VII. Arrange the following into the pairs of antonyms
| To marry | To begin |
| Small | Question |
| Near | To divorce |
| Busy | Seldom |
| Friend | Big |
| Answer | Far |
| Frequently | Old |
| To sell | Free |
| To finish | Enemy |
| To give | To buy |
| A day off | A working day |
| Fresh | To take |
VIII. Answer the questions.
1. Is Mr. John Turner married?
2. How old is he?
3. Has he got his own family?
4. What is his wife's profession?
5. What are he names of their children?
6. Where do they live?
7. What is John Turner's profession?
8. What does his firm sell?
9. What are John Turner’s working days?
10. What are John Turner's days-off?
11. What does he do during his working day?
12. What is Linda Foster?
13. What does she do during her ·working day?
14. What does she learn French for?
IX. Think to what questions these sentences can serve as answers.
1) Yes, John Turner has got a family.
2) His family is not large. It's small.
3) Yes, they've got two children.
4) Their names are Kate and Peter.
5) Kate is five and Peter is three.
6) His wife is an economist.
7) No, they don't live in London. Greenwood is a small place not far from London.
8) He is the manager of a big trade firm.
10) Her name is Linda.
11) Linda gets e-mail every day.
12)Linda comes to the office at nine.
13)Linda usually has lunch at the office.
14)She learns French.
IX. Translate into English.
Зимин-менеджер. Он работает в торговой фирме. Его фирма продает различные товары в различные страны. Он часто встречается с представителями английских и французских фирм. Они обсуждают цены, условия платежа и поставки. Зимин начинает свой рабочий день в 9 часов утра. У него всегда много работы: он просматривает почту, читает телеграммы и письма, говорит по телефону с заказчиками. В одиннадцать у него обед. После обеда он остается в офисе и обсуждает деловые вопросы с инженерами или директором. Зимин заканчивает свой рабочий день в 6 часов. Он обычно приходит домой в 7.
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Text II
I. Read and translate the following international words without using a dictionary.
Business, political, debates, focus, economists, to produce, limit, analyses, individuals, management, microeconomics, corporation, intelligently.
II. Read and translate the text.
WHAT IS ECONOMICS
One of the things that young people discover as they grow older is that you can't have everything. You are reminded of it every time you go shopping. Although there are a lot of goods on sale you have to limit your selection to one or two. Everyone goes through life having to make choices.
Every business, every government must pick up and choose from among the things they would like to have because they can't have everything. Every year the most important political debates focus on questions about spending taxpayers' money. Neither individuals, nor societies can have all the things they would like to have.
Economic issues have occupied people's minds throughout the ages. Economists notice that there is no restriction to the amount or kinds of things people wish to purchase. But still there is a limit to the resources used to produce goods and services available to satisfy people's wishes and needs. In other words when a nation's resources are completely employed, the only way to increase the production of one thing will be reducing production of something else.
In the process of making choices people, governments will try to economize, to get the most from what they have. Taking this fact into account we can define economics as the social science that reveals and analyses how society chooses from among scarce resources to satisfy its needs. In other words economics is the science that deals with production, distribution and consumption of commodities, while economy is a careful or thrifty use or management of resources, such as income, materials or labour.
Why should we study economics? There are several very good reasons, all of which involve us. Some of them have to do with us as individuals, some with us as earners or as spenders, some with us as citizens and finally as future economists. As members of the society we live in, there is no escaping economics. The food we eat, the dwelling we live in, the clothes we wear and the way we spend our leisure time are all affected by economic forces. Economic forces also influence decisions in the world of business. In fact one common definition of economics is "the study of how people make living". The more you get informed of the subject, the better career decisions you'll be able to make.
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Economics will also be helpful in performing your responsibilities as a citizen in a democracy. As a voter you'll be asked to express your opinion on many subjects involving economic issues. The study of economics will help us to deal with such subjects intelligently.
We have seen that economics deals with the problems of scarcity and choice faced by societies and nations throughout history, but the development of modern economics began in the 17th century. Since that time economists have developed methods for studying and explaining how individuals, businesses and nations use their available economic resources. Large corporations use economists to study the ways they manage businesses and to suggest methods for making more efficient use of their employees, equipment, factories and other resources. Governments also employ economists to study economic problems as well as way to solve them.
Economics is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.
Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
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The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments. Because, according to Keynes, inadequate aggregate demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.
Notes:
there is no escaping economics – от экономики никуда не спрячешься
dwelling – жилище, дом
cure - лечение
resources are completely employed – ресурсы задействованы полностью
Vocabulary
definition – определение чего-либо
in fact - фактически
in other words – иными словами
responsibility – ответственность, обязанность
restriction – ограничение
the only way – единственный способ
affect smth. – влиять, повлиять на что-то, оказывать воздействие
assume –допускать, предполагать
be helpful in doing smth. – быть полезным в выполнении чего-либо
deal with – иметь дело с
extract from - извлекать
express one’s opinion on smth. – выражать свое мнение о чем-то
face a choice/ a problem – стоять перед выбором (проблемой), сталкиваться с
get the most from smth. – выжать из чего-либо все возможное
influence – влиять на
involve – включать, вовлекать
make choices – делая выбор
make living – зарабатывать на жизнь
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remind of - напоминать
reveal – выявлять
seek – стремиться, искать
select - выбирать
suggest smth. – предложить что-либо
take smth. into account – брать что-либо в счет, считаться с чем-то
wear clothes – носить одежду
available - доступный
common –общий, общепринятый
competitive – конкуретный, конкурентно способный
сonsequently -соответственно
occupy people's minds – занимать умы людей (человечества);
prosperity – процветание
scarcity – недостаток, нехватка (of), редкость
commodities – товары, предметы потребления
consumer – потребитель; consumption – потребление
distribution – распределение
earner – лицо, получающее зарплату
economic forces - факторы экономики
economic resources –экономические ресурсы
entrepreneur - предприниматель
income – доход
produce goods and services – производить товары и услуги
profit margin – размер прибыли
purchase – покупка, приобретение
rental charges – плата за квартиру
spender – растратчик
supply and demand – спрос и предложение
taxpayer –налогоплательщик
utility –полезность, выгодность
voter - избиратель
wage rates – размеры зарплаты
III. Аnswer the following questions:
1. What is the reason for the constant process of making choice by individuals, companies, governments?
1. What is economics about?
2. What is the role of economists in the development of modern societies?
3. What are the parts of standard economics?
4. What do people discover when they grow older?
5. What are the year’s most important political debates focused on?
6. What did economists notice about people?
7. What definitions can we give to the term “economics”? Why should we study economics?
8. What problems does economics deal with?
9. Where can we apply our knowledge of economics?
10. What for do large corporations and governments need economists?
11. What major fields can be standard economics divided into?
12. What is microeconomics? 11. What is macroeconomics?
13. Who was the first to write about macroeconomics?
IV. Read the text and find in it English equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
Производство, распределение, потребление, управление ресурсами, факторы экономики, предметы по потребления, размер прибыли, задействовать ресурсы, доступные экономические ресурсы, спрос и предложения
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