of worship, set forth for America in the sailing ship Mayflower. Three months after leaving Plymouth Harbour, they reached the shores of what is now called New England, and founded the America township of Plymouth. Although they often had difficult times with the native Red Indian tribes, the colony soon prospered and more and more settlers joined them. The Indians used a new kind of grain, which the settlers called "Indian corn" (British maize) and they ate strange birds called "turkeys". On the fourth Thursday of November Americans celebrate Thanksgiving Day with a meal of turkey and Indian corn.
A great many emigrants went from European countries to America and thirteen colonies were established, all of them under English rule. The government in England, however, took little interest in the American colonies, except from the point of view of trade. When certain taxes and laws were ordered by the English Parliament, the colonists opposed them and it gradually led to a war. The colonists won final victory under the able leadership of George Washington.
Shortly after the discovery of the New World by Columbus, many people of Spanish origin travelled northward from Mexico and settled down along the western coast of America. That is why many places in this area such as San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Santa Barbara have Spanish names. In l849 the chance discovery of gold brought many people to California and numerous mining towns sprang up in a very short time. "The Golden Gate" (the channel connecting the harbour of San Francisco with the Pacific Ocean) was so-called because many of the seekers of the precious yellow metal passed this way to and from the rich gold-fields.
Now the United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Its eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It has a sea-boarder with Russia. While English is the official language of the country, some immigrants have continued the manners, customs, and even tongue of their homeland, and therefore newspapers in all languages may be seen in the book-stalls.
The climate of the country varies greatly from arctic in Alaska through continental, in the central part to subtropical in the south.
The USA is a federal republic. It consists of fifty states and the District of Columbia. The capital of the country is Washington D.C. The population of the USA is about 280 million people. Each state has its own government. The seat of the federal government is Washington D.C. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are divided into 3 branches. They are the executive, the legislative and the judicial. The executive is headed by the President and his Administration. The legislative is exercised by the US Congress. The judicial is headed by the US Supreme Court.
The Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are two main political parties in the USA, the Republican and the Democratic.
The flag of the USA is called "Stars and Stripes" or "Old Glory". There are three colours on the flag of the USA. They are red, white and blue. As there are fifty states in the USA, there are fifty stars on the American flag: one star for each state. The American flag has thirteen stripes. The stripes are red and white. The flag has seven red stripes and six white stripes. There is one stripe for each of the first thirteen colonies which in 1776 became independent of England.
The eagle became the official national symbol of the country in 1782. It holds an olive branch (a symbol of peace) and arrows (symbols of strength) in its paws. The USA has an official hymn. It is called The Star Spangled Banner.
The USA is one of the greatest industrial and leading agricultural nations in the world. The USA produces around 25% of the world's industrial products, agricultural goods and services.
The USA is rich in coal, iron and oil. Many rivers cross the country. The most important are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Colorado, and the Sacramento. The main lakes are the Great Lakes in the north.
The largest cities are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington and others. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada.
The USA is one of the most powerful and highly developed countries in the world. It is the leader of the western world.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Washington is the capital of the United States of America. It is situated in the District of Columbia. It's the world largest city. The population of the city is 900,000 people. Almost every public building, art gallery or government office you may want to see is in the North West quadrant; the other-quadrants are largely residential.
Washington was named after the first US president George Washington. He selected the place for the capital. It was founded in 1790. Since 1800 Washington D. C. has been the federal capital. The French engineer, Pierre L'Enfant, designed the city.
Washington is humid year round because it, sits between two rivers, the Potomac and Anacostia. Washington shares the sweaty summers of Louisiana and the windy cold of the Northwest. One season, however, has to be seen Washington's cherry blossom time. Several thousand of these cherry-trees were given to Washington in 1912 by the City of Tokyo.
Washington was created to be the seat of government, of the USA. Washington's only industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington, D.C. It is said that some three-quarters of the adult population in Washington, D.C., are wholly or indirectly in the administrative machine and the general process of government; they are either politicians, or civil servants, or suppliers of goods and services to such people. The city lacks a sufficiently large arid sell-sustaining life of its own apart from politics.
Washington D. C. isn't like other cities of the USA. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the US. It has long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parks. In the very centre of it the huge dome of the Capitol rises. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nation's affairs. It's easy to get lost in these huge buildings, full of paintings and statues. The building got its name from the temple in Rome. The Capitol consists of a central building crowned by a great dome (a big white dome standing on a circle of pillars) and connected at each end by galleries with a large wing, one of which contains the Senate Chamber, and the other the Hall of Representatives. Beneath the dome is a monumental hall called the Rotunda, adorned with works or art relating to American history.
Not far from the Capitol is the library of Congress, the largest library in the States. The Library of Congress "the biggest existing-library", you are told, contains more than 13 million books in various languages, more than 19 mi11ion manuscripts, including the personal papers of all but the more recent presidents and many other items, such as maps, prints, recordings and musical scores.
Lafayette Square is located immediately in front of the White House.
There is one more well-known building in Washington — Pentagon. It is the residence of the US Military department. It is situated in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac.
One can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. In Washington D. C. there are memorials to the most famous American presidents. The Washington Monument, the 555-foot-hufh obelisk honours the first U.S. President. The Lincoln Memorial is set high on an artificial plateau at the end of the Mall. It is a big temple in Greek style with 86 marble columns to represent the states in the union at Lincoln's death. The Thomas Jefferson Memorial commemorates Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States.
Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre. There are some important museums in Washington, where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of Presidents’ wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc. There are many theatres, research institutes, five universities, the National Academy of Science there.
The Smithsonian Institute includes almost everything: scientific institutes, art galleries, zoos - all the result of a capricious gift, from an Englishman who never saw America in his life a man named James Smithson who died in l'8£9 and left, all his fortune to the United States to found "an institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men".
Outside the gift, there is the Arlington National Cemetery. One can see the eternal flame on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. John F. Kennedy, the 35th American President, whose death shocked everyone in America, was buried in the Arlington National Cemetery.
There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the city's many monuments from view and because no other building must be taller than the Capitol. No building in the city may be more than 40 meters tall.
Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the US come to see their capital.
CANADA
Canada is the second largest country in the world. Only Russia has a greater land area. Canada is situated in North America.
Most experts believe that the first people who lived on this land came from Asia about 15,000 years ago. They came over a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America. Their descendants are known today as Indians. The ancestors of the Eskimos came to Alaska after them probably about 5,000 years ago.
In 1497 John Cabot found rich fishing grounds off Canada's south-east coast. He was an Italian navigator in the service of England. His discovery led to the European exploration of Canada. France set up a colony in eastern Canada in the early 1600's. Great Britain gained control of the country in 1763, and thousands of British emigrants came to Canada. In 1867, the French and English-speaking Canadians created a united colony called the Dominion of Canada. Canada gained its independence from Britain in 1931. According to the Constitution Act of 1982 the British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, was recognized as the Queen of Canada.
The population of Canada is about 28 million. About 80% of the population live within 320 km of the southern border. Much of the rest of Canada is uninhabited or thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 territories. There are two official languages in Canada. They are English and French. About 57 per cent of all Canadians have some English ancestry and about 32 per cent have some French ancestry. Most French Canadians live in the province of Quebec. They have kept the language and customs of their ancestors. Many of them believe that their province should receive a special recognition in the Canadian constitution. About 2 per cent of the country's population are American Indians and Eskimos.
Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Toronto and Montreal are the largest cities of the country. Today Canada is one of the most highly developed countries in the world. It is a major producer of electric power. It is also a leading producer of wheat, oat and barley. Canada ranks among the world's top manufacturing countries.
AUSTRALIA
Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth largest country and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It is situated about 11,000 km south-west of North America and about 8,200 km southeast of mainland Asia, occupying the continent of Australia and a great number of islands of which Tasmania is the most important.. The area of this country has 7000000 square kilometers. Nearly 20 million people live in Australia. The official language is English.
The Dutch were the first Europeans to visit Australia. The east coast of Australia was discovered by Captain Cook in 1770. The name of the country comes from Latin word "australis" which means southern. The Commonwealth of Australia is the official name of the country. The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of states. It is a self-government federal state. Australia has six states: New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. Each state has its own government. There are two territories in Australia. They are the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.
The capital of the country is Canberra, this city become a capital in 1927. Federal government works in Canberra in the government buildings. There are no industrial plants in the town. The population of Canberra is about 300 000 people. They are the buildings of Australian academy of sciences, the Australian national university and others.
Most of the factories are situated near big cities. There are 4 big cities in Australia: Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth. These cities are also the country's main ports. Sydney is the oldest and largest city in Australia. It was founded in 1788. Sydney is a big industrial centre. About 3 million people now live in the city.
Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of Australia and the head of state. But she serves mainly as a symbol of long historical ties between Great Britain and Australia. The nation is administered under written constitution. Australia has a Parliament which has two chambers, the house of Representatives and the Senate. The government of the country is headed by the Prime Minister. Australia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Australian climate is dry and warm. Australia is situated in the Southern Hemisphere and that is why it has summer when we have winter. January is the hottest month in Australia. The whole central part of the country is dry; it never rains, there are no large rivers and no water there. The northern coast has too much rain, and the western coast is too dry. The climate is better in the east and south-east, where most big cities have grown-up. So there is no very rich plant life in Australia, except in the east and south-east.
Australia is one of the world's most developed countries. It is the world's leading producer of wool and bauxite. Bauxite is the ore from which aluminium is made. Australia produces and exports large amounts of minerals and farm goods. Australia is an important producer and exporter of primary products: wool, meat, sugar, fruit, black coal, iron, copper, lead, gold and so on. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of living.
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand is a very interesting country. It has total area of 269,000 square kilometers. New Zealand is an island country in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It lies about 1,600 km southeast of Australia and about 1,600 km southwest of California. New Zealand belongs to a large island group called Polynesia. The country is situated on two main islands and several small islands. The main islands are the North Island and the South Island. Nearly 3.5 million people live in the country. The official language of the country is English. Most aborigines speak English and their own language, Maori.
The capital of the country is Wellington. It is a financial centre too. The city was founded in 1840 and has been the capital since 1865.The largest city of the country is Auckland.
The country belonged to the British Empire. Now it is an independent state. New Zealand is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy. The British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, is the monarch of New Zealand. But she has no power. The real power in the country belongs to the legislation, the prime minister and the Cabinet. But the nation has no written constitution.
Maoris were the first people who settled in New Zealand. They were brown skinned. They came from Polynesian islands located northeast of New Zealand. The country was discovered by Europeans in 1642. But they didn't start to settle in the islands until the late 1700's. Today, most New Zealanders are descendants of the early European settlers. About 12 per cent of the country's population are Maoris.
The climate of New Zealand is moist. New Zealand is rich in minerals. There are some main industries in the country, for example, iron and steel industry. The country has gas and petroleum. There are many mountains in New Zealand. The highest is Mount Cook (3,764 metres or 12,349 feet).
There are many rivers and lakes in the country. The main rivers are the Waikato and the Wairau. You might have heard about the native animals in the country. One of them is the kiwi. This interesting bird lives in the wet parts of the thick bushes. In the day-time the bird does not go out. It comes out only at night to find food. Kiwis cannot fly. Many years ago kiwis were hunted for food. Now the government does not permit the hunting the kiwis. The kiwi is now the symbol of New Zealand people. Small children are often called kiwis.
New Zealand has one of the highest standards of living in the world. About 70 per cent of New Zealand people have their own houses. Almost every family has a car. New Zealand is one of the world's developed countries. The main industries of the country are agriculture, manufacturing and service industries.
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