III. Give Russian equivalents to the following
1. Exchange labor services for money
2. You must hand over in exchange a good or service
3. A double coincidence of wants
4. Spend a lot of time and effort
5. маке mutually satisfactory swaps;
6. a barter economy is wasteful;
7. commodity generally accepted in payment for goods
8. prices are quoted and accounts are kept
9. its purchasing power is eroded by inflation
10.it's usually but not invariably convenient
11.cut back on other uses
12.exceeds its cost of production
13.by collectively agreeing
14.the survival of token money
15.society enforces the use of token money
16.token money is supplemented by IOU money
17.interest-bearing bank accounts.
IV. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms.
sometimes payment can be put off till later;
the vital-feature of money;
its purchasing power is worn away;
the money is without value;
it is not always convenient;
time and effort are rare resources;
private production of -money is against the law.
V. Find the opposites to the following words and expressions.
Take away; reject; planned event; in a minor way; increase; is less than; separately; very large; be under no compulsion to.
VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.
1. The crucial feature of money is its acceptance as ... or ....
2. People buy and sell goods ... for money.
3. In a barter economy goods are traded directly or ... other goods.
4. People must spend a lot of finding others with whom they can make mutually.
5. Society considers it convenient to use ... to. determine ... of different goods and services.
6. The unit of account is the unit in which prices are ... and ... are kept.
7.Money is a stare of value because it can be used ....
8. When you borrow, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in ....
9. To use a commodity money, society must either ... other uses of that commodity or devote ... to. producing ... of the commodity.
10. A taken money is a means of payment whose ... as money greatly ... its cast of production or value in uses other.
11. By , society economizes an the scarce required to produce, money as ....
12. The essential condition far the survival of taken money is .:. to supply it.
13. Society enforces the use of taken money by making it ….
14. In modern economies, token money ... by ....
14. An IOU money is a medium of exchange based on … .
15. … is IOU money because it is a debt of the bank.
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VII. Find English equivalents for the following.
1. средство платежа;
2. средство обращения; мера стоимости;
3. средство сбережения (средство сохранения стоимости)
4. единица учета;
5. средство погашения долга;
6. в обмен на;
7. может быть впоследствии использовано;
8. обмениваться товарами и услугами;
9. бартерная экономика;
10. измеряться;
11. обесцененный;
12. платить проценты;
13. покупательная способность;
14. промышленное использование;
15. потребительское использование;
16. деньги-товар;
17. денежные знаки (символические деньги);
18. денежная стоимость;
19. ограничение права;
20. вклад в банке;
21. банковская ссуда;
22. законное платежное средство;
23. долговое обязательство.
VIII. Answer the questions.
1. Why do people accept money?
2. What аге the functions of money?
3. What аге diffегеnt kinds оf money?
4. What's а barter economy? Why is trading ехpensive in а barter economy?
5. What does IOU stand for?
IX. Translate into English.
Существует несколько функций денег. Во-первых, деньги являются средством платежа или обращения. Деньги можно использовать при покупке и продаже товаров и услуг. Деньги выступают также мерой стоимости. Общество считает удобным использовать денежную единицу в качестве масштаба для соизмерения относительных стоимостей различных благ и ресурсов.
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Деньги, которые являются долговыми обязательствами государства, коммерческих банков и сберегательных учреждений, имеют стоимость благодаря товарам и услугам, которые приобретаются за них на рынке.
Text IX
I. Read and translate the following international words without using a dictionary.
Role, organization, company, planning, controlling, function, motivate, alternatives, potential, process, communication, technical, combination.
II. Read and translate the text.
MANAGEMENT
Management is the art and science of making appropriate choices. To one degree or another we are all involved in management and are constantly making decision concerning how to spend or use our resources.
Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management is composed of a team of managers who are in charge of the organization at all levels. Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently. Regardless of the specific job, most managers perform four basic functions. They are planning, organizing, directing and overall controlling.
Planning involves determining how these goals can best be achieved. Managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plan fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels. Planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it.
However, even as managers move on to perform other managerial functions, planning continues as goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised.
Organizing, the second management function, is the process of putting the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the job, may also be as part of the organizing function.
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Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were established in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision by managers requires daily communication with employees.
In the last management function, controlling, managers evaluate how well company goals are being met. In order to complete this evaluation, managers must look at the objectives established in the planning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing phase are being completed. If major problems exist and goals are not being achieved, then changes need to be made in the company’s organizational or managerial structure. In making changes managers might have to go back and replan, reorganize, and redirect.
In order to adequately and efficiently perform these management functions, managers need interpersonal, and technical skills. Although all four functions are managerial duties, the importance of each may vary depending on the situation. Effective managers meet the objectives of the company through a successful combination of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.
Vocabulary
course – направление; ход; линия поведения
degree – степень
to one ~ or another – в той или иной степени
duty – (служебная) обязанность
employee – служащий
evaluation – оценка, определение
goal – цель, задача
objective – цель
skill – умение, сноровка
staff – служащий персонал
supervision – надзор, наблюдение
team – команда, бригада
achieve – достигать
be composed of – состоять из
be in charge of – быть ответственным за что-либо
check – проверять
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complete – заканчивать, завершать
depend (on) – зависеть от чего-либо
determine – определять, устанавливать
establish – устанавливать, основывать
fit (into) – годиться, подходить
guide – руководить
involve – включать в себя, вовлекать
list – вносить в список
perform – выполнять
reach – достигать
revise – исправлять, пересматривать
vary – изменяться, разнообразить
appropriate – подходящий, соответствующий
constantly – постоянно
day-to-day – ежедневный
efficient – квалифицированный, эффективный
interpersonal – межличностный
major – основной, главный
overall – общий
vital – жизненно важный
concerning – относительно, в отношении
however – однако
in order to – чтобы
regardless of – невзирая на что-либо
allocate – распределять
assign – определять, назначать
attain – достигать
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