The Absolute Participle Construction
Независимый причастный оборот
Причастие (I и II) с самостоятельным подлежащим называется независимым причастным оборотом. Он не соотносится (не зависит) от подлежащего всего предложения. Причастие в таких оборотах выражает действие стоящего перед ним существительного или местоимения и соответствует личной форме глагола.
Независимый причастный оборот может стоять в начале или в конце предложения и всегда отделяется запятой.
| Независимый причастный оборот в начале предложения | Независимый причастный оборот в конце предложения |
| Как правило, переводится придаточными предложениями времени, причины с союзами «когда», «после того как», «так как». | Переводится 1) самостоятельными предложениями без союза или с союзами «а», «и», «причем» 2) определительным придаточным предложением. |
| Seas and rivers having been connected by canals, water transport has greatly improved. – Когда моря и реки соединили каналами водный транспорт значительно улучшился. | An architect designs a building, a civil engineer providing for its construction. – Архитектор проектирует здание, а инженер-строитель обеспечивает его сооружение. |
| The building designed, the workers started its construction. – После того как здание спроектировали, рабочие приступили к его строительству. | New York lies on a small island of Manhattan, its area being only 22 square miles. – Нью-Йорк лежит на небольшом острове Манхэттен, площадь которого составляет всего 22 кв.мили. |
Exercises
1. Give the form of Participle II of the following verbs.
|
|
|
to build, to grow, to think, to bring, to determine, to follow, to move, to refuse, to obtain, to contain, to produce, to use, to include, to offer, to enter, to get, to happen, to carry, to teach, to tell, to make, to begin, to keep, to divide, to return, to develop, to save.
2. Translate.
a) the student attending all the lectures b) using methods
the plan containing many details constructing new machines
the workers building a new house achieving good results
the engineer using a new method dividing the apple into three parts
the car developing the speed of 80 km discovering new lands
the plant producing machinery using new equipment
the growing population of the country refusing to give an explanation
the student studying foreign languages receiving important information
the young man entering the Institute constructing new roads
the engineer carrying out the research moving at high speed
the students having practical training leaving the town
in various industrial enterprises graduating from the Institute
c) having entered the Institute d) the achieved results
having calculated the distance all developed countries
having developed the speed of 120 km the apple divided into three parts
having introduced new methods of work the information obtained recently
having decided to leave the city the railway built between the towns
having divided the apple into three parts the boy saved by his dog
having installed a new equipment help offered by the teacher
having obtained the necessary information the lecture given by a well-known
having found the new way professor
|
|
|
having changed his behaviour the research made in the laboratory
having passed all the examinations the film shown to the students
having returned home the letter sent to his parents
having decided where to go the book left on the table
having translated the article the news brought by him
having developed new materials the land discovered by Columbus
3. Give the Russian for:
1. He heard the voices coming through the open window. 2. While waiting for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table. 3. They stayed at home refusing to go anywhere that day. 4. The channel linking the two seas is being built now. 5. The explanation given was not complete. 6. The new materials recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our professor. 7. The results received were of great importance for further work. 8. Being built in a new way modern houses have better facilities. 9. Having passed all the examinations he left for his native town. 10 Having been shown the way I could find his house easily. 11. Having waited for him for half an hour they went home. 12. Having obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental work. 13. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they could be divided into nine groups. 14. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible. 15. When burnt, coal produces heat. 16. When reconstructed, the theatre looked more beautiful than before.
4. Make one sentence from two using an –ing clause. Sometimes you need Not … ing.
Model 1: (одновременное действие)
Linda was in London for two years. She worked as a tourist guide. Linda was in London for two years working as a tourist guide.
Model 2: (Одно действие предшествует другому)
She finished her work. Then she went home.
|
|
|
Having finished her work, she went home.
Model 3: (одно действие происходит во время другого, более длительного действия. Длительное действие стоит в конце.)
I was watching television. I fell asleep.
I fell asleep watching television.
Model 4: (одно действие является причиной, другое следствием. Причина стоит в начале предложения).
I felt tired. So I went to bed early.
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
1. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country. 2. I didn’t know her address. So I couldn’t contact her. 3. Sarah has traveled a lot. So she knows a lot about other countries. 4. They had dinner then they continued their journey. 5. I was walking home in the rain. I got wet. 6. Sarah went out. She said she would be back in an hour. 7. He is unemployed. He hasn’t got much money. 8. You didn’t examine the soil. You can’t find its bearing power. 9. Margaret was driving to work yesterday. She had an accident. 10. I was writing a test. I made a lot of mistakes.
5. Translate into Russian paying attention to different functions of Participles.
1. Being situated on the river Thames, London is one of the greatest commercial sea ports in the world. 2. Lying on almost one hundred islands, St. Petersburg was called “The Northern Venice” in the 18th century. 3. Standing in the centre of modern London, the White Tower reminds (напоминать) English people of many historical events of the country. 4. The weather being stormy, the airplane did not take off. 5. Having sent a letter to a friend, I do expect an answer. 6. Having written a test paper without mistakes a student expects a good mark. 7. Being a solvent of most substances, water is indispensable (необходимый) in chemistry and medicine. 8. Dividing Britain from the continent, the English Channel forms the southern border of England. 9. Having crossed the Channel, the legions of Julius Cesar landed in Britain. 10. Fortifying their settlements the Romans surrounded them with massive walls. 11. Being skilled road builders the Romans started laying roads across the country. 12. Having left for the continent Julius Cesar never returned to Britain. 13.Being nine centuries old, the Tower of London has retained the solidity of its construction. 14.Having no skyscrapers and big industries Washington looks like a provincial town.
|
|
|
6. Translate the following paying attention to Participles.
1. Moscow and London have different climate, the average temperature being higher in London than in Moscow. 2. The American continent has a large area stretching from the North Pole to the 50th parallel. 3. The windows being shut and curtained, no fresh air and light could pass freely into the room. 4. A chemist uses different chemicals making experiments on the properties of materials. 5. Using steel as a building material the engineer should take into consideration its varying properties. 6. Steel being widely used in industry and construction, its production is constantly increasing. 7. Lying deep under the ground, the Roman wall indicates the locality of the Roman military station. 8. Dissolving in each other two metals form an alloy. 9. Natural substances having definite physico-chemical properties are called minerals. 10. The Behring Strait dividing Asia from America forms a natural border between Russia and the United States. 11. Water may not need to go through all of the treatments described in the previous paragraph. 12. Using the new information, the citizens can take an active role in protecting drinking water.
7. Translate. Pay attention to Absolute Participle Constructions.
1. Hydrogen is the smallest substance, atoms of other elements having a more complex structure. 2. Water is a chemical compound of oxygen and hydrogen, the latter gas forming two thirds of its volume. 3. Water is the most abundant of all chemical compounds, five seventh of the earth’s surface being covered with water. 4. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known, oxygen being slightly heavier than air. 5. Salt water being heavier, some things will float in it, which would sink in fresh water. 6. When sea water freezes the salt separates from it, ice being quite pure. 7. An engineer builds houses and cities, an architect planning their construction. 8. Asbestos doesn’t conduct heat, a metal being a good heat conductor. 9. Aluminium is a light metal, copper being much heavier. 10. Metals are seldom used in their pure form, alloys having better properties for industrial purposes. 11. Water is never absolutely pure in nature, the amount of impurities depending upon the locality. 12.Chemical industry produces large quantities of synthetic materials, plastics being largely used in everyday life. 13. Polymers losing their properties from atmospheric changes, their manufacture requires special care. 14. A settlement existed in the locality of Moscow as early as the 10th century, excavations having shown its economic activity and trade connections. 15. London is divided by the river Thames into two parts, the East End being inhabited by the working people of the city.
UNIT 5
The Infinitive (Инфинитив)
Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие. Инфинитив соответствует в русском языке неопределенной форме глагола, которая отвечает на вопросы – Что делать? Что сделать?
to build – строить, to found – основывать
Формы инфинитива
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | to build | to be built |
| Continuous | to be building | ــ |
| Perfect | to have built | to have been built |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been building | ــ |
Функции инфинитива
1. Подлежащее с последующим сказуемым.
To master this speciality is not an easy thing. Овладеть этой специальностью
– нелегкое дело.
2. Часть именного сказуемого после глагола to be.
Our aim is to construct buildings both Наша цель – строить здания, как
beautiful, convenient and durable. красивые и удобные так и
прочные.
3. Часть составного глагольного сказуемого после модальных глаголов и глаголов to start, to begin:
He got frightened and started to run. – Он испугался и побежал.
4. Дополнение после сказуемого.
We want to learn more about this project. Мы хотим подробнее узнать об
этом проекте.
5.Обстоятельство цели – до или после «костяка» (подлежащее + сказуемое).
To know English well you have to Для того чтобы знать английский
work hard. язык хорошо, вы должны усердно
работать.
6. Определение - после существительного.
The problem to be discussed is connected Проблема, которую надо обсу-
with the housing construction. дить ( будет обсуждаться), свя-
зана с жилищным строитель-
ством.
Переводится определительным придаточным предложением, сказуемое которого выражает долженствование, возможность или будущее действие.
Complex object
Сложное дополнение
Оборот «дополнение + инфинитив»
Сложное дополнение представляет собой следующие конструкции:
1. Существительное + инфинитив – I expect the delegation to arrive on Monday.
2. Местоимение в объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them) + инфинитив. – I expect him to come at 5 o’clock.
Сложное дополнение переводится придаточным дополнительным предложением, где существительное или местоимение является подлежащим, а инфинитив – сказуемым.
1. Мы полагаем, что делегация прибудет в понедельник.
2. Я полагаю, что он придет в 5 часов.
Complex Subject
Дата добавления: 2018-04-15; просмотров: 831; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы! |
Мы поможем в написании ваших работ!