INFORMAL  AND  FORMAL  EDUCATION



Education includes different kinds of learning experiences. In its broadest sense, we consider education to be the ways in which people learn skills, gain knowledge and understanding about the world and about themselves. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide these ways of learning into two types: informal and formal.

Informal education involves people in learning during their daily life. For example, children learn their language simply by hearing, and by trying to speak themselves. In the same informal manner, they learn to dress themselves, to eat with good manners, to ride a bicycle, or to make a telephone call. Education is also informal when people try to get information or to learn skills on their own initiative without a teacher. To do so, they may visit a book shop, library or museum. They may watch a television show, see a videotape, or listen to a radio programme. They do not have to pass tests or exams.

We consider formal education to be the instruction given at different kinds of schools, colleges, universities. In most countries, people enter a system of formal education during their early childhood. In this type of education, the people, who are in charge of education, decide what to teach. Then learners study those things with the teachers at the head. Теachers expect learners to come to school regularly and on time, to Work at about the same speed as their classmates, and to pass tests and exams. Learners have to pass the exams to show how well they have progressed in their learning. At the end of their learning, learners may earn a diploma, a certificate, or a degree as a mark of their success over the years.

The school systems of all modern nations provide both general and vocational education. Most countries also offer special education programmes for gifted or for physically or mentally handicapped children. Adult education programmes are provided for people who wish to take up their education after leaving school. Most countries spend a large amount of time and money for formal education of their citizens.

 

EXERCISE 11. Read and give a summary of the text.

 

GENERAL  AND  VOCATIONAL  EDUCATION

General education aims at producing intelligent, responsible, well-informed citizens. It is designed to transmit a common cultural heritage rather than to develop trained specialists.

Almost all elementary education is general education. In every country, primary school pupils are taught skills they will use throughout their life, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. They also receive instruction in different subjects, including geography, history, etc. In most countries almost all young people continue their general education in secondary schools.

The aim of vocational education is primarily to prepare the students for a job. Some secondary schools specialize in vocational programmes. Technical schools are vocational secondary schools, where students are taught more technical subjects, such as carpentry, metalwork, and electronics. Technical school students are required to take some general education courses ahd vocational training. Universities and separate professional schools prepare students for careers in such fields as agriculture, architecture, business, engineering, law, medicine, music, teaching, etc.

 

EXERCISE 12. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

в широком смысле, обучаются навыкам, получают знания, о себе, полезная схема, пути (способы) обучения, официальный, неофициальный, повседневная жизнь, слушая, стараясь, с хорошими манерами, ездить на велосипеде, звонить по телефону, по их собственной инициативе, книжный магазин, сдавать экзамены, в большинстве стран, раннее детство, кто отвечает (в ответственности), во главе, вовремя, с приблизительно одинаковой скоростью, одноклассники, должны сдавать экзамены, степень, оценка их успеха, одаренные дети, дети с физическими или умственными недостатками, обучение для взрослых, продолжить после окончания школы, большое количество денег, граждане, общее образование, профессиональное образование, ставит целью, умный, ответственный, хорошо информированный, передавать общее культурное наследство, больше чем, подготовленные специалисты, начальное образование, на протяжении всей жизни, средние школы, профессиональные программы, плотничное дело, слесарное дело, профессиональная подготовка, отдельный, техника, юриспруденция.

 

EXERCISE 13.

a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

to contain, to believe, the means, to study, to get, a kind, to talk, data, various, to be responsible for, a diploma, to want, to continue;

 

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

informal, narrow, bad, different, the beginning, old, to give up, small, before.

 

EXERCISE 14. Fill in the gaps with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each Word has been given to help you:

1. T... their life people are learning different kinds of skills.

2. They g... knowledge about the world.

3. We’ll discuss the education using one useful s...

4. Children learn to r... a bicycle.

5. On their own i... people may visit a museum.

6. The students have to p... exams.

7. They are in c... of education.

8. The students are working at about the same s...

9. Learners may е... а degree.

10. His certificate is a m... of his success over the years.

 

EXERCISE 15. Try to compare the educational systems of Russia, the UK, the USA. Answer the questions and complete the grid:

Questions Russia The UK The USA
1) Who is responsible for organizing and regulating the educational system?      
2) What stages is formal education divided into?      
3) What stages of formal education are compulsory?      
4) Are there private schools in the country?      
5) In what types of schools can children get general education?      
6) In what types of educational institutions can people get vocational education?      
7) In what types of educational institutions can people get higher education?      

 

EXERCISE 16. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. There are two types of formal education.

2. One useful scheme for discussing education is to divide the ways of learning into two types.

3. Informal education involves people in learning luring their daily life.

4. Formal education is the instruction given at different kinds of colleges.

5. At the end оf learning, learners do not earn a diploma or a certificate.

 

EXERCISE 17.

a) Read and translate the following dialogue;

b) Memorize and dramatize the dialogue;

c) Act out a similar dialogue.

 


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