BNEP (Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol)
BNEP is used to transfer another protocol stack's data via an L2CAP channel. Its main purpose is the transmission of IP packets in the Personal Area Networking Profile. BNEP performs a similar function to SNAP in Wireless LAN.
Any Bluetooth device will transmit the following information on demand:
- Device name
- Device class
- List of services
- Technical information (for example: device features, manufacturer, Bluetooth specification used, clock offset)
Any device may perform an inquiry to find other devices to connect to, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries. However, if the device trying to connect knows the address of the device, it always responds to direct connection requests and transmits the information shown in the list above if requested. Use of a device's services may require pairing or acceptance by its owner, but the connection itself can be initiated by any device and held until it goes out of range. Some devices can be connected to only one device at a time, and connecting to them prevents them from connecting to other devices and appearing in inquiries until they disconnect from the other device.
Every device has a unique 48-bit address. However, these addresses are generally not shown in inquiries. Instead, friendly Bluetooth names are used, which can be set by the user. This name appears when another user scans for devices and in lists of paired devices.
Most phones have the Bluetooth name set to the manufacturer and model of the phone by default. Most phones and laptops show only the Bluetooth names and special programs are required to get additional information about remote devices. This can be confusing as, for example, there could be several phones in range named T610
During the pairing process, the two devices involved establish a relationship by creating a shared secret known as a link key. If a link key is stored by both devices they are said to be bonded. A device that wants to communicate only with a bonded device can cryptographically authenticate the identity of the other device, and so be sure that it is the same device it previously paired with. Once a link key has been generated, an authenticated ACL link between the devices may be encrypted so that the data that they exchange over the airwaves is protected against eavesdropping.
Link keys can be deleted at any time by either device. If done by either device this will implicitly remove the bonding between the devices; so it is possible one of the device to have a link key stored but not be aware that it is no longer bonded to the device associated with the given link key.
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Bluetooth services generally require either encryption or authentication, and as such require pairing before they allow a remote device to use the given service. Some services, such as the Object Push Profile, elect not to explicitly require authentication or encryption so that pairing does not interfere with the user experience associated with the service use-cases.
2. Match the following words to the Russian ones:
| data | кодировать, шифровать |
| headset | запрос, расспрашивание, наведение справок |
| frequency | соревноваться, соперничать, подражать |
| encrypt | передача, пересылка |
| eavesdrop | данные, факты, сведения |
| inquiry | позволение, разрешение |
| permission | головной телефон, наушники |
| transmission | подслушивать |
| emulate | частотность, частота |
Make up a plan and retell the text according to it.
Topic 3: Additional mobile devices.
1. Read and translate the text:
OpenStreetMap (OSM) is a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. The maps are created using data from portable GPS devices, aerial photography, other free sources or simply from local knowledge. Both rendered images and the vector graphics are available for download under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 licence.
OpenStreetMap (OSM) was founded in July 2004 by Steve Coast. In April 2006, a foundation was established with the aim of encouraging the growth, development and distribution of free geospatial data and providing geospatial data for anybody to use and share. In December 2006 Yahoo confirmed that OpenStreetMap could use their aerial photography as a backdrop for map production.
In April 2007 Automotive Navigation Data (AND) donated a complete road dataset for the Netherlands and trunk road data for India and China to the project and by July 2007, when the first OSM international The State of the Map conference was held there were 9,000 registered users. Sponsors of the event included Google, Yahoo and Multimap. In August 2007 an independent project, OpenAerialMap, was launched, to hold a database of aerial photography available on open licensing and in October 2007 OpenStreetMap completed the import of a US Census TIGER road dataset. In December Oxford University became the first major organisation to use OpenStreetMap data on their main website.
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By August 2008, shortly after the second The State of the Map conference was held, there were over 50,000 registered users with over 5,000 active contributors. In March 2009, 100,000 users were surpassed.
The initial map data was all built from scratch by volunteers performing systematic ground surveys using a handheld GPS unit and a notebook or a voice recorder, data which was then entered into the OpenStreetMap database from a computer. More recently the availability of aerial photography and other data sources from commercial and government sources has greatly increased the speed of this work and has allowed land-use data to be collected more accurately. When large datasets are available a technical team will manage the conversion and import of the data.
Ground surveys are performed by a volunteer (also called 'mapper'), on foot, bicycle or in a car. Map data is usually collected using a GPS unit, although this isn't strictly necessary if an area has already been traced from satellite imagery.
Once the data has been collected, it's entered into the database by uploading it on the project's website. At this point in time, no information about the kind of uploaded track is available - it could be e.g. a motorway, a footpath or a river. Thus, in a second step, editing takes place using one of several purpose-built map editors. This is usually done by the same 'mapper', sometimes by other user(s) registered at openstreetmap. As collecting and uploading data is separated from editing objects, contribution to the project is possible also without using a GPS unit. In particular, placing and editing objects such as schools, hospitals, taxi ranks, bus stops, pubs etc. is done based on editors' local knowledge. Some committed contributors are systematically mapping whole towns and cities over a period of time, or organizing mapping parties to intensively map a particular area over an evening or a weekend. In addition to structured surveys, a large number of smaller edits are made by contributors to correct errors or add features.
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Some commercial companies have donated data to the project on suitable licenses. Notably, Automotive Navigation Data (AND) who provided a complete road dataset for Netherlands and details of trunk roads in China and India.
All data added to the project needs to have a license compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike license. This can include out of copyright information, public domain or other licenses. All contributors must register with the project and agree to provide data on a Creative Commons BY-SA 2.0 license or determine that the licensing of the source data is suitable. Increasingly this involves examining licenses for government data to establish if it they are compatible. Use of unfree data is an especially severe problem for a map, as the only way to prove that no data came from unfree sources would be to revert the whole area in question to before the addition of the questionable data.
TomTom NV is a Dutch manufacturer of automotive navigation systems, including both stand-alone units and software for personal digital assistants and mobile telephones. It is the leading manufacturer of navigation systems in Europe. TomTom's customer service is located in Amsterdam. TomTom offers two types of products: navigation devices and navigation software for installation on mobile devices. The navigation devices and portable devices with installed software are referred to as units.
TomTom units provide a flying interface with an oblique bird's-eye view of the road, as well as a direct-overhead map view. They use a GPS receiver to show the precise location and provide visual and spoken directions on how to drive to the chosen destination. Certain TomTom systems also integrate with mobile phones using Bluetooth, traffic congestion maps or to actually take calls and read aloud SMS messages.
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In most cases, the differences between the different models is on a software level. The hardware (at least inside the unit) is relatively similar across the entire range, with the exception of certain functionality such as FM transmission, Bluetooth, handsfree calling (requires microphone) and enhanced positioning technology (done through motion sensors in the device).
The global slogan for TomTom is "the smart choice in personal navigation".
The TomTom GO is an all-in-one GPS navigation device. It has a touch screen, speaker, USB port, internal Lithium ion battery, and comes with TomTom HOME software. It charges, synchronizes, and updates its data by connecting to a Windows or Mac PC running the TomTom HOME software via USB cable.
The TomTom One is the base model for automobile navigation. The difference between the TomTom One XL and the TomTom One is the size of the touch screen (4.3" vs. 3.5"). However, the One is able to receive traffic and weather updates using the TomTom Plus service when paired via Bluetooth with a mobile phone with a DUN data service. The reduced software capability means less demand on the hardware, which allows the One to be sold at a significantly lower price than the Go. The XL is also available as a Live version with integrated LIVE services.
TomTom Navigator is a GPS navigation software product for personal digital assistants (PDAs), Palm devices, Pocket PCs, and some smartphones. It differs slightly from the previous version by adding a few features like the ability to add frequently used functions to the main screen of the program, in addition to allowing users to report maps corrections and share them with other users.
Map Share is a proprietary map technology launched by TomTom in June 2007. Map Share allows users to make changes to the maps on their navigation devices and share them with others. It allows drivers to make changes to their maps directly on their navigation devices. Drivers can block or unblock streets, change the direction of traffic, edit street names and add, edit or remove points of interest (POIs).
Improvements can be shared with other users. Users who connect their devices to their computers can download and upload map corrections on a daily basis. This is done through TomTom HOME, TomTom’s content management software. Users can select various 'levels of trust', only receiving improvements that have been verified by TomTom or changes that have been submitted by trusted sources, by many , or by some people.
A traffic monitoring service that uses multiple sources to provide traffic information. The service does this by combining data from:
- traditional sources: Governmental/third party data such as induction loops in the roads, cameras and traffic surveillance
- new sources: traffic flow of anonymous mobile phone users
The information is merged by TomTom and algorithms are used to improve the data and filter out anomalous readings. The system sends updates to all HD Traffic users every three minutes. Users can receive the service through a connected navigation device, or through a specially designed antenna. Most current devices receive the updated road congestion conditions automatically. Rerouting can be set to be transparent to the user with the only sign that the route has been changed due to a traffic jam being a sound indication from the device and a changed ETA.
IQ Routes, developed by TomTom, uses anonymous data accumulated by users of TomTom satnav devices. This is fed back into the new devices that use algorithms that take this data into account when calculating the best way to go.
Travel time data is stored in Historical Speed Profiles, one for each road segment, covering large motorways, main roads and also small local roads. Historic Speed Profiles are part of the digital map and are updated with every new map release.
They give a unique insight into real world traffic patterns. This is a fact-based routing system based on measured travel times, whereas most other methods rely on speed limits or ‘assumed’ speeds.
2. Find Russian equivalents for:
- traffic jam
- road congestion conditions
- rerouting
- traffic flow
- loop
- navigation devices
- touch screen
- destination
- database
3. Match the following notions with their definitions:
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