КАК ВЫРАЗИТЬ СОГЛАСИЕ, НЕСОГЛАСИЕ С МНЕНИЕМ СОБЕСЕДНИКА
Of course (not). — Конечно (нет).
Certainly (not). — Конечно (нет).
All right (I am afraid not). — Да (Боюсь, что нет).
I (don’t) agree with you. — Я (не) согласен с вами.
I ddn’t mind (I’d rather not). — Я не возражаю (Я против).
You are (hot) right. — Вы (не)правы.
It’s a go (No go)! — Пойдет! (Не пойдет!)
I am all for it (I am against it). — Я полностью "за" (Я против этого).
I (don’t) think so. — Я так (не)думаю.
Naturally (Hardly). — Конечно (Вряд ли).
Far from it. — Далеко от этого.
You are welcome. — Всегда пожалуйста.
You are mistaken. — Вы ошибаетесь.
It’s a great idea! – Это замечательная идея!
Nothing of the kind. — Ничего подобного.
It goes without saying. — Безусловно.
It’s out of the question. — Об этом не может быть и речи.
I wish I could. — Если бы я мог.
On the contrary. — Наоборот.
b) Learn these 2 dialogues by heart.
1) - Are you going to visit your grandmother?
- Of course. It goes without saying.
- Could you help her? Some trees in her garden need cutting;
- I am afraid not. I have no time. I’ll do it next time.
- And could you give me a lift?
- Naturally. You are welcome!
2) - Good afternoon, Richard! How are you?
- Good afternoon, James! Fine, thanks. And how are you f getting on?
- Not too bad. But I don’t know yet my exam results and...
- Sorry for interrupting you... But you were great at the exam. Well done! Everything will be all right!
- Nothing of the kind. You are mistaken. It was pretty bad.
- I don’t agree with you. Don’t worry. Let’s hope for the best.
c) Arrange role-plays on the following subjects; be as imaginative as you can:
1) You are a teacher of a foreign language. What and how will you teach your pupils? (The topic for discussion is "Education")
2) You are a teacher of the Russian language at one of the lessons in an American school.
EXERCISE 20. Talk on one of two topics:
Topic 1) Think about different schools where you studied before, where you are studying now. Try to answer the following questions:
o Did you (or do you) enjoy them?
o What do you want to change in them? Why?
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o Did you (or do you) have any teachers or subjects that you especially like (dislike)?
o Do you think it is better to have single-sex or mixed schools?
o What do you think about exams?
o Are they necessary?
o Do you usually feel nervous about them?
o What do you think is the purpose of going to school (college)?
Topic 2) What are the most important characteristics that make an ideal student?
UNIT III
SCIENCE
EXERCISE 1. Read, translate, and learn the new words to read and discuss the texts and dialogues. Translate the sample sentences:
1) a science, a scientist, scientific. Science deals with facts and the relationship among these facts. Some scientists try to solve difficult mathematical problems. They use different scientific methods.
2) to search, a researcher. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe. Researchers have examined this problem.
3) to investigate. Some researchers investigate why we act the way we do.
4) to attempt. Scientists attempt to solve the problems of the Universe.
5) to explain. Scientists try to explain different problems.
6) to prove. A theory becomes apart of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.
7) complicated, a complicated problem. Some scientists attempt to solve complicated mathematical problems.
8) to appear. Many new fields of science have appeared.
9) a boundary. The boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear.
10) closely interconnected. All sciences are closely interconnected.
11) a discovery, an invention. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our views about ourselves and our place in the universe.
12) to satisfy. Technology means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs.
13) a steam engine. Industrial technology began with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods.
14) to contribute. Science has contributed ftweh to modern technology.
15) nuclear, nuclear power. Some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.
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16) to measure. The thermometers measure the temperature.
17) liquid. They measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.
18) headquarters. IBM’s headquarters are in Armonk, New York.
EXERCISE 2. Read the international words and mind the stress:
Latin, fact, structure, problem, system, method, theory, principle, test, group, nature, basis, technology, machine, material, industry, aspect, radio, television, telephone, communication, metal, computer, type, symbol, temperature, thermometer, business, centre.
EXERCISE 3.
a) Translate, analyses the following words with different suffixes, and divide them into two groups: nouns and adjectives:
relationship, scientist, structure, researcher, mathematical, systematic, observation, general, scientific, natural, social, technical, numerous, influence, invention, industrial, development, production, different, television, communication, computer, digital, physical, temperature, international, producer, electric, electronic, dictation;
b) Make up as many words as you can by combining different parts of the words:
| search | ||
| experiment | -er | |
| re- | invent | -al |
| inter- | general | -ment |
| develop | -ent | |
| product | -ion | |
| differ | ||
| digit | ||
| nation |
c) The word in capitals at the end of each of the following sentences should be changed to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space:
... examine the structure of the cells. SEARCH
A ... computer is a common one. DIGIT
This theory was... proved. EXPERIMENT
He has won a prize at the ... conference. NATION
When we speak about computers, we... mean digital computers. GENERAL
EXERCISE 4.
a) Try to match up the adjectives in column A with the nouns in column В to form meaningful phrases:
| А | В |
| 1) broad | a) word |
| 2) systematic | b) problem |
| 3) natural | c) theory |
| 4) Latin | d) principle |
| 5) different | e) groups |
| 6) general | f) methods |
| 7) major | g) field |
| 8) industrial | h) objects |
| 9) scientific | i) technology |
| 10) mathematical | j) sciences |
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b) Decide which of the verbs on the left collocate with the nouns on the right:
to cover... a) clues
to deal with ... b) the cells
to come from... c) the problem
to search for... d) tools
to examine ... e) the field
to investigate ... f) facts
to develop ... g) the word
to divide into ... h) a theory
to provide ... i) groups
to shape ... j) the basis
to invent... k) the views
EXERCISE 5. Translate the following word combinations; pay attention to the prepositions:
comes from, the field of knowledge, deals with facts, among these facts, a wide variety of subjects, search for clues to the origin of the universe, consist of general principles, a part of scientific knowledge, can be divided into, new fields of science, at the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields, numerous areas of science, influence on our lives, the basis of modern technology, inventions of scientists, our views about, in the universe, on the earth, through the ages, speak of technology, about 200 years ago, with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, production of goods, aspect of people’s lives, the development of the car, contributed much to modern technology, for example, from iron, for centuries, the structure of the metal.
EXERCISE 6.
a) Translate the following definitions of the words:
1. Science is the study of knowledge which can be made into a system, and which usually depends on seeing and testing facts and stating general natural laws.
2. Technology is a branch of knowledge dealing with scientific and industrial methods and their practical use in industry.
3. Research is a serious and detailed study of a subject, that is aimed at learning new facts, scientific laws, testing ideas, etc.
4. A shelter is a building or something of the kind that gives protection.
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5. A typewriter is a machine that prints letters.
b) The following words also appear in the texts and dialogues; match each one with its correct definition:
to prove, to process, to unify, to explain, to appear
1) to combine parts of something to form a single whole;
2) to make clear or easy to understand, usually by speaking or writing;
3) to become able to be seen, to come into sight;
4) to show to be true by means of facts, documents, information, etc.;
5) to put (information, numbers, etc.) into a computer for examination.
EXERCISE 7. Read and translate the sentences; memorize the use of the Complex Object:
1. We consider education to be the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves.
2. Teachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time.
3. Teachers suppose learners to work at about the same speed as their classmates.
4. Teachers wish learners to pass exams successfully.
5. Teachers want them to take up their education after leaving school.
6. He wants the material about the educational system to be memorized.
7. The parents made him enter this university.
8. They expected us to support him.
9. We know him to have entered the university.
10. I heard Mr. Brown congratulate Jane on her birthday.
EXERCISE 8. Transform the sentences according to the models to practise the use of the Complex Object:
a) Model: Has Mary filled in the form? (to see) → Yes, I saw her fill in the form.
1. Has Mr. Brown congratulated Jane on her birthday? (to hear)
2. Did Peter come in? (watch)
3. Did John apologize to her? (to hear)
4. Has James done it? (to feel)
5. Did Mary write a composition? (to see)
b) Model: We expect that they will come tomorrow. → We expect them to come tomorrow.
1. The parents suppose that their son will pass that exam.
2. The government considers that the vocational education develops trained specialists.
3. They believe that the general education transmits cultural heritage.
4. We know that primary school pupils are taught such skills as reading, writing, and arithmetic.
5. We know that they also receive instruction in different subjects.
c) Model: Мы не ожидали, что он придет. → We didn’t expect him to come.
1. Мы не предполагали, что вы сделаете, это.
2. Преподаватель хочет, чтобы они написали сочинение об этом.
3. Я желаю, чтобы вы поступили в этот университет.
4. Он считает, что она переведет этот текст хорошо.
5. Я не ожидал, что они учатся здесь.
d) Model: Преподаватель заставил студентов посещать лекции. → The teacher made the students attend lectures.
1. Мать заставила дочь почистить ковер.
2. Она заставила его спеть.
3. Он заставил ее написать статью.
4. Я заставил его встать и выйти.
5. Он заставил нас ответить на вопросы.
EXERCISE 9. Fill in the gaps to practise the use of the Complex Object (the verb is given in brackets at the end of each sentence):
1. They saw him ... the street (to cross).
2. We think him ... a composition (to write).
3. We think the composition ... by him (to write).
4. The mother made her daughter ... the text (to translate).
5. The mother supposes the children ... TV (to watch).
6. The teacher supposes the students ... the material about the educational system in the country (to study).
7. The teacher supposed the material about the educational system ... by the students (to study).
8. Mary allowed the book... into the bookcase (to put).
9. They expected him... the exam (to pass).
10. I know her ... texts very well (to translate).
EXERCISE 10.
a) Read the text, try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable beading below for each paragraph:
1) The Fields of Scientific Research 2) Different Groups of : Sciences 3) The Importance of Science 4) What is Science? 5) Methods of Scientific Research
b) Make a precis of the text, using the following phrases:
1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text dials with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be 1 Underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... In my opinion...
SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.
Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.
Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories that help them order and unify facts. Scientific theories consist of general principles or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.
Scientific study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social, and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.
Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life and work easier. The discoveries and the inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.
EXERCISE 11. Read and give a summary of the text:
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Technology means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes, and shelter. Through the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier.
Nowadays, when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people’s lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The telephone revolutionized communication.
Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science attempts to explain how and why things happen. Technology makes things happen. But not all technology is based on science. For example, people had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.
EXERCISE 12. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:
означает, охватывает, взаимосвязь, широкое разнообразие, ищут разгадки, происхождение Вселенной, структура клеток, сложный, собирать факты, упорядочить и обобщить, общие принципы, пытаются объяснить, как и почему, что-то произошло, соответствующий действительности, основные группы, общественные науки, в то же самое время, все менее и менее четкие, многочисленный, тесно взаимосвязаны, она обеспечивает, открытия, изобретения, формировать наши взгляды, о себе, удовлетворять собственные нужды, они должны были, кров, на протяжении веков, инструменты, чтобы сделать, в настоящее время, тому назад, паровой двигатель, рост, массовое производство товаров, время досуга, произвел революцию, сделала большой вклад, например, из железа, в течение веков, очень сильно, зависит.
EXERCISE 13.
a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:
wide, to research, to attempt, to believe» to examine, main, complex, difficult, to start, big, a motor, various, to study;
b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:
narrow, easy, practice, to try, artificial, old, more, to begin, small, little.
EXERCISE 14. Fill in the gaps with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:
1. Science d... with a variety of subjects.
2. Scientists s... for the answers to the different questions.
3. The structure of the cells is e... by the scientists.
4. Different theories u... the facts.
5. The b... of some scientific fields are not clear.
6. The natural, social and technical sciences are closely i...
7. T... the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier.
8. Science c... much to modern technology.
9. Some modern technologies d... on science.
10. During our 1... time we watch TV.
EXERCISE 15. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:
1. The word “science” comes from the Latin word, which means...
2. Science deals with facts and ...
3. Scientists study a wide variety of ...
4. Some scientists search for clues to ...
5. Other researchers solve complicated ...
6. Scientific theories consist of general principles or .. .
7. A theory becomes part of...
8. Scientific study can be divided into three major groups:...
9. The boundaries between scientific fields have become ...
10. Science provides the basis of...
11. Technology means the use of...
12. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with...
13. Technology influenced different aspects of...
14. Science attempts to explain how and why...
15. Technology makes things...
EXERCISE 16. Answer the following questions about science and technology:
1. What is science?
2. What is technology?
3. Are they interconnected?
4. Is all technology based on science?
5. What modern technologies depend heavily on science?
6. When did industrial technology begin?
7. When was a steam engine invented?
8. Who invented the steam engine?
9. When was radio invented?
10. Who invented the radio?
11. When was television invented?
12. Who invented the television?
13. When was a telephone invented?
14. Who invented the telephone?
15. When was the first car invented?
16. When was the first digital computer invented?
17. Who invented the first digital computer?
18. What famous scientists do you know?
19. What famous inventors do you know?
20. What scientific field are you interested in? Why?
EXERCISE 17. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:
1. Scientists study a wide variety of subjects.
2. Scientific study can be divided into two major groups.
3. Many new fields of science have appeared.
4. Numerous areas of science over-tip each other.
5. Science has great influence on our lives.
EXERCISE 18.
a) Read and translate the following dialogue;
b) Memorize and dramatize the dialogue;
c) Act out a similar dialogue.
COMPUTERS
A. They say, you have bought a computer?
B. Yes, now I have got my own computer.
A. That’s fine. And what type of a computer have you got?
B. The most common type, a digital one.
A. By the way, do you know what it means "a digital computer"?
В. It goes without saying. Digital computers deal with numbers. All data – pictures, sounds, symbols, and words are translated into numbers inside the computer.
A. Yes, you are right. Digital computers are so widespread that the word "computer" almost always refers to a digital computer. But there are 3 types of computers: digital, analog, and hybrid ...
B. Sorry for interrupting you. I do know about it. Analog computers work with a physical quantity, such as weight, speed, temperature. They solve problems by measuring a quantity in terms of another quantity. Do you understand it?
A. Yes, certainly, for example, they measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.
B. Good for you. And when are you going to buy a computer? You know so much about the computers.
A. You see, I haven’t got such a large amount of money.
B. Take it easy. You may use my computer.
A. Thanks a lot.
B. You are welcome.
EXERCISE 19. Act as an interpreter.
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