II. Read and translate the text
MIXED ECONOMIES
Command and market economies both have significant faults. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed; know as mixed economies. A mixed economy contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choke without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers.
Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies.
The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits: that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defense, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.
The UK is a country with mixed economy. Some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defense) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services.
Vocabulary
Significant faults – значительные недостатки
At one extreme… at the other extreme – на одном полюсе…на другом…
To exercise considerable economic freedom of choice –иметь значительную экономическую свободу выбора
restriction - ограничение
whilst = while – в то время как
a state-controlled industry – промышленность, контролируемая государством
to avoid disadvantages- избегать недостатков
to enjoy the benefits – иметь преимущества, пользоваться преимуществом
a share of the output – доля объема в производстве
essential items – товары и услуги первой необходимости
a range of businesses – зд. Ряд компаний, фирм
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III. Find Russian equivalents to the following.
an intermediate system has developed;
to supply essential items;
the government controls a share of the output
IV. Find synonyms to the words in italics.
significant faults;
a range of products; whilst others are used;
in response to the demands of consumers.
V. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
1. Command and market economies both have _______.
2. __ contains elements of both market and planned economies.
3. __ we have a command economy, which does not __ , __ we have a free market, where individuals __ without __
4. Some countries arc __ to command, economies,
while others are _______ to free market economies.
5. It is just __ between market and planned element that __ in 'all the economies of the world.
6. The aim of mixed economies is ________ the disadvantages of both system while __ the benefits that they both offer.
7. In a mixed economy the government and the private sector ____ in ____.
VI. Find in the text English equivalents for the following.
1. избегать недостатков;
2. частный сектор;
3. налогообложение;
4. централизованно принимать экономические решения
5. на одном полюсе - на другом…
6. без ограничений
7. взаимодействовать в решении проблем
8. пользоваться благами
9. правительство, возглавляемое…
VII. Add to your vocabulary.
to enjoy (syn. - to have as an advantage –иметь, пользоваться)
to enjoy a boom , to enjoy a high standard of living
to enjoy a basic standard of living
to enjoy the benefits
VIII. Answer the questions.
1. Do really pure examples of planned and market economies exist in the world?
2. What is a mixed economy? What is its aim?
3. What type of economy has the UK?
4. What type of economy is in Russia now?
IX. Translate into Russian.
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1. Иметь хорошее здоровье.
2. Все граждане государства должны иметь равные права.
2.Эта пьеса очень популярна.
X. Translate into English.
Вреальной действительности экономические системы располагаются где-то между чисто рыночной и плановой экономикой.
Смешанная экономика - это система, при которой частная собственность и рынок, а также правительство и общественные институты, энергично участвующие в обеспечении экономической стабильности и перераспределении доходов, взаимодействуют в решении экономических проблем.
Text VI
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